1. Cesar Garcia
L4-A1
INTS 3300
Research Paper Annotated Bibliography
The topic for this semester’s class is “Fracking and Families,” which deals with
hydraulic fracturing having positive or negative outcomes with near by communities. The
research question that has been provided to me is the goal to demonstrate
interdisciplinary understanding by incorporating disciplinary methods, theories, and
knowledge, then, relating the information to hydraulic fracturing and recommending a
solution to the problem. The topic is too broad to only view it from a single discipline. I
will draw upon scholarly literature from two different disciplines, and then integrate that
foundational information to construct and improve an understanding of the problem. The
two different disciplines I will use to get an enhanced understanding is organizational
leadership and health applied science. From my two interdisciplinary perspectives of
organizational leadership and health applied science, I will explore the costs and benefits
of oil and natural gas extraction fro communities and their families.
1.
Citation:
Montgomery, C. T., Smith, M. B., & Nsi, T. (2010). Hydraulic fracturing:- History of an
enduring technology. Journal Of Petroleum Technology (pp. 26-28, 30-32). Tulsa,
OK.
Affiliation:
Chemistry, and Earth Science
Theory:
Overexploitation Theory
Method:
Qualitative
Key Concepts:
Developing new technologies to be used in the field.
Phenomena:
The phenomenon was that researchers actually experienced advancement in the new
technology they created.
Abstract:
In 2006, SPE flattered nine inventors of the hydraulic fracturing industry as legends of
hydraulic fracking. Claude E. Cooke Jr., Francis E. Dollarhide, Jacques L. Elbel, C.

2. Cesar Garcia
L4-A1
INTS 3300
Robert Fast, Robert R. Hannah, Larry J. Harrington, Thomas K. Perkins, Mike Prats, and
H. K. Van Poollen were recognized as contributory in developing new technologies in
hydraulic fracturing and the advancement of the field through their roles as researchers,
consultants, instructors, and authors of ground-breaking journal articles. This particular
article contains a comprehensive overview of the history of the technology in hydraulic
fracturing, a list of more than 150 technical papers published by these nine industry
legends, personal reflections from several of the legends and their colleagues, and historic
photographs. These nine invertors recorded their findings, problems, and solutions when
they decided to try and change how hydraulic fracturing started. They decided to change
it ways that would be more cost efficient, faster process, and not to harm the
environment. They figured out many ways to help save the environment around the
hydraulic fracturing process. The nine researchers also made new technologies to help
speed up the process of hydraulic fracturing, but also help everyone involved. It was a
win on both sides of the contract work. They figured out a way that will help the
customer in the long run and guarantee their work. The new technology will also help the
company dong the hydraulic fracturing by minimizing struggle in finding the oil holes.
2.
Citation:
Hydraulic Fracturing Techbook. (2012). E&P (pp. 1-92). Tulsa, OK.
Affiliation:
Chemistry, Engineering, Earth Sciences
Theory:
Modernism
Method:
Qualitative
Key Concepts:
Concise information of hydraulic fracturing and the uprising technologies on the oil and
gas industry.
Phenomena:
Each handbook covers everything from market overview, new technologies, to specific
technology.
Abstract:

3. Cesar Garcia
L4-A1
INTS 3300
The Hydraulic Fracturing Techbook is the first in a series of Techbooks in which Hart
Energy will provide comprehensive coverage of effective and emerging technologies in
the oil and gas industry. These handbooks are given to every new employee hired on into
Hart Energy. Each Techbook will include a concise market synopsis, a roster of the key
technology providers, case studies of the fieldwork, and exclusive analysis of industry
trends relative to the specific technology in the shop of Hart Energy. Horizontal drilling
and hydraulic fracturing are simplifying the success of the major shale plays in the U.S.
and Canada. International companies are selecting North American expertise to condense
their learning curve in shale development. The latest well completion developments aim
to increase frac stages and optimize fracture placement, depending on the state
regulations a company decides to rig up on a well. Managing the water is essential in
hydraulic fracturing. The environmental friendly process used during well stimulation
can benefit the oil and gas industry and the communities in which it works around. U.S.
leadership of the shale technology revolution creates a corresponding demand for U.S.
regulatory leadership. They except safety regulations during well stimulation, because the
desire to be the best cannot be done without human and environmental regulations.
Organized leaderships are trying to bridge the gap between North America's hydraulic
fracturing business and environmental initiatives. Federal and state regulations are
determined to keep both hydraulic fracturing and environment together on the same road.
They want hydraulic fracturing to advance, but not harming the environment at the same
time.
3.
Citation:
Pettitt, W., Pierce, M., Damjanac, B., Hazzard, J., Lorig, L., Fairhurst, C., & Itasca
Consulting, G. (2011). Fracture Network Engineering For Hydraulic Network.
The Leading Edge.
Affiliation:
Chemistry, Earth Sciences
Theory:
Infiltration Theory
Method:
Qualitative
Key Concepts:
Enhancing or minimizing rock mass disturbance.

4. Cesar Garcia
L4-A1
INTS 3300
Phenomena:
Improves interpretation via direct observation of the micromechanics within the distinct
element models used.
Abstract:
Fracture network engineering (FNE) involves the design, analysis, modeling, and
monitoring of infield activities aimed at enhancing or minimizing rock mass disturbance.
FNE desires less rock mass disturbance and punch holes in the petroleum reservoir. FNE
relies specifically on advanced techniques to model fractured rock masses and connect
microseismic (MS) field observations with fabricated microseismicity generated from
these models. Hydraulic fracture stimulation is an example where fracturing network
engineering is playing a role, with hydraulic usages now being widely used to improve
production volumes and extraction rates in petroleum pools, greater geothermal schemes,
and preconditioning processes in caving mines. MS observing is now becoming a
standard tool for evaluating the geometry and evolution of the fracture network induced
during a given treatment. The combined use of synthetic rock mass (SRM) modeling of
the hydraulic fracturing with enhanced microseismic analysis (EMA) within FNE
provides a response in which SRM is improved and controlled by the information
delivered by the MS data. This improves clarification via direct observation of the
micromechanics within the diverse portion models used. Some upcoming developmental
challenges are discussed that these technologies face, including their further combination
and authentication so as to provide more efficient and vigorous application of the FNE
approach.
4.
Citation:
Rahm, D. (2011). Regulating hydraulic fracturing in shale gas plays: The case of Texas.
Energy Policy (pp. 2981).
Affiliation:
Chemistry, Economics, and Earth Sciences
Theory:
Overexploitation Theory
Method:
Qualitative
Key Concepts:

5. Cesar Garcia
L4-A1
INTS 3300
Produce natural gas from unconventional shale gas reservoirs made possible from
horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
Phenomena:
Shale gas productions are highly controversial because of environmental concerns, like
fear of drinking water contaminations.
Abstract:
The ability to economically produce natural gas from unconventional shale gas reservoirs
has been made possible recently through the application of horizontal drilling and
hydraulic fracturing. Horizontal drilling is a drilling procedure in which the well is turned
horizontal at depth. This new technique has drastically changed the energy future of the
United States. The U.S. has shifted from a declining producer of natural gas to a growing
producer. The Energy Information Administration predicts that by 2035 nearly half of
U.S. natural gas will come from shale gas. Texas is one of the main competitors in these
developments. Of the eight states and coastal areas that account for the bulk of U.S. gas,
Texas has the main demonstrated reserves. Texas' Barnett Shale already produces six
percent of the continental U.S.' gas and exploration of Texas' other shale gas regions are
just beginning. Shale gas production are highly debated, in part because of environmental
concerns. Some U.S. states have already put hydraulic fracturing suspensions in place
because of fear of drinking water contamination. The federal government has gotten
involved and some states, like Texas, have accused it of outplaying. The contention over
shale gas drilling in the U.S. may be the leader for other parts of the world that are now
about to start moving forward with their own shale gas production.
5.
Citation:
Mustek, T. (2014). 'Fracking' and worker safety. Safety & Health.
Affiliation:
Biology
Theory:
Encroachment Theory
Method:
Qualitative
Key Concepts:
Workers Safety.

6. Cesar Garcia
L4-A1
INTS 3300
Phenomena:
Workers safety concerns for the field of hydraulic fracturing.
Abstract:
The article discusses workers safety concerns for the field of hydraulic fracturing. Topics
include field study by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to
identify overexposure to airborne silica as a worker health hazard. Breathable silica
hazards during fracking operations, worker safety and health hazards identified by the
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration identifying, and several questions
and answers related to controlling breathable silica. Organizations like the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are trying to prevent the harmful effects
when breathing in silica can cause. Breathing in silica is bad for the lungs, which can
cause lung cancer later on in a person’s life. Additionally, breathing crystalline silica
dust, which is normally found when working around hydraulic fracturing stimulation, can
cause silicosis.
6.
Citation:
Hertzler, P. (2014). Regulation of hydraulic fracturing operations at the federal and state
levels. American Water Works Association (pp. 58-65).
Affiliation:
Earth Sciences
Theory:
Overexploitation Theory
Method:
Qualitative
Key Concepts:
Rules have been set to help well sitting, completion, and abandonment in hydraulic
fracturing.
Phenomena:
There are not specific limitations that apply to public owned treatment works or
centralized waste facilities.
Abstract:

7. Cesar Garcia
L4-A1
INTS 3300
Federal and state rules have been applied to help address well siting, construction,
completion, plugging, and abandonment in hydraulic fracturing. The Energy Policy Act
of 2005 modified the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), limiting the power of US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to control hydraulic fracturing under the
Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, except in cases where diesel fuels are
used. An injection well is a device that places fluid deep underground into porous rock
formations, such as sandstone and limestone, into or below the shallow oil layer. The
Energy Policy Act also broadened Clean Water Act (CWA) exclusions that already
existed for oil and gas drilling and production activities to include storm water discharge
from oil and gas construction activities. There are currently no precise regulations
guidelines that apply to indirect discharges to publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
or federal waste facilities. In addition, neither TSCA nor EPCRA currently require the
disclosure of chemical ingredients in hydraulic fracturing fluids, and OSHA does not
require disclosure specific elements, quantities, or chemicals that are considered
proprietary on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). These regulatory and constitutional
gaps, state oil and gas programs, which began as efforts to ensure conservation of oil and
gas resources, are being updated at a quick rate to include requirements to protect water
resources and require disclosure of chemical elements that could affect human health.