EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE

1. ANIMAL
REPRODCUTION
KIP AIZA F. GABAWA, MAED - SCIENCE

2. Pre - test
1. What type of reproduction involves the fusion of gametes or sex cells?
a. Sexual b. Asexual c. both A & B d. None of the above
2. What type of reproduction produces an offspring which genetically
identical to its parent cell?
a. Sexual b. Asexual c. both A & B d. None of the above
3. Sexual reproduction leads to _____ in organisms?
a. Similarities b. variation c. duplication c. resemblanc
4. What is the ideal duration of pregnancy among humans?
a. 32 weeks b. 34 weeks c. 36 weeks d. 38 week
5.
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3. ANIMAL
REPRODUCTIO
N
BY: KIP AIZA F. GABAWA,
MAED-SCIE

4. WHAT IS
REPRODUCTIO
N?

5. Is one of the key
survivals of a
species – it is a
way to continue
life

6. The male and
female
organisms will
mate and
produce
offspring.

7. WAYS OF HOW
REPRESENTATI
VE ANIMALS
REPRODUCE

8. 1. Sexual & Asexual
8

9. 1. Sexual & Asexual
9

10. Sexual reproduction
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In sexual reproduction, a male and female
gamete is needed to produce the offspring. In
most instances, there is male and female
organisms to produce the gametes but, this
isn’t always the case. Finding a partner for
sexual animals can sometimes prove difficult,
and so, an adaptive mechanism and
evolutionary solution, some animal exhibit
HERMAPHRODITISM.

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HERMAPHRODITISM this is when an
organism has both the male and female
reproductive systems. This common
among sessile (stationary animals). In
hermaphroditism, the organism may or
may not have a partner for fertilization to
occur.

12. Asexual reproduction
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Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction
in which a new offspring is produced by a single
parent. The new individuals produced are genetically
and physically identical to each other, i.e., they are
the clones of their parents.
Asexual reproduction is observed in both
multicellular and unicellular organisms. This process
does not involve any kind of gamete fusion and there
won’t be any change in the number of chromosomes
either. It will inherit the same genes as the parent,
except for some cases where there is a chance of a
rare mutation occurring.

13. TYPES OF
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
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14. 1. BINARY FISSION
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occurs in single-
celled organisms. It
is when a parent cell
divides itself into two
equal parts and
creates offspring.
This type of
reproduction is like
cloning

15. 2. FRAGMENTATION
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occurs when an
organism breaks a
part of itself into a
fragment, and the
fragment develops
into a new organism.
Ex. Starfish & acoel
flatworms

16. 3. BUDDING
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budding happens
when a parent organism
grows a bud attached to
the body. When the bud is
developed it will detach
itself from the parent and
form a new organism.
Ex. Yeast & Jellyfish

17. 4. PARTHENOGENESIS
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occurs when the
embryo of an
organism can grow
and develop without
fertilization.
Ex. Some species of
ants & honeybees

18. MECHANICS OF
FERTILIZATION
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19. MECHANICS OF
FERTILIZATION
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20. 2 TYPES OF
FERTILIZATION

21. 1. INTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
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occurs when the fusion of gametes is inside
the female body.
2. EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
occurs when the fusion of gametes is outside
the female body.

22. 3 TYPES OF
INTERNAL
FERTILIZATION

23. 1. OVIPARITY
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the female has
fertilized eggs laid outside
its body. The young will
get nourishment from its
yolk and will be protected
by the external covering
of the egg.
Ex. chickens

24. 2. VIVIPARITY
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most common in
mammals, the offspring
develops within the
female and is nourished
by the mother’s blood in
the placenta.
Ex. Bears

25. 3. OVOVIVIPARITY
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like oviparity,
ovoviviparity has fertilized
eggs that nourished the
young from its yolk. The
key difference between
them is when the
ovoviviparous animals
only lay the eggs when
they are ready to hatch.
Ex. Great Whale Sharks

26. PLANT
REPRODUCTION

27. THESE PARTS PRODUCE SEX CELLS OR
GAMETES IN THE FORM OF OVULES
AND POLLEN GRAINS. THESE ARE THE
REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF THE PLANTS:

28. FLOWER
IN FLOWERING PLANTS, SEX CELLS ARE
PRODUCED IN CERTAIN FLORAL ORGANS.

30. Peduncle: The stalk of a flower.
Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are
attached.
Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that
enclose a developing bud.
Petal: The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored. Stamen:
The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament
supporting the anther.
Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
Pistil: The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long
style, topped by a stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule
is a seed.
Stigma: The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.
Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are
produced.

31. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN IS CALLED THE STAMEN
WHICH HAS TWO PARTS: THE
ANTHER (PRODUCES THE
POLLEN, WHICH CONTAINS THE
MALE SPERM CELLS) AND THE
FILAMENT (THAT HOLDS OR
SUPPORTS THE ANTHER)

32. THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN IS PISTIL. THE OVULES
ARE EQUIVALENT TO THE
POLLEN GRAINS OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN.
OTHER PARTS OF PISTIL
(STIGMA, STYLE, OVARY AND
THE OVULE)

33. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
SELF-FERTILIZATION/SELF-POLLINATION OCCURS IN
bisexual organisms, including most flowering plants,
numerous protozoans, and many invertebrates. the mechanism
is observed
most often in some legumes such as peanuts.in other
legumes like soybeans, the flowers open and remain receptive
to insect cross pollination during the day; if this not
accomplished, the flower may self-pollinated as they are
closing. other plants that can self-pollinated are orchids, peas,
sunflowers, tridax, etc.

35. CROSS-FERTILIZATION
occur between members of the same species, for
example, it is impossible to create a hybrid of a cucumber and a
zucchini as they separate species with in the same family,
however,it would be possible to cross a zucchini with another
squash, like pumpkin as they belong to the same species. cross-
fertilization on plants where the insects are the agents (apples,
plums, pears, raspberries,blackberries, blackcurrants,
strawberries, runner beans, pumpkins, daffodils, tulips, heather,
lavender, and etc. cross-fertilization on plants where wind is the
main agent(grass,catkins, dandelions, maple trees, and goat’s
beard)

37. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
a single individual (parent) is capable of
producing offspring, as a result, the offspring that
are produced are not only identical to one
another but are also exact copies of their parent.
all these methods of reproduction work well.
however, they do not make it possible for plants
to move to new locations.in addition to
reproducing asexually, most land plants also
reproduce sexually.

39. A)BINARY FISSION (“DIVISION IN HALF”)
IS A KIND OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.ANOTHER TYPE OF FISSION IS
MULTIPLE FISSION,WHICH IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO THE PLANT LIFE
CYCLE.MULTIPLE FISSION,AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF OCCURS IN MANY
PROTIST.
B)BUDDING
INVOLVES THE GROWTH OF A SMALL BULB-LIKE PROJECTION CALLED
BUD.IT GROWS AND DETACHES ITSELF FROM THE PARENT CELL TO
GROW INDEPENDENTLY INTO A NEW ORGANISM.
C)FRAGMENTATION
INVOLVES BREAKING DOWN OF FILAMENTS INTO FRAGMENTS THAT
GROW IN TO YOUNG ONES.

40. D) ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
THE PROCESS OF PROPAGATING PLANTS THROUGH ARTIFICIAL METHODS IS
CALLED ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION.THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION
ARE GRAFTING,CUTTING,LAYERING, AND TISSUE CULTURE
I. GRAFTING
THE METHOD WHICH INVOLVES DEVELOPMENT OF NEW VARETIES OF FRUIT
PLANTS.
II.CUTTING
INVOLVES PLANTING A YOUNG CUTTING OF THE STEM WITH BUDS INTO MOIST
SOIL.
III.LAYERING
INVOLVES BENDING OF A YOUNG STEM TOWARDS THE
GROUND AND LET IT GROW UNDER THE SOIL.
IV.TISSUES CULTURE
A MASS OF TISSUE IS SELECTED FROM THE GROWING TIP OF PLANT. THIS IS
TERMED AS CALLUS

41. E) NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS ALSO USED IN AGGRICULTURE AND
HORTICULTURE TO PROPAGATE A PARTICULARLY DESIRABLE PLANT. MOST
ROSES AND POTATOES,ARE VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED.
1)STOLONS
ARE STEMS WHICH GROW AT THE SOIL SURFACE OR JUST BELOW GROUND
THAT FORM ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS AT THE NODES, AND NEW PLANTS FROM THE
BUDS.
2)RHIZOMES
ARE ALSO IMPORTANT REPRODUCTIVE SRUCTURES, PARTICULARLY IN GRASS
AND SEDGES.IT INVADE AREAS NEAR THE PARENT PLANT, AND EACH NODE CAN GIVE
RISE TO A NEW FLOWERING SHOT.
3)SUCKERS
IS A PLANT GROWING NOT FROM A SEED BUT FROM
A MERISTEM OF THE ROOT AT THE BASE ORAT A CERTAIN DISTANCE FROM A TREE OR
SHRUB.

42. 4)ADVENTITIOUS LEAVES
ADVENTITIOUS BUDS DEVELOP FROM PLACES OTHER THAN A SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM,
WHICH OCCURS AT THE TIP OF A STEM, OR ON A SHOOT NODE, AT THE LEAF AXIL, THE BUD BEING LEFT
THERE DURING THE PRIMARY GROWTH.
5)APOMIXIS
AS REPLACEMENT OF THE NORMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION,
WITHOUT FERTILIZATION.
F) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
INVOLVES TWO FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES: MEIOSIS, WHICH REARRANGES THE GENES
AND REDUCES THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES, AND FERTILIZATION, WHICH RESTORES THE
CHROMOSOME TO A COMPLETE DIPLOID NUMBER. IN BETWEEN THESE TWO PROCESSES,
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANTS AND ALGAE VARY, BUT MANY OF THEM, INCLUDING ALL LAND PLANTS,
UNDERGO ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS, WITH TWO DIFFERENT MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURES
(PHASES), A GAMETOPHYTE AND A SPOROPHYTE.
I.CONIFEROUS TREES
A GROUP OF PLANTS CALLED GYMNOSPERM DEVELOPED WIND BORNE POLLEN LIKE THE
CYCADS, GINKOS AND NEEDLE-BEARING TREES SUCH AS PINES AND REDWOODS.
II.THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWER
A NEW GROUP OF PLANTS, THE ANGIOSPERMS,APPEARED ABOUT 110 MILLION YEARS
AGO. THESE PLANTS DEVELOPED A NUMBER OF STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS, THE MOST STRIKING OF
WHICH IS THE FLOWER.

43. ORGANS OF PLANTS
THE ORGANS OF PLANTS ARE DIVIDED INTO VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE
.THE VEGETATIVE ORAGANS ARE THE LEAVES, STEM, AND ROOTS. THE LEAVES
TAKE CARE FOR FOOD MANUFACTURE AND TRANSPIRATION. THE STEM
SUPPORTS THE LEAVE AND PARTS OF THE PLANT. THE ROOTS ABSORB WATER
AND MINERALS AND ANCHOR THE PLANT TO THE SOIL.THE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PERPETUATION OF THE PLANT. THESE
ARE THE FLOWERS, FRUIT AND SEEDS.
I. FLOWER HAS TREE MAIN ORAGANS,NAMELY: ESSENTIAL ORGANS
WHICH FUNCTION FOR ATTRACTION;AND THE
ACCESSORY ORGANS WHICH PERFORM FUNCTIONS LIKE SUPPORT AND
PROTECTION

45. Thank you