This document discusses how Los Angeles' hosting of the 2028 Olympics can help accelerate the city's transportation improvements and sustainability goals. It outlines LA's plans to expand transit networks like metro lines and bike lanes, electrify transportation, and reduce emissions. Previous Olympic cities like Los Angeles in 1984, Beijing in 2008, and Vancouver in 2010 saw benefits like decreased driving and increased use of sustainable transit from hosting the games. LA aims to similarly leverage the 2028 Olympics to combat auto dependence and make progress on its sustainability targets.
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2028 Olympics Catalyst for LA's Transportation & Sustainability Goals
1. THE 2028 OLYMPICS: A CATALYST
FOR LOS ANGELES’S
TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS
AND SUSTAINABILITY GOALS
Kat Braver May 30, 2020
2. INTRODUCTION
Population Growth
Climate change
Olympic Games 2028
L.A.’s Green New Deal
Source: Wikipedia, n.d.Source: Wikipedia, n.d.Source: Wikipedia, n.d.
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3. OLYMPIC SUCCESS STORIES
Los Angeles 1984
11% increase in
highway capacity
VMT reduced 20%
Ozone reduction 14%
Vancouver 2010
20% less road space
43% increase in traffic
Walking trips up 288%
Beijing 2008
$40 billion investment
Increase density
Subways connect
distant
neighborhoods
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4. LOS ANGELES 2028
TRANSPORTATION
AND
SUSTAINABILITY
PLANS
Summer Olympics
Metro Vision 2028
Improve transit
system
Dedicated bus lanes
Increase accessibility
Twenty-Eight by ’28
Metro line extensions
Highway expansion
Bike lanes
Summer Olympics
Street closures,
biking
100% emission free
movement
Source: LA2028, n.d.
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5. SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS:
ENVIRONMENTAL • Transportation
Electrification Partnership
Zero Emissions 2028 Roadmap
2.0
25% GHG reduction
100% electric bus fleet
EV rebate and feebate
L.A.’s Green New Deal
Reduce VMT 13% by 2025
Increase active/public transit
35%
Transportation assessment
guidelines
Source: Transportation Electrification Partnership.
2019
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6. Transit Oriented Communities
57% of all new housing within 1500ft of a transit hub by
2025
Align with transit development in San Fernando Valley
Mixed use zoning promotes economic vitality
Surpassed goal of 100,000 units by 2021
ECONOMIC
Source: Vincent 2019
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7. SOCIAL
TOC Incentive Program
42% of housing in 2019
5400 units affordable housing
Metro service improvements
LADOT DASH bus
4 routes in San Fernando Valley
and East L.A.
Source: Los Angels City Planning, n.d.
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8. OLYMPIC GAMES
SUSTAINABILITY
CASE STUDY
Table 1- Olympic Sustainability Case Study
Host City Sustainability Active Transit New Infrastructure Emission Reduction
Los Angeles
1984
-VMT reduced 20%
-Rideshare program
-Congestion reduced up to
25%
N/A -Borrowed 550 busses
-14% reduction ozone
levels
Beijing 2008
-Transit oriented
development
-“Car Free Day” Campaign
-N/A
-2 Subway lines
-2 Inner city railways
-Suburban railway
-Expressways
-Expanded airport
-63% emission reduction
-License plate based
driving program
Vancouver
2010
-79.5% of spectator travel
to games using sustainable
methods
-288% increase in walking
trips in downtown
-P3 development of Canada
Line
-Borrowed Belgian streetcar
system
- Vehicle trip reduction
16%
Los Angeles
2028
-Projected: Reduce VMT by
13%
-100% EV options for
travel to games
-Bike shares
-Closed streets
-17 Transit improvements
-7 Highway projects
-2 Bike path projects
-Projected: 25% reduction
GHG
-EV deployment
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9. RECOMMENDATIONS
Looking at the past for a better
future:
L.A. 1984: bus system
Beijing 2008: TOC and density
Vancouver 2010: P3 and
“Olympic Road Diet”
Combat L.A.’s Auto Addiction
1990-2000: 1.8 million people
and 456,000 cars
2000-2015: 2.3 million people
and 2.1 million cars
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10. CONCLUSIONS
Major Takeaways
Public Private
Partnerships
Density through TOCs
Public support of transit
Twenty-Eight by ‘28
+ Metro Vision =
Sustainable Future
Source: LA28, n.d.
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Editor's Notes
Los Angeles is slated to host the 2028 Summer Olympics kicking off a series of reforms to update and improve its congested and inefficient transportation system. Pulling from previous host cities that have tackled major transportation issues such as Beijing, Vancouver, and L.A.’s own 1984 Olympics, this presentation compares their outcomes to Los Angeles’s current proposal. Analyzing this plan against the city’s sustainability programs and the environmental, social and economic impacts, this presentation shows that Los Angeles is moving in a sustainable direction with the goal of reducing automobile dependence.
Many cities compete for the honor of hosting the Olympics, often using them as a catalyst to promote grand infrastructure projects to varying degrees of success. Beijing catapulted its public transit system into the present revealing multiple subway lines and light rails. Vancouver promoted sustainable practices and setting new standards in active transit. Even Los Angels in 1984, innovated technology in traffic control.
With L.A anticipated to grow to 10.75 million within the decade and increasing worries of climate change, public officials are attempting to shift from policy that favors solo driving to public transportation (Metro 2018, 10). Now, the city aims to leverage the 2028 Summer Olympics to revamp their transportation system, so it is in alignment with their sustainability plan, L.A.’s Green New Deal. This presentation examines Los Angeles’s transportation plans leading to the 2028 Olympics, against efforts proposed in the city’s sustainability programs, using previous Olympic hosts as a barometer for a successful games and more sustainable future.
References
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro). 2019. Metro Vision 2028- Strategic Plan. Accessed May 1, 2020. http://media.metro.net/about_us/vision-2028/report_metro_vision_2028_plan_2018.pdf.
Wikipedia, n.d. “1984 Summer Olympics.” Accessed May 27, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics.
Wikipedia, n.d. “2008 Summer Olympics.” Accessed May 27, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics.
Wikipedia, n.d. “2010 Winter Olympics.” Accessed May 27, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics.
Los Angeles:
Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Olympics to much success earning $232.5M for the region and reducing congestion even though freeways carried 11% more vehicles (Kassens-Noor 2020, 13 and 16; Walker 2018). This was achieved by privately funding the Olympics and selling the TV rights to NBC (fact check this)and making changes in traffic flow patterns. They installed forty-two miles of roadway with sensors and cameras to control traffic flow in real time (Walker 2018). The Rapid Transit District (Metro) borrowed 550 busses from around the region creating a massive temporary transit system for the games. Thanks to this efficient system, 45% of the 1.2 million people estimated to attend the games rode public transit (Kassens-Noor 2020, 18). Vehicular miles travels reduced by 20% and there was a 14% reduction in ozone.
Beijing:
Beijing tackled massive infrastructure projects leading up to the 2008 Olympics. The city invested approximately $40 billion (USD) in transportation improvements including expressways, road expansions, two subway lines, two inner-city railways and a suburban railway (Joaquin 2012, 34). A study 2 years after the games showed 32% of participants’ commute times were reduced by 20 minutes each way and 15% said they relocated or changed jobs to be closer to the new stations (Lau 2010, 6). The subways also connected neighborhoods together better integrating them into the fabric of the city and encouraging density(Lau 2010, 7).
Vancouver:
Vancouver hosted the Winter Olympics in 2010. Due to the compact size of the city, road space was handed over for staging, reducing capacity by 20% while the downtown central business district prepared for a 43% increase in traffic (Lim and Sayed 2010, 47; Bracewell 2009, 4). In response, city officials created the very first public private partnership (P3) in North America to build, finance and maintain a new light rail line (Bula 2014). They also implemented an “Olympic road diet”, shifting the system from the wants of the individual to the needs of the city, reducing automobile use and encouraging active transit (Lim and Sayeed 2010, 53). The Vancouver Olympics proved to be the most sustainable games in history with 79.5% of all spectator travel utilizing sustainable methods of transportation (Lim and Sayed 2010, 47).
References
Bracewell, Dale. 2009. “Host City Olympic Transportation Plan (HCOTP) for the 2010 Winter Games.” Presented at the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, October 18-21, 2009. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4701/7d4be4ad7d3743b9716632601402b8ed6a90.pdf.
Bula, Frances. 2014. “How Vancouver’s Olympic Legacy is Shaping the Future of Transit.” City Lab. February 18. https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2014/02/how-vancouvers-olympic-legacy-shaping-future-transit/8422/
Kassens-Noor, Eve. 2020. Los Angeles and the Summer Olympic Games. Springer Briefs in Geography. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38553-8_1.
Lim, Clark and Tarek Sayed. 2010. Host City Olympic Transportation Plan Downtown Monitoring Study, Survey Data Analysis and Discussion. City of Vancouver. July 28, 2010. https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0132647.
Lau, Michael Kwai-Yen. 2009. Global Glamour and Local Change: The 2008 Olympics, Transport Infrastructure, and Residential Life in Beijing. Hartford, Connecticut: Trinity College. Accessed May 15, 2020. https://www.trincoll.edu/UrbanGlobal/CUGS/students/Documents/Global%20Glamour%20and%20Local%20Change%20The%202008%20Olympics,%20Transport%20Infrastructure,%20and%20Residential%20Life%20in%20Beijing.pdf
Walker, Alissa. 2018. “The Olympics Fixed LA’s Traffic Problem-Can the 2028 Games Do it Permanently?” Curbed. June 7. https://la.curbed.com/2018/6/7/17419270/olympics-2028-los-angeles-1984-traffic.
City officials state, “transportation accounts for nearly 40% of all GHG emissions in California” (Metro 2018, 12). Since winning the Olympic bid, Los Angeles unveiled Metro Vision 2028 and the Twenty-Eight by ’28 Initiative, which strive to improve mobility, promote equity and reduce emissions with the completion of 28 infrastructure projects including metro line extensions, highway expansions and bike paths. As seen in the image, the games are slated to take place in 4 different sports parks in the region that line up with the newly proposed subway lines (LA28, n.d.). Street closures, electric scooters and bike shares are being proposed to encourage emission free movement between venues (Walker, 2018). Metro (2018, 20) is also revamping the bus system to accommodate the influx of visitors, increase average bus speed by 30%, improve service frequency, and dedicate lanes to high capacity vehicles, prioritizing people movement over cars.
References
LA2028, n.d. “Los Angeles Olympics 2028 Map.” Accessed May 18, 2020. https://la28.org/map.
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro). 2019. Metro Vision 2028- Strategic Plan. Accessed May 1, 2020. http://media.metro.net/about_us/vision2028/report_metro_vision_2028_plan_2018.pdf.
Walker, Alissa. 2018. “The Olympics Fixed LA’s Traffic Problem-Can the 2028 Games Do it Permanently?” Curbed. June 7. https://la.curbed.com/2018/6/7/17419270/olympics-2028-los-angeles-1984-traffic.
Los Angeles is involving public and private advocacy groups to study the systems currently in place and innovate new technologies. The Transportation Electrification Partnership was established to reduce GHG emissions 25% by “accelerat[ing] transportation electrification and zero emissions goods movement in the Greater Los Angeles region” leading up to the games (Transportation Electrification Partnership 2019, 4). They have the lofty goal of increasing electric vehicles(EV) use to 30% on the road and to 80% of all vehicles sold by 2028. They plan to accomplish this by lobbying ride hailing companies to adopt EV fleets, incentivizing EV adoption and implementing feebate programs to promote equity and remove old cars from the road (Transportation Electrification Partnership 2019, 6). On the transit end, they are assembling a completely electric bus system (Transportation Electrification Partnership 2019, 6). These ambitious goals are reinforced by L.A.’s Green New Deal which aims to reduce vehicular miles traveled 13% by 2025 and increase active/public transit trips 35% by 2025 (LADOT 2019b, 70).
Finally, all new transportation proposals must comply with federal air quality standards and state regulations. Transportation Assessment Guidelines must be completed to assess sustainability impacts if they are anticipated to increase vehicle miles traveled, reduce roadway capacity, or generate a net increase of 250 or more daily vehicle trips (LADOT 2019a, 2). Using state legislation, private innovation, and forward-thinking government, Los Angeles is moving in a more sustainable direction.
References
Transportation Electrification Partnership. 2019. Zero Emissions 2028 Roadmap 2.0. Los Angeles Cleantech Incubator. Accessed May 4, 2020. https://laincubator.org/wp-content/uploads/ZE_2028_Roadmap_2.0.pdf
Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT). 2019a. Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) Transportation Assessment Guidelines. July 2019. Accessed May 5, 2020. https://ladot.lacity.org/sites/default/files/documents/ta_guidelines_-20190731_0.pdf.
Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) 2019b. L.A.’s Green New Deal Sustainable City pLAn. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://ladot.lacity.org/sites/default/files/documents/green-new-deal_plan.pdf.
Los Angeles is also working to shift its urban fabric from automobile to public transit through the development of transit-oriented communities (TOC). By 2025, L.A. plans for 57% of all new housing to be built within 1500ft of a transit hub, increasing density along key transit nodes and job centers presented in the Twenty-Eight by ’28 Initiative (LADOT 2019b, 65). This is already well underway with the Los Angeles City Planning Department (n.d.) reporting in 2019, for every unit of housing lost to redevelopment, 17 units are created helping the city to surpass its goal of 100,000 new housing units by 2021. Even more positive, “56% of all TOC projects have been located on commercial or vacant lots, meaning that they will not result in the loss of any housing units” (Los Angeles Planning, n.d.). To date, only 14% of total projects under the TOC umbrella will replacing a single-family home with “multi-family apartments” (Los Angeles Planning, n.d.). Newman and Kenworthy (2015, 174) state, “density and transit services together form an indivisible partnership in the effort to alter urban fabrics” proving that Los Angeles TOC developments are helping Los Angeles move in a more sustainable direction.
References
Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) 2019b. L.A.’s Green New Deal Sustainable City pLAn. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://ladot.lacity.org/sites/default/files/documents/green-new-deal_plan.pdf.
Los Angeles City Planning, n.d. “Affordable Housing Production on the Rise, 2019 Calendar End Numbers Show Steady Progress.” Accessed May 21, 2020. https://planning.lacity.org/blog/affordable-housing-production-rise.
Newman, Peter, and Jeffrey Kenworthy. 2015. The End of Automobile Dependence: How Cities Are Moving beyond Car-Based Planning. Island Press: Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Vincent, Roger. 2019. “$1-Billion Plan for North Hollywood Station Takes Shape.” Los Angeles Times. November 17. https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-11-17/district-noho-housing-office-retail-transit-complex-planned-north-Hollywood.
Los Angeles’s TOC Incentive Program is responsible for protecting the preexisting community from displacement due to redevelopment (Los Angles Planning, n.d.). Just in 2019, 42% of new housing development was through this program, generating 5400 units of affordable housing and 2700 units for Extremely Low-Income families (Los Angles Planning, n.d.). Metro (2019, 18) is launching a survey, interviewing riders and identifying gaps in the system with the goal of service improvements and infrastructure repairs in areas with historically underserved (HU) populations. L.A.’s DOT DASH bus program works with Metro suppling local service within neighborhoods. They plan to add four additional routes in HU neighborhoods in San Fernando Valley and in East L.A. (LADOT 2019b, 72). Neighborhood based nonprofits are teaching bike safety, adding pedestrian friendly infrastructure and community murals to make it easier for people to locate and navigate public transit (LADOT 2019b, 76). Finally, Mayor Eric Garcetti unveiled Blue LA, an all-electric carshare program focused on providing service to HU communities (LADOT 2019b, 80). Utilizing a Car2Go style business model, low income drivers now have access to EVs (BlueLA, n.d.). Through this multifaceted approach Los Angeles is improving equity and leading the city to a socially sustainable future.
References
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro). 2019. Metro Vision 2028- Strategic Plan. Accessed May 1, 2020. http://media.metro.net/about_us/vision-2028/report_metro_vision_2028_plan_2018.pdf.
Los Angeles City Planning, n.d. “Affordable Housing Production on the Rise, 2019 Calendar End Numbers Show Steady Progress.” Accessed May 21, 2020. https://planning.lacity.org/blog/affordable-housing-production-rise.
Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) 2019b. L.A.’s Green New Deal Sustainable City pLAn. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://ladot.lacity.org/sites/default/files/documents/green-new-deal_plan.pdf.
BlueLA, n.d. “About BlueLA.” Accessed May 20, 2020. https://www.bluela.com/about-bluela.
Each city analyzed in this presentation used a combination of new infrastructure, public transit, sustainability goals and emissions reductions to successfully host the Olympics while improving transportation to handle the influx of attendees. As seen in the table, Los Angeles innovated technology allowing traffic flow to be adjusted in real time and leaned heavily on their bus system (Walker 2018). Beijing revealed new subway lines to shuttle participants around, connecting previously distant neighborhoods and encouraging density around transit hubs (Lau 2010, 7). Vancouver’s use of P3 to build the Canada Line has been a huge success story. The subway was delivered 3 months early and the partnership continues to maintain and operate the line to this day (Bula 2014). These case studies present opportunities for Los Angeles to improve for the 2028 Olympics.
References
Walker, Alissa. 2018. “The Olympics Fixed LA’s Traffic Problem-Can the 2028 Games Do it Permanently?” Curbed. June 7. https://la.curbed.com/2018/6/7/17419270/olympics-2028-los-angeles-1984-traffic.
Bula, Frances. 2014. “How Vancouver’s Olympic Legacy is Shaping the Future of Transit.” City Lab. February 18. https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2014/02/how-vancouvers-olympic-legacy-shaping-future-transit/8422/.
Lau, Michael Kwai-Yen. 2009. Global Glamour and Local Change: The 2008 Olympics, Transport Infrastructure, and Residential Life in Beijing. Hartford, Connecticut: Trinity College. Accessed May 15, 2020. https://www.trincoll.edu/UrbanGlobal/CUGS/students/Documents/Global%20Glamour%20and%20Local%20Change%20The%202008%20Olympics,%20Transport%20Infrastructure,%20and%20Residential%20Life%20in%20Beijing.pdf.
Corporate:
Los Angeles’s goals are so lofty the city runs the risk of failing without supplemental help. Corporate support will be necessary to make these goals a reality. L.A. should follow Vancouver’s use of P3s for subway and TOC development as private companies will defray costs preventing any one administration from getting overwhelmed. Increasing density around transit stations like in Beijing would connect distant neighborhoods aiding in the transition from an automobile to transit urban fabric. Corporations should get involved in these projects from the ground up, revitalizing neighborhoods and economic development. L.A. would be well served to remember the effectiveness of the massive bus system and bus only lanes used in the 1984 games. As exciting as new subway lines are, they are prone to delays and the city’s bus system has been its primary workhorse for decades, serving 70% of all transit passengers (Metro 2018, 19).
Personal:
The personal choices of Angelenos remain the key factor in moving Los Angeles in a more sustainable direction. Car ownership continues to increase in the area, almost keeping pace with the population growth (Tinoco, 2018). Although it may be challenging, Angelenos could learn from Vancouver’s “Olympic road diet” where “the best performing system is not always one that is given the greatest supply, but one that utilizes just the required supply to support healthy demands” (Lim and Sayeed 2010, 47, 53). “Behavior-change projects” like those promoted by Newman and Kenworthy (2015, 195) will be needed to help Angelenos adapt. Neighborhood advocacy groups, mobile apps and corporate sponsored mobility programs could educate and normalize public transit and promote other forms of active transit for first/last mile. As modifications are made, simply using public transit once every two weeks would increase annual ridership by 96 million (Tinoco 2018). This combined with a few walking trips and Angelenos transportation “diets” would relieve the bloated highway system, while building a civil society with the long-term vision of a better less automobile dependent future.
References
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro). 2019. Metro Vision 2028- Strategic Plan. Accessed May 1, 2020. http://media.metro.net/about_us/vision-2028/report_metro_vision_2028_plan_2018.pdf.
Newman, Peter, and Jeffrey Kenworthy. 2015. The End of Automobile Dependence: How Cities Are Moving beyond Car-Based Planning. Island Press: Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Tinoco, Matt. 2018. “Transit Ridership is Falling because Angelenos Keep Buying Cars, UCLA Report Says.” Curbed. January 31. https://la.curbed.com/2018/1/31/16950224/metro-ridership-decline-stats-car-ownership-study.
Lim, Clark and Tarek Sayed. 2010. Host City Olympic Transportation Plan Downtown Monitoring Study, Survey Data Analysis and Discussion. City of Vancouver. July 28, 2010. https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0132647.
The Metro Vision 2028 and Twenty-Eight by ’28 Initiative both aim to improve equity and mobility in the city, accommodate the influx in Olympic spectators and move the city toward sustainable growth. Corporate participation in public-private partnerships and innovative think tanks will benefit both the economy and the environment. New development focused on equity, density and transit will strengthen and connect citizens and the fabric of the city. Angelenos are the linchpin to the city’s success in automobile independence. A united civil society demanding a pedestrian friendly environment focused on green space, active transit, and zero emission transportation will reinforce public policy, creating sustainable growth for years to come.