falme photometery

1. Flame photometry or Flame Emission
spectroscopy
Submitted to
DR.N.SRINIVASULU
Department of Mordern
pharmacutical Analysis
Presented By:
KARTHIK SWAMY BM
Pharmaceutics 1st sem

2. Contets:
 1.DEFINITION
 2.PRINCIPLE
 3. INSTRUMENTATION
 4. APPLICATION

3. FLAME PHOTOMETRY
INTRODUCTION:
Flame photometer has been the proven standard method for the analysis of
sodium or potassium for the last 70 years . The accurate and reproducible
analysis of these elements are crucial in the clinical and many industrial fields
DEFINITION :
Flame photometry is also called as flame emission spectroscopy , since
Neutral atoms are involved in the emission of radiation at specific wave
length when introduced into the flame.

4. PRINCIPLE OF FLAME PHOTOMETRY

5. PRINCIPLE
When a solution of metallic salt is sprayed on to a flame, fine droplets
are formed due to thermal energy of the flame, the solvent in the
droplets evaporate, leaving behind the fine residue which are converted
into neutral atoms
These neutral atoms are converted to excited state atoms by the
thermal energy of the flames. As the exited state is not stable, these
exited atoms return to the ground state, with the emission of radiation of
specific wavelength
The wavelength of the radiation emitted is the characteristic of the
element and it is used to identify the element (qualitative analysis). The
intensity of the radiation emitted depends upon the concentration of the
element analyzed (quantitative analysis)

6. Instrumentation/components of a flame photometer
1.burner(with fuel and oxidant)
2.filter/monochromator
3.detector
4.read ot device

7. Sample delivery
There are three components for introducing liquid sample.
 Nebulizer – it breaks up the liquid into small droplets
 Aerosol modifier – it removes large droplets from the stream and allow only
smaller droplets than a certain size to pass
 Flame or Atomizer – it converts the analyte into free atoms

8. 1.BURNER
Which are used to spray the sample solution into fine droplets mix with fuel and oxidant
So only the homogenous flame of stable indensity is obtained.
TYPES
1.Total consumption burner
2.premix burner
TOTAL CONSUMPTION BURNER
In this fuel and oxidant are hydrogen and
oxygen gases
Sample solution is aspirated through a
capillary by high pressure of fuel and Oxidant
and burnt at the tip of burner
Entire sample is consumed.

9. PREMIXED BURNER
2.FUEL AND OXIDENT
Ideal combination of oxidant and fuel which gives the desired temperature In the flame
photometry.

10. DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF OXIDANT AND FUEL

11. TYPES OF FILTER AND
MONOCHROMATORS
1.ABSORPTION FILTER

12. 2.INTERFERENCE FILTER
The interfernce filter otherwise called as the fabry –perot filter
Band pass is 10-15nm
1. It has dielectric spacer film made up of caF2, MgF2 , or sio2 between to parallel reflecting film .
λ =2nb / m
λ = wave length of light obtained
n = dielectric constant of layer material
b = layer thickness
m = order no (0, 1, 2, etc….)

13. MONOCHROMATORS :
monochromator are better and more efficient than filters in converting a
polychromatic light to monochromatic light .
1. entrance slit (to get narrow source)
2. collimator (to render light parallel )
3. Grating or prisms (to disperse radiation )
4. collimator (to reform the images of entrance slit )
5. Exit slit (to fall o sample cell )
PRISMS :
1. Refractive type (Dispersive)
2. Reflective type (Littrow type mountinG )
REFRACTIVE TYPE

14. REFLECTIVE TYPE :
The principle of working is similar to the refractive type except that, a reflective
surface is present on one side of the prism. Hence the dispersed radiation gets reflected
and can be collected on the same side as the source of light.
GRATING MONOCHROMATOR
Grating are the most efficient ones in converting a polychromatic light into monochromatic light in
the real sense.
1.Defraction grating
2.Transmission grating

15. 1.DIFFRACTION GRATING
• Grating are the ruling material like glass , quartz or alkyl halides Depending upon the
instrument.
• When a incident light is passed on the grating the passed lights gets diffracted.
• Refracted radiation wavelength can be calculated by the equation,
mλ= b (sin I ± sin r)
λ = wavelength of light produced
b = grating spacing
I = angle of incident
r = angle of reflection
m= order (0,1,2,3 etc)

16. 2.TRANSMISSION GRATING
•This grating is similar to diffraction grating , but refraction takes place instead of Reflection. This occur ,
when radiation transmitted through grating reinforce with the partially refracted Radiation.
•The wavelength of radiation produced by transmission grating can be expressed by following equation.
λ=dsinθ/m
λ= wavelength of radiation produced
d= 1/lines per cm
m= order no. (0,1,2,3, etc)
θ = angle of deflection/diffraction

17. 3.DETECTORS
1.When a radiation is passed through a sample cell, part of its being absorbed by the sample
Solution and rest is being transmitted. This transmitted radiation falls on the detectors and the
intensity of absorbed radiation can be determined.
2.Detectors are convert the light energy into electrical energy. Which can be read or recorded.
TYPES
1.Barrier layer cell or photo voltaic cell.
2. Photo tubes or photo emissive cell
3. Photo multiplier tubes

18. 1.BARRIER LAYER CELL OR PHOTO VOLTAIC CELL
1.Detector has a Thin metallic layer coated with silver or gold and acts as a electrodes. 2. Metal
base plate act as a another electrode .
3. when light radiation falls on the selenium layer, these electrons become mobile and are taken
up by the transparent metal layer.
4. The flow of current causes deflection of the galvanometer.
5. Which is more sensitive like human eye.

19. 2. PHOTO TUBES OR PHOTO EMISSIVE CELL
1.Composed of evacuated glass tube , which consist of photo cathode and collector anode.
2. Cathode coated with caesium, potassium or silver oxide.
3. When a light radiation falls on it electrons are move towards anode produces a current
proportional to the intensity of the light radiation.
4. Photo tubes have more sensitivity compared to photo voltaic cell.

20. 3.PHOTO MULTIPLIER TUBES(PMT)
1.This is achieved by using a photo cathode and a series of anode(dyanodes)
2. Upto 10 dyanodes are used each have maintained at 75-100v
3. When a light radiation is passed on to the cathode that can be passed to Serious of anodes,
finally electrical signal can be readout by readout device.

21. Applications
 • To estimate sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium etc. level in sample of
serum, urine, and other body fluids.
 • Flame photometry is useful for the determination of alkali and alkaline
earth metals.
 • Used in determination of lead in petrol.
 • Used in the study of equilibrium constants involving in ion exchange
resins.
 • Used in determination of calcium and magnesium in cement

22. THANK YOU