1. JasonAntu
INTS3300: L3-A2: InterdisciplinaryLiteratureReview
2/24/15
In the on going issue of Hydraulic fracturing and its effects on the families and
communities of their given area, we must see how we can address this dilemma through strategic
implementations. With the scope of this issue being so vast, the main lens of resolution that is to
be used, will be encompassed by the field of Public Relations, and Electronic Media. Both of
these are very inter related so any overlap in addressing the issue is natural. The main issue being
addressed, is how Hydraulic Fracturing is being viewed or presented to the general public, and
how this is effecting communities. The overall capabilities of PR to frame an issue will be a
critical point in the understanding the ethical issues weighed heavy in this case.
Jones, P., Hillier, D. and Comfort, D. (2013), Fracking and public relations: rehearsing the
arguments and making the case. J. Publ. Aff., 13: 384–390. doi: 10.1002/pa.1490
PUBLIC RELATIONS
QUANTITATIVE
Abstract
Large-scale shale gas reserves have recently been discovered under many parts of the UK.
Although the UK government and the business community have been very keen to stress the
economic benefits associated with the development of these resources, a range of environmental
organisations and community groups are vociferously opposed to such development. With this in
mind, this research note describes the characteristics of shale oil and hydraulic fracturing,
outlines the initial developments within the UK, rehearses some of the principal arguments and
claims on the perceived benefits and costs associated with the hydraulic fracturing of gas shale
resources and offers a discussion on how the case for and against shale gas development is being
made. The discussion suggests that local opposition groups are well organised and have been
harnessing information and communication technologies and social media to good effect. Within
the shale gas industry, there is a consensus that managing and turning round widespread negative
public perceptions about shale gas development will be essential if shale gas resources are to be
commercially exploited. Public relations and media companies will have a key role to play in
achieving that goal, but they face a range of testing challenges if they are to be successful.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Goldstein, B. D., J. Kriesky, B. Pavliakova. 2012. Missing from the table: role of the
environmental public health community in governmental advisory commissions related to

2. JasonAntu
INTS3300: L3-A2: InterdisciplinaryLiteratureReview
2/24/15
Marcellus shale drilling. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.Online [accessed
July 15 2012]
ELECTRONIC MEDIA COMMUNICATION
QUALITATIVE
Abstract
In this policyethnography we examine the discourse related to unconventional natural gas
development in western Pennsylvania in order to illuminate expressions of political power in
attempts to manufacture consent. We focus on the overlap ping spheres of influence between the
state and capital to dissect techniques of governance as they operate at the level of civil society.
Data collection from fieldwork and discourse analysis, particularly focused on discourse about
recent legislation to regulate the booming natural gas industry in Pennsylvania, reveals the ways
in which industry proponents at tempt to corral public opinion to the goal of extracting and
amassing capital. We analyze how industry actors try to gain and draw from the authority and
approval of the state in those efforts. In turn, the state uses its socially sanctioned authority to
reframe water, land, air, community, health, and self around a paradigm that interprets those as
sources of profit. This case study examines how, under neoliberalism, the state organizes
knowledge on the topic of fracking such that the balance of power shifts further out of
democratic reach
Birkland, T. (2004). The world changed today: Agenda-setting and policy change in the wake of
the September 11 terrorist attacks. Review of Policy Research, 21(2), 179–200.
PUBLIC RELATIONS
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Abstract
This paper focuses on agenda change affecting the politics of “fracking operations” in the US, a
process of extracting natural gas from underground shale formations. We examine how the
movement of this policy issue between the state and federal levels of government has become
increasingly contentious because of rising public concern about pollution impacts. Using
information obtained from documentary sources and media content analysis, we found that the
natural gas policy coalition has largely focused on a political strategy based on maintaining
fracking regulatory controls at the state level, while the environmental policy coalition has
pushed for increased regulation of drilling practices in general, including a larger policy and
oversight role for federal agencies such as EPA.

3. JasonAntu
INTS3300: L3-A2: InterdisciplinaryLiteratureReview
2/24/15
Egan, J. (2013), Public relations—accidents: What gas companies can learn from “smart meter”
missteps. Nat. Gas Elec., 29: 14–19. doi: 10.1002/gas.21659
ELECTRONIC MEDIA COMMUNICATION
QUALITATIVE
Abstract
Thirty miles north of Denver, in an upscale suburban community, one possible future for the gas
industry is taking shape. This future is marked by consumers' distrust—of advanced energy
technology and their energy company—as well as fear, anger, and activism. High hopes have
given way to recrimination, litigation, and potential expropriation. As 2013 begins, what is
taking place in this Denver suburb raises vexing national questions about whether, and under
what circumstances, US consumers and businesses will be able to benefit from advanced energy
technology.
Davis, C. and Fisk, J. M. (2014), Energy Abundance or Environmental Worries? Analyzing
Public Support for Fracking in the United States. Review of Policy Research, 31: 1–16.
doi: 10.1111/ropr.1204
ELECTRONIC MEDIA COMMUNICATION
QUALITATIVE
Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of public attitudes toward fracking use and policies with an eye
toward factors that help us account for differing levels of support. Using data from a national
survey of American adults, we found that women and people residing in urban areas are slightly
more inclined to oppose fracking and to favor more regulation in terms of drilling operations and
company chemical disclosure requirements than men or people living in rural areas. Our key
findings, however, are that opposition to fracking and support for current or increased levels of
regulation are strongly related to Democratic Party identification and to pro-environmental
policy attitudes. We conclude by suggesting that a tendency for people to view fracking as an
environmental rather than an energy issue has potentially important implications for the
implementation of locally based regulatory requirements.

4. JasonAntu
INTS3300: L3-A2: InterdisciplinaryLiteratureReview
2/24/15
Davis, C. (2012), The Politics of “Fracking”: Regulating Natural Gas Drilling Practices in
Colorado and Texas. Review of Policy Research, 29: 177–191. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-
1338.2011.00547.x
PUBLIC RELATIONS
QUANTITATIVE
Abstract
This article focuses on the politics of regulating natural gas fracking operations in Colorado and
Texas. Between-state differences in the economic importance of natural gas production, political
traditions, environmental impacts of drilling activities, and local governmental responses to risk
reduction, and entrepreneurial activities are discussed in relation to policy-making initiatives. In
the concluding section, I suggest that Colorado's regulatory approach offers a greater degree of
environmental protection than Texas. Key reforms adopted in 2007–8 can be largely attributed to
electoral victories that ensured unified party control over state government and the determined
efforts of the proenvironmental governor to make changes in both the regulatory commission and
in the substance of natural gas drilling policies
Rabe, B. G. and Borick, C. (2013), Conventional Politics for Unconventional Drilling? Lessons
from Pennsylvania's Early Move into Fracking Policy Development. Review of Policy Research,
30: 321–340. doi: 10.1111/ropr.12018
ELECTRONIC MEDIA COMMUNICATION
QUALITATIVE
Abstract
The emergence of hydraulic fracturing techniques is generating a dramatic expansion of the
development of domestic natural gas resources in the United States and abroad. Fracking also
poses a series of environmental protection challenges that cut across traditional medium and
program boundaries. Formal constraints on federal government engagement thus far devolve
considerable latitude to individual states for policy development. This provides an important test
of whether recent scholarly emphasis on highly innovative state environmental and energy
policies can be extended to this burgeoning area. Pennsylvania has moved to the epicenter of the
fracking revolution, reflecting its vast Marcellus Shale resource and far-reaching 2012
legislation. This article examines the Pennsylvania case and notes that the state's emerging policy
appears designed to maximize resource extraction while downplaying environmental
considerations. The case analysis generates questions as to whether this experience constitutes an

5. JasonAntu
INTS3300: L3-A2: InterdisciplinaryLiteratureReview
2/24/15
influential state early mover that is likely to diffuse widely or is instead an aberration in a rapidly
diversifying state policy development process.
Lachapelle, E., Montpetit, É. and Gauvin, J.-P. (2014), Public Perceptions of Expert Credibility
on Policy Issues: The Role of Expert Framing and Political Worldviews. Policy Studies Journal,
42: 674–697. doi: 10.1111/psj.12073
PUBLIC RELATIONS
QUANTITATIVE
Abstract
How do individuals assess the credibility of experts in various policy domains? Under what
conditions does the public interpret particular scientific knowledge claims as being trustworthy
and credible? Using data collected from an online survey experiment, administered to 1,507
adult residents of Quebec, this paper seeks answers to these questions. Specifically, we examine
variation in the way members of the public perceive the credibility of scientific experts in the
areas of climate change, shale gas extraction, cell phones, and wind farms. Our results contribute
to the existing literatures on public perceptions of policy experts, framing, and cultural theory.
We find that individuals evaluate expert credibility based on the way in which experts frame
issues, and on the congruity/dissonance between these expert communication frames and one's
underlying worldview. However, we also identify limits to these framing effects. Our findings
shed light on the interaction of framing and political worldviews in shaping public perceptions of
expert credibility in various policymaking contexts