CCC materials

1. 1
UNIT-I
Introduction to Computer
Computer:
Computerisan electronicmachine whichtakesdataas inputandproduce outputthroughsetof
programs.It isa combinationof hardware andsoftware.The machine ishardware andthe dataand
instructionsare software.
History of computer:
Computerwasinventedby CharlesBabbage between1833 and 1871. He is alsoknownas Father of
Computer.
Generations of Computer:
SSr.No. Generationand Description
1
First Generation
The periodof firstgeneration:1946-1959. Vacuumtube based.
2
SecondGeneration
The periodof secondgeneration:1959-1965. Transistorbased.
3
Third Generation
The periodof thirdgeneration:1965-1971. IntegratedCircuitbased.
4
Fourth Generation
The periodof fourthgeneration:1971-1980. VLSImicroprocessorbased.
5
FifthGeneration
The periodof fifthgeneration:1980-onwards.ULSImicroprocessorbased

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Components of computer:
There are followingcomponentsof computer.
 CPU (Central ProcessingUnit)
 Motherboard
 Processor
 Memory(RAM)
 Case/chassis
 Powersupply
 Floppydrive
 Hard disk
 CD-ROM, CD-RW,or DVD-ROMdrive
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Videocard
 Monitor(display)
 Soundcard
 Speakers
 Modem
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
The CPU (Central ProcessingUnit) isthe partof a computersystemthatis commonlyreferredtoas
the "brains"of a computer.The CPU isalso knownasthe processorormicroprocessor.The CPU is
responsible forexecutingasequenceof storedinstructionscalleda program.Thisprogramwill take
inputsfroman inputdevice,processthe inputinsome wayandoutputthe resultstoan output
device.
CPUitselfhas followingthree components
 Memoryor Storage Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU(ArithmeticLogicUnit)

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Computer refers to mainly two major elements which are as following:
1. Hardware
2. Software
Hardware:
All physical devicesusedincomputerwhichwe cansee andtouchare knownas hardware.Forexample
like monitor,mouse,keyboardetc.
Computers are connected with two types of devices:
1. InputDevices
2. OutputDevices
Input Devices:
Those deviceswhichare usedforgivinginstructionsinformof data to computersare knownasInput
Devices.Some of inputdevicesare asfollowing:
1. Keyboard:
2. Mouse:

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3. Scanner:
4. Microphone:
5. Touchscreen:
6. Light Pen:

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Output Devices:
Devicesusedtodisplaythe resultsorinformationare knownas OutputDevices.Some of outputdevices
are as following:
1. Monitor:
2. Printer:
3. Speaker:

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Software:
Software isa collectionof dataor computerinstructions whichtellsthe computerhow toworkthe help
of hardware.
 SystemSoftware
 ApplicationSoftware
Systems software
The systemsoftware iscollectionof programsdesignedtooperate,control,andextendthe
processingcapabilitiesof the computeritself.Systemsoftwareare generallypreparedbycomputer
manufactures.These softwareproductscomprise of programswritten inlow-level languageswhich
interactwiththe hardware at a verybasic level.Systemsoftware servesasthe interface between
hardware and the endusers.
The most basic typesof system software are:
1. BIOS and device firmware – theyprovide basicfunctionalitytooperate andcontrol the hardware
connectedtoor builtintothe computer.
2. Operating System– IT allowsthe partsof a computerto worktogetherbyperformingtaskslike
transferringdatabetweenmemoryanddisksorrenderingoutputontoadisplaydevice.Italso
providesaplatformtorun high-level systemsoftware andapplicationsoftware.
3. Utilitysoftware – It helpsinanalyzing,configuring,optimizingandmaintainingthe computer.
Application Software
Applicationsoftware products are designedtosatisfyaparticularneedof a particularenvironment.
All software applicationspreparedinthe computerlabcancome underthe categoryof Application
software.
Applicationsoftware mayconsistof asingle program, suchas a Microsoft's notepadforwritingand
editingsimpletext.Itmayalsoconsistof a collectionof programs,oftencalledasoftware package,
whichworktogethertoaccomplisha task,such as a spreadsheetpackage.
Examplesof Applicationsoftwareare following
 Payroll Software
 StudentRecordSoftware
 InventoryManagementSoftware
 Income Tax Software
 RailwaysReservationSoftware
 MicrosoftOffice Suite Software
 MicrosoftWord
 MicrosoftExcel

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 MicrosoftPowerPoint
Programming Languages
A vocabularyand setof grammatical rulesforinstructingacomputerto performspecifictasks.The
termprogramminglanguage usuallyreferstohigh-level languages,suchasBASIC,C, C++, COBOL,
FORTRAN,Ada,andPascal.Each language hasa unique setof keywords(wordsthatitunderstands)
and a special syntax fororganizingprograminstructions.
Concept of Data processing
Data processing,Manipulationof databy a computer.Itincludesthe conversionof raw data to
machine-readableform,flowof datathroughthe CPU and memorytooutputdevices,and
formattingortransformationof output.Anyuse of computerstoperformdefinedoperationson
data can be includedunderdataprocessing.Inthe commercial world,dataprocessingreferstothe
processingof datarequiredto run organizationsandbusinesses.
Stages of the Data ProcessingCycle
1) Collectionisthe firststage of the cycle,andis verycrucial,since the qualityof datacollectedwill
impactheavilyonthe output.The collectionprocessneedstoensure thatthe datagatheredare
bothdefinedandaccurate,sothat subsequentdecisionsbasedonthe findingsare valid.This
stage providesboththe baselinefromwhichtomeasure,andatarget on whatto improve.Some
typesof data collectioninclude census,sample survey,andadministrative by-product.
2) Preparation isthe manipulationof dataintoa form suitable forfurtheranalysisandprocessing.
Raw data cannotbe processedandmustbe checkedforaccuracy. Preparationisabout
constructinga datasetfromone or more data sourcestobe usedforfurtherexplorationand
processing.Analyzingdatathathas notbeencarefullyscreenedforproblemscanproduce highly
misleadingresultsthatare heavilydependentonthe qualityof dataprepared.
3) Input is the taskwhere verifieddataiscodedor convertedintomachine readable formsothatit
can be processedthroughacomputer.Data entryisdone throughthe use of a keyboard,digitizer,
scanner,or data entryfroman existingsource.Thistime-consumingprocessrequiresspeedand
accuracy. Most data needto follow aformal andstrict syntax since agreat deal of processing
powerisrequiredtobreakdownthe complexdataat thisstage.Due to the costs, manybusinesses
are resortingtooutsource thisstage.
4) Processingis whenthe datais subjectedtovariousmeansandmethodsof manipulation,the
pointwhere acomputerprogram isbeingexecuted,anditcontainsthe programcode andits
currentactivity.The processmay be made up of multiple threadsof executionthatsimultaneously
execute instructions,dependingonthe operatingsystem.While acomputerprogramisa passive
collectionof instructions,aprocessisthe actual executionof those instructions.Manysoftware
programsare available forprocessinglarge volumesof datawithinveryshortperiods.

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5) Output and interpretation isthe stage where processedinformationisnow transmittedtothe
user.Outputispresentedtousersinvariousreportformatslike printedreport,audio,video,oron
monitor.Outputneedtobe interpretedsothatitcan provide meaningful informationthatwill
guide future decisionsof the company.
6) Storage is the laststage in the data processingcycle,where data,instructionandinformationare
heldforfuture use.The importance of thiscycle isthat it allowsquickaccessandretrieval of the
processedinformation,allowingittobe passedonto the nextstage directly,whenneeded.Every
computerusesstorage to holdsystemandapplicationsoftware.
Applications of IECT
IECT or Information,ElectronicsandCommunicationTechnologyisusedinvarioussectors.IECTcan
be usedto generate qualitymanpower.Example of some of the sectorsisgivenbelow.
E-governance
Governance referstothe exercise of political, economicandadministrative authorityinthe
managementof a country’saffairs,includingcitizens’articulationof theirinterestsandexerciseof
theirlegal rightsandobligations.
E-administration– It referstoimprovinggovernmentprocessesandthe internal workingof public
sectorwithnewICT-executedinformationprocesses.
E-services– It referstoimproveddeliveryof publicservicestocitizens.Someexamplesof
Interactive servicesare – requestsforpublicdocuments,requestsforlegal documentsand
Certificates,issuingpermitsandlicenses.
E-democracy – It impliesgreaterandmore active citizenparticipationandinvolvementenabledby
ICTs inthe decision-makingprocess.
Multimedia and Entertainment
In today’selectroniceracomputershave invadedalmosteveryfieldof ourlife andentertainmentisno
exception.Withadvancementincomputerhardware andwidespreadreachof Internet,computerhas
become a useful tool inentertainment.Usingcomputer,youcanlistentomusic,watchmoviesand
DVDs,playgamesand evenhookupyour cable connection. All thishasbeenpossibledue to
advancementinmultimediaconceptof computersandaccompanyingprogressincomputerhardware.
Multimediaisacombinationof pictures,audio,video,animation,and textforimprovingcontent
displayedbythe computer.E.g.usingMicrosoftWindowsXPMediaCenterEdition,youcanrun almost
anything(DVD,MP3, iPad,home theatre system, etc.) youwantusingyourcomputerasthe hub.

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UNIT-II
Introduction to Operating System
Introduction to operating system
An operatingsystemisaSystemsoftware whichperformsall requiredtasktorun a computer and
managesall processesof a system. The operatingsystemprovidesaninterface betweenanapplication
program andthe computerhardware.
Common desktop operating systems:
1. Windows
2. Linux / UNIX
3. Mac
Functions performed by operating systems:
1. Processor management– Assignmentof processortodifferenttasksbeingperformedbythe
computersystem.
2. Memory management– Allocationof mainmemoryandotherstorage areasto the system
programsas well asuser programsand data.
3. Input/output management– Co-ordinationandassignmentof the differentoutputandinput
deviceswhileone ormore programsare beingexecuted.
4. File management– Storage of filesof variousstorage devices.Italsoallowsall filestobe easily
changedand modifiedthroughthe use of texteditorsorsome otherfilesmanipulationroutines.
5. Prioritization– Establishmentandenforcementof aprioritysystem.Thatis,the OSdetermines
and maintainsthe scheduleinwhichjobsare tobe executedinthe computersystem.
6. Automatic transition fromone jobto anotherjob as directedbyspecial control statements.
7. Interpretationof commandsandinstructions.
8. Resource Allocation– Coordinationandassignmentof compilers,assemblers,utilityprograms,
and othersoftware tothe varioususersof the computersystem.
Facilitieseasycommunicationbetweenthe computersystemandthe computeroperator
(human).Italsoestablishes datasecurityandintegrity.
User Interface in Operating System:
Graphical User Interface hasa visual environmentusingwindows,buttons,andicons.AsMicrosoft
Windowsoperatingsystemisthe mostpopular,we will discussthe differentfeaturesof aGUI based
operatingsystemswiththe helpof Windowsoperatingsystem.
Interface maybe one the followingtype:
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI):Graphical basedoperatingsystemsprovideGUIto interactwith
computer.Graphical Iconsare providedonthe screen.Withthe helpof variousinputdevicesthese

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iconscan be usedtoquicklygive instructionstocomputerandalsoto start variousprograms.
MicrosoftWindows,Macintoshetc.are popularexamplesof Graphical UserInterface based
OperatingSystems.
2. Command Line Interface
A commandline operatingsystemprovidesacommandprompton the computerscreen.The
commandsare giventothe computerby typingonthe keyboard.The commandsare typed
accordingto the predefinedformat.The usershave tomemorizecommandsandrulesof writing
these commands.Itisnot an easywayto interface withthe computer.MSDOS and LINUX provide
textbasedinterface topassinstructiontocomputer.

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There are followinguserinterfacesinoperating system.
 Task Bar
 Icons
 Start Menu
 RunninganApplication

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Settings of an operating system:
 ChangingDisplayProperties
 To Add or Remove aWindowsComponent
 ChangingMouse Properties
 AddingandremovingPrinters
File and Directory Management
Withthe clickof mouse buttonusercan create,delete,andrename afile orfolder.Folderscanbe
sharedso that these are usedbyothers.Movinga file issimple draganddropoperationof mouse in
WindowsExplorer.Forthe textprocessingrequirements of the usersNotepadandWordPadare
given.Utilitieslike Gamesandmultimediacanbe usedto entertainthe users.Systemperformance
can be increasedwithsystemtool
In WindowsExplorerormycomputer,one can see bothhierarchyof foldersonthe computersand
all the filesandfoldersineachselectedfolder.Thisisespeciallyuseful forcopyingandmovingfiles
Creatingand Renamingof Filesand Directories
A file object providesarepresentationof aresource thatcan be managedbythe I/O system.Like
otherobjects,theyenable sharingof the resources,theyhave names,theyare protectedbyobject-
basedsecurity,andtheysupportsynchronization.The I/Osystemalsoenablesreadingfromor
writingtothe resource.
A directory isa hierarchical collectionof directoriesandfiles.The onlyconstraintonthe numberof
filesthatcan be containedina single directoryisthe physical sizeof the diskonwhichthe directory
islocated.

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Creatingnew filesor folders
Followthese stepstocreate newfolders:
1. OpenWindowsExplorer,navigate tothe drive orfolderinwhichyouwantto create your new
folder.
2. Rightclickanywhere inthe white space andhoverthe mouse overnew.
3. Clickon folderfromthe sub-menuthatappears.
4. You will thenbe promptedtoname the folder,simplytype inthe name andthenpressenter
(return) key.
The same procedure maybe followedforcreatingfiles.
RenamingFilesand folders
Followthese stepstorename filesandfolders:
1. Rightclickon the folderor file whichyouwanttorename.
2. Thenclickon the sub-menuRename.
3. Filename getshighlighted.Write the name of the file orfolderyouwantandpressEnter.

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UNIT-III
Elements of Word Processing
Word Processing:
A wordprocessorissoftware or a device thatallowsuserstocreate,edit,andprintdocuments.It
enablesyoutowrite text,store itelectronically,displayitona screen,modifyitbyenteringcommands
and charactersfrom the keyboard,andprintit.
OpeningWordProcessingPackage
1. Clickon the Start button.
2. In the menuthat appearsselectAll Programs→MicrosoftOffice→MicrosoftOfficeWord. This
will openthe MicrosoftWordscreenonthe monitor.
MenuBar
If you are familiarwith previousversionsof Word,whenyoubegintoexplore Word,youwill notice
a significantchange inthe menustructure,lookandfeel.The featuresinWorddisplayasvarious
tabs suchas Home,Insert,Page Layout,Referencesetc.
Shortcut Menus
Thisfeature allowyoutoaccess variousWordcommandsfasterthan usingthe optionsonthe menu
bar. Whenthe menuisexpanded,the shortcutmenuisdisplayedwithshort-cutcommandoption
for eachof the short-cutmenuitem.

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Usingthe Help
Click the MicrosoftOffice Help button inthe upperrightor pressthe F1 keyon yourkeyboardto
openHelponyour computer.The firsttime youuse the Helpfeature inMicrosoftOffice programs,
the online Helpwindowappearsinadefaultlocationandsize on yourscreen.
Add a command to the Quick AccessToolbar
On the ribbon,clickthe appropriate tabor groupto displaythe commandthat youwantto add to
the QuickAccessToolbar. Right-clickthe command,andthenclick Addto QuickAccessToolbaron
the shortcut menu.
OpeningDocuments
Openexistingdocuments,andsave documentsinWord.

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Save and Save as
Whenit isneededthe documenttostore inthe internal memoryof the computer,inorderto
preserve the documentforfuture use,youmust save itonthe disk,to do so.
Selectthe save optionfromthe File menu.The Save asdialogbox getsinvokedasdisplayedinfigure
below:
Page Setup
Page setupcan be usedto change page orientation,setleft,top,bottommargins,pagessizesetc.To
change page size and orientation

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SettingMargins
 Selectthe Page Setupoptionof the File menu.The Page Setupdialogbox getsinvokedas
displayedinfigurebelow
 Selectthe marginslab.
 Enter the measurementinthe Top,Bottom, Leftand Rightboxes.
Print Preview
Previewingadocumentmeansviewingascreenrepresentationof one ormore pagesbefore you
printthem.To printpreviewadocument,the stepsare:
Printingof Documents
To printa document,followthesesteps:
 Selectthe Print optionfromthe File menu.Alternatively,clickonthe Printtoolbarbuttonof the
standardtoolbar.If printerisinstalledonthe computer,Printdialogbox getsinvokedas
displayedinthe givenfigure.

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 In the Name box,selected the printeronwhichyourdocumentgetsprinted.If printeryouuse
has options,youcanaccess themby clickingonthe Propertiesoptionfromthe File menu.
 Clickon the Printto file checkbox toprintthe documentto a file onthe disk.
 Enter the Numberof copiestobe printed inthe Copiesarea.
 To printa range of pages,specifythe portionof the documentyouwanttoprintinthe Page
Range box.
 Clickon the Pagesradiobuttonto include the page numbersorthe page range,or the page
numbersorthe page range,or both.
 To printa complete copyof the document,copyof the documentbefore the firstpage of the
nextcopyis printed,clickonthe Collate checkbox.
 If you wantto printall the copiesof the firstpage and thenprintall the copiesof subsequent
pages,clearthe Collate checkbox.
 Clickon the OKbuttonto sendthe copiesto the printer.
Save a New/ExistingDocument
To save a new/existingdocumentthatisopened,follow one of the followingmethods:
1. Clickthe Save buttonon the menubar.
2. PressCTRL+S keyson the keyboard.

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Cut, Copy and Paste
Textand objectssuchas picturesandtablescan be rearrangedinyour Word documentusingthe
cut, copyand paste commands.
Cut and Paste
Cuttingandpastingmovesthe textor object.Whenyoucut somethingitisremovedfromits
locationandplacedon a clipboard(atemporarystorage area).It can thenbe pastedto another
location.
Selectthe textor objectyou want to cut
Clickthe Home tab on the Ribbonandthenthe Cutbuttonin the Clipboardgroup,orpressCtrl + X
Selectthe destinationareaof the documentandclickthe Paste buttonin the Clipboardgroup,or
pressCtrl + V.
Copy and Paste
Copyingandpastingcopiesthe textorobject.Whenyoucopy somethingitremainsinitslocation
and isplacedon a clipboard.Itcan thenbe pastedto anotherlocation.
Font and Size selection
Clickthe Home tab to findthe Fontgroup.
Justto the rightof the Fontbox is the Size box,whichshowsthe fontsize.

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Displaythe fontsize list.
Selectafont size from thislist.
AlignmentofText
To centertext,clickthe Centerbutton.Yourtextisnow linedupinthe centerof the page (along
the vertical axis).
To move the textso itis alignedwiththe rightmargin,highlightthe textyouwanttomove,andclick
the AlignRightbutton. Your textisnow alignedtothe rightmargin.
AlignLeft

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To make the textstretch outso it takesupwhole lines,highlightthe textyouwanttomove,and
clickon Justify.Yourtextisnowfullyjustified(spreadout) acrossthe page sothat boththe leftand
rightsidesof the paragraph are straightinsteadof beingjagged.
Bulletsand Numbering
Lists:One level ormany levels
Make a listwithjustone level,ormake amultilevel listtoshow listswithinalist.
Whenyoucreate a bulletedornumberedlist,youcandoany of the following:
 Use the convenientBulletandNumberinglibraries
 Use the defaultbulletand numberingformatsforlists,customizethe lists,orselectotherformats
fromthe BulletandNumberinglibraries.
Add bulletsor numberingto a list
1. Selectthe itemsthatyouwant toadd bulletsornumberingto.
2. On the Home tab, inthe Paragraph group,click BulletsorNumbering.
 You can finddifferentbulletstylesandnumberingformatsbyclickingthe arrow next
to BulletsorNumberingonthe Home tab,inthe Paragraphgroup.

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 You can move an entire listtothe leftorthe right.Click a bulletornumberinthe list,anddrag it
to a newlocation.The entire listmovesasyoudrag.The numberinglevelsdonotchange.
Changingcase
1. Selectthe textthatyouwant to change the case of.
2. On the Home tab, inthe Font group,click Change Case (as showninthe diagrambelow),
and thenclickthe capitalizationoptionthatyouwant.
 To capitalize the firstletterof asentence andleave all otherlettersaslowercase,click Sentence
case.
 To exclude capital lettersfromyourtext, clicklowercase.
 To capitalize all of the letters,click UPPERCASE.
 To capitalize the firstletterof eachwordandleave the otherletterslowercase,click Capitalize
Each Word.
 To shiftbetweentwocase views(forexample,toshiftbetween Capitalize EachWordand the
opposite,cAPITALIZEeACHwORD),click tOGGLEcASE.
 To applythe small capital (Small Caps) letterformattingtoyourtext,see the note anddiagram
below.
Table Manipulation
Tablesare usedto displaydataina table format.
Draw Table
In MicrosoftOffice Wordyoucan inserta table bychoosingfroma selectionof preformatted
tables — complete withsample data— orby selectingthe numberof rowsandcolumnsthatyou
want.You can inserta table intoa document,oryou can insertone table intoanothertable to
create a more complex table.
1. Clickwhere youwantto inserta table.
2. On the Inserttab,in the Tablesgroup,click Table,pointto QuickTables,andthenclickthe
template thatyouwant.

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Use the Table menu
1. Clickwhere youwantto inserta table.
2. On the Inserttab,in the Tablesgroup,click Table,andthen,underInsertTable,dragto select
the numberof rows and columnsthatyouwant.
Use the InsertTable command
You can use the InsertTable commandto choose the table dimensionsandformatbefore youinsert
the table intoa document.
1. Clickwhere youwantto inserta table.
2. On the Inserttab,in the Tablesgroup,click Table,andthenclick InsertTable
3. Under Table size,enterthe numberof columnsandrows.
4. Under AutoFitbehavior,choose optionstoadjustthe table size.
Create a table

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You can create a table bydrawingthe rowsand columnsthatyou wantor byconvertingtexttoa
table.
Draw a table
You can draw a complex table — forexample,one thatcontains cellsof differentheightsora
varyingnumberof columnsperrow.
1. Clickwhere youwantto create the table.
2. On the Inserttab,in the Tablesgroup,click Table,andthenclick Draw Table.
AlignmentofText in cell
Aligna table ona page
Leftaligned
Centered
Right aligned
Leftalignedwithindent
1. Clickthe table,andthen clickthe Table Layout tab.
2. Under Settings,click Properties.

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3. Clickthe Table tab, andthenunderAlignment,selectthe optionthatyouwant.
TIP: To indentaleft-alignedtable,enteranumberinthe Indentfromleft box.
Aligntextwithinatable
1. Selectone ormore cellsinthe table,andthenclickthe Table Layouttab.
2. Under Alignment,click Align,andthenselectthe optionthatyouwant.
Delete / Insertionof row and column
Delete a row
1. Selectthe rowthat youwant to delete byclickingitsleftedge.
2. Under Table Tools,clickthe Layouttab.
3. In the Rows& Columns group,click Delete,andthenclick Delete Rows.
Delete a column
1. Selectthe columnthat youwant to delete byclickingitstopgridline ortopborder.
2. Under Table Tools,clickthe Layouttab.
3. In the Rows& Columns group,click Delete,andthenclick Delete Columns.
Border and shading
AddingBordersandShading
1. From the Ribbon,selectthe Home commandtab
Withinthe Paragraphsection,the ShadingandBorderoptionsare available.

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2. Selectthe paragraph(s) towhichyouwantto add shadingand/orborder(s)
3. To add a border,click BORDERS » selectthe desiredborderoption
4. To add shading, clickthe nexttoSHADING » selectthe desiredshadingoption
RemovingBorders and Shading
1. Selectthe paragraphcontainingthe borderorshadingyouwant to remove
2. To remove the border,click BORDERS » selectNoBorder
3. To remove the shading,clickthe nexttoSHADING » selectNoColor
ModifyingBorders and Shading
1. Selectthe paragraphcontainingthe borderorshadingyouwant to modify
2. To modifythe border,click BORDERS » selectthe desiredborderoption
3. To modify the shading, click the next to SHADING » select the desired shading
option
Borders and Shading Options:Dialog Box Option
To viewthe BordersandShadingdialogbox:
1. Selectthe paragraph(s) towhichyouwantto add shading and/orborder(s)
2. From the Ribbon,selectthe Home commandtab
3. Withinthe Paragraphsection,click BORDERS » selectBordersand shading.
The Bordersand Shading dialogbox appears.

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UNIT IV
SPREAD SHEET
Introduction:
Spreadsheetisusedtodoworkwithdata for whichwe needtodo mathematical calculations,create
charts, graphs,etc.MicrosoftExcel is the electronicspreadsheetprogramthatwe will learninthis
chapter.
ElementsofElectronic Spreadsheet
Most of the Excel screenisdevotedtothe displayof the spreadsheet.A spreadsheetismade of
intersectingrowsandcolumns.The intersectionof arow and columnisa rectangulararea calleda
cell.
OpeningSpreadsheet
Excel displaysanewworkbookwhenitis opened.Allthe cellsare emptyindefaultspreadsheetof
thisnewworkbook.A cell isactive whenthe borderishighlighted.Whenyouenterinformation,the
informationisstoredinthe active cell.
Addressingof Cells
As toldearlier,acell ismade byintersectionof arow and a column.Eachrow has a number
associatedwithitandeach columnhasan alphabetassociatedwithit.Sothe cell formedby
intersectionof arowand a columnhas boththe number(of the row) andalphabet(of the column)

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as cell address.E.g.,a cell formedbyintersectionof columnDand row 32 has the cell addressD32.
Whena cell isselected,itsaddressisshowninthe addressbox.
Printingof Spreadsheet
PrintAll Pages
To printa worksheet,followthesesteps:
Clickon File Printtoopenthe “Print”dialogbox.
Click‘All’from‘PrintRange’andClick‘Active Sheet’radio.
Nowclick‘OK’Button.
Print of Spread Sheet
To printselectedpagesof aworksheet,follow thesesteps:
Clickon File →Printtoopenthe “Print”dialogbox.
Click‘Pages’andtype start page numberinto‘From’ andendpage numberin‘To’box from ‘Print
Range.’
Click‘Active Sheet’radio.
Nowclick‘OK’Button.
Saving Workbook
To save a worksheet,followthesesteps:
1. Clickon File →Save toopenthe “Save”dialogbox.
2. Type filename inthe ‘File Name’box.
3. Clickon ‘Save’button.
Manipulationof Cells
Excel has some goodfacilitiesfordatamanipulation,especiallyitsfiltersforselectingsubsets,and
itsabilitytotransformand lookupdata valuesusingfunctionswithinformulas.
EnteringText, Numbersand Dates
To entertext,followthese steps:
1. Selectacell by clickingonit,and enter‘Excel isfun’withoutquotes.
2. Observe thatyourtextisdisplayedintwoareas.Textisdisplayedinthe active cell withinthe
workbookandit isalsodisplayedinthe formula bar. The formulabar isactivatedas soonas you
begintypingina cell.
To enternumber,follow these steps:
1. Selectacell by clickingonit.
2. Enter 789.

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3. Observe thatyournumberisdisplayedintwoareas.Numberisdisplayedinthe active cell
withinthe workbookanditisalsodisplayedinthe formula bar.
To enterDate,followthese steps:
1. Selectacell by clickingonit.
2. Enter 29/09/2010 usingformatdd/mm/yyyy.The defaultdate formatismm/dd/yyyy.
CreatingText, Numberand Date Series
CreatingText Series
To create a textseries,follow these steps:
1. Selectanyblankcell fromworksheetandtype anyalphanumericvalue.
2. Choose ‘Fill’optionfromEditmenu.
3. Choose SeriesfromFill submenuandappear‘Series’dialogue box.
4. Type stepvalue of seriesinto‘StepValue’box andtype lastvalue of listinto‘StopValue’box.
5. Clickon ‘OK’button.
CreatingNumber Series
To create a numberseries,follow these steps:
1. Selectanyblankcell fromworksheetandtype anynumber.
2. Choose ‘Fill’optionfromEditmenu.
3. Choose SeriesfromFill submenuandappear‘Series’dialogue box.
4. Type stepvalue of seriesinto‘StepValue’box andtype lastvalue of listinto‘StopValue’box.
5. Clickon ‘OK’button.
CreatingDate Series
To create a date series,followthesesteps:
1. Selectanyblankcell fromworksheetandtype anydate.
2. Choose ‘Fill’optionfromEditmenu.
3. Choose SeriesfromFill submenuandappear‘Series’dialogue box.
4. Type stepvalue of seriesinto‘StepValue’box andtype lastdate of listinto‘StopValue’box.
5. Clickon ‘OK’button.
EditingWorksheetData
If you wantto editthe data you enteredintoacell,followthese steps:
1. Selectdesiredcellanddouble clickoncell orpress F2 key
2. Nowtype the changeddata.
3. Clickon Enterbutton.

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Insert and DeletingRows and Column
To inserta column,followthesesteps:
1. Highlightcolumn Abyclickingthe columnheading.
2. Choose Columnsfromthe Insertmenu.
3. ColumnA shouldbe a blankcolumnnow.
To insert a row, followthese steps:
1. Highlightrow 1 by clickinginthe Row number.
2. Choose Rowsfromthe Insertmenu.
3. Column1 shouldbe a blankrow now.
To delete a column,followthese steps:
1. Highlightcolumn Abyclickinginthe columnheading.
2. Choose Delete fromthe Editmenu.
3. ColumnA shouldbe removednow andColumnBchangedto A.
To delete a row, followthese steps:
1. HighlightRow2 by clickinginthe Row number.
2. Choose Delete fromthe Editmenu.
3. Row2 shouldbe removednowandRow 3 changedto Row 2.
ChangingCell Height and Width
To change cell widthof columnD, follow these steps:
1. Positionthe pointerbetweenthe columnheadingsforcolumnDandcolumnE.
2. The pointershouldchange shape toshow a double arrow as youpositionthe pointerbetween
the two columnheadings.Whenthe pointerchangesshape,youcanchange the widthof the
columnbydraggingto the rightor left.
3. Pressthe mouse buttonanddrag to the rightuntil the desiredwidthisreached.The cell height
can be changedbyrepeatingthe above stepswithrows.
Function and Charts
In MicrosoftExcel,youcan representnumbersinachart. Onthe Inserttab, youcan choose froma
varietyof chart types,includingcolumn,line,pie,bar,area,andscatter. The basicprocedure for
creatinga chart isthe same no matterwhat type of chart youchoose.
UsingFormulae
Formulaisusedto do mathematical calculationsonasetof data. Functionsare usedtoform all or
part of a formula.A typical formulainexcel lookslike this:

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=functionname(range of cells)
The formulaalwaysstartswithan equal to sign,otherwiseexcel takesitassimple textvalue.
Functionname isthe name of the mathematical orlogical functionsthatyouare using.The function
isappliedtovaluesenteredincells.Range of cellsdefinesthatsetof cellswhere those valuesare
entered.
Functions
Some of the commonfunctionsof Excel are explainedbelow inbrief:
 SUM() – Thisfunctionaddsthe givennumbers
 MIN() – Thisfunctionfindsthe smallestnumberof a givensetof numbers
 MAX() – This functionfindsthe biggestnumberof agivensetof numbers
 AVERAGE() – Thisfunctionfindsthe average of agivensetof numbers
 COUNT() – This functioncountsthe numberof cellscontainingnumericvalue inthe givenrange
 of cells
 COUNTIF() – Thisfunctioncountsthe numberof cellsinthe givenrange of cellsdependingona
statedcriterion
Charts
A simple chartinExcel can say more than a sheetfull of numbers.Asyou'll see,creatingchartsis
veryeasy.
Create a Chart
To create a line chart,execute the followingsteps.
1. Selectthe range A1:C6.
2. On the Inserttab, inthe Chartsgroup,choose Line,andselectLine withMarkers.

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Result:
Change Chart Type
You can easilychange toa differenttype of chartat any time.
1. Selectthe chart.
2. On the Inserttab, inthe Chartsgroup,choose Column,andselectClusteredColumn.

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Result:
Switch Row/Column
If you wantthe animals,displayedonthe vertical axis,tobe displayedonthe horizontal axisinstead,
execute the followingsteps.
1. Selectthe chart. The Chart Toolscontextual tabactivates.
2. On the Designtab,click SwitchRow/Column.
Result:

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Chart Title
To add a chart title,execute the followingsteps.
1. Selectthe chart. The Chart Toolscontextual tab activates.
2. On the Layout tab, clickChart Title,Above Chart.
Enter a title.For example,Population.
Result:

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UNIT V
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET, WWW AND WEB BROWSERS
Internet
The Internetcan be definedasanetworkof globallyconnectedcomputersthatisdecentralizedby
design.A networkisa collectionof inter-connectedcomputers.The Internetcanalsobe referredto
as a networkbecause itisa collectionof millionsof computers.These computersmaybe situatedin
any part of the world.Whenwe saythat the Internethasa decentralizeddesign,we meanthat
there isno centralizedbodythatcontrolsthe wayinwhichthe Internetfunctions.Eachcomputer
connectedtothe Internetiscalledahost.The operator/userof a particularhostcan choose from
the millionsof available Internetservicesandcanalso make servicesavailablethroughthe Internet.
Basics of Computer Network
A networkismade of two or more computersconnectedtoeachother.Dependingonthe size of the
network,i.e. the numberof computersconnectedandthe average distance betweenthem, there
can be twotypesof network:
1. Local AreaNetwork(LAN)
2. Wide AreaNetwork(WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
It connectsnetworkdevicesoverarelativelyshortdistance likeina single buildingorcampus.LANs
are typicallyowned,controlledandmanagedbyasingle personandorganization.
Wide Area Network(WAN)
A WAN provideslongdistance transmissionof data,voice,image andvideoinformationoverlarge
geographical areasthatmay comprise acountry,continent,oreventhe whole world.
TCP/IP Protocol Layers
Like mostnetworkingsoftware,TCP/IPismodeledinlayers.Thislayeredrepresentationleadstothe
termprotocol stack, whichreferstothe stack of layersinthe protocol suite.Bydividingthe
communicationsoftware intolayers,the protocol stackallowsinease of implementationandcode
testing,andthe abilitytodevelopalternative layerimplementations.Layerscommunicate with
those above andbelowviaconcise interfaces.Inthisregard,a layerprovidesaservice forthe layer
directlyabove itandmakesuse of servicesprovidedbythe layerdirectlybelow it.These layers
include:

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1. ApplicationLayer: The applicationlayerisprovidedbythe programthat usesTCP/IPfor
communication.Anapplicationisauserprocesscooperatingwithanotherprocessusuallyona
differenthost.Examplesof applicationsinclude Telnetandthe File TransferProtocol (FTP).
2. Transport Layer: The transportlayerprovidesend-to-enddatatransferbydeliveringdatafroman
applicationtoitsremote peer.Multipleapplicationscanbe supportedsimultaneously.The most
usedtransportlayerprotocol isthe TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP),whichprovidesconnection-
orientedreliabledatadelivery.
3. InternetworkLayer: The internetworklayer,alsocalledthe internetlayerorthe networklayer,
providesthe “virtual network”image of aninternet(thislayershieldsthe higherlevelsfromthe
physical network).InternetProtocol (IP) isthe mostimportantprotocol inthislayer.IPprovidesa
routingfunctionthatattemptstodelivertransmittedmessagestotheirdestination.A message unit
inan IP networkiscalledanIP datagram.Thisis the basicunitof informationtransmittedacross
TCP/IPnetworks.
4. Network Interface Layer: The networkinterface layer,alsocalledthe linklayerorthe data-link
layer,isthe interface tothe actual networkhardware.Infact,TCP/IPdoesnotspecifyanyprotocol
here,butcan use almostany networkinterface available.
Applicationsof Internet
Internetenablesustoconnectto differenttypesof informationnetworksandexchange
information.Some of the applicationsof Internetare:
 Communicationviae-mail,chatandInstantMessaging(IM) tools
 Research
 JobSearches
 Shopping
 Entertainment
 Tutorialsandstudymaterials
 BusinessDevelopment

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Connecting to the Internet
To connectto the internet,youmusthave accesstothe followingresources:
1. ComputerSystem – A Processorwith400 MHz or fasterspeedisrecommended,WithWindows
95/98 at least48 MB of RAM andmore will helpincrease the computer’sspeedforfaster
Internetcruising.A SoundCardand Speakersalsoare recommendedsoone canhear the audio
informationonthe Internet.
2. Modem– Computerandotherelectronicdevicesworkwithdigitalsignal whilethe cable used
for networkingusesanalogsignal.Modemconvertsdigital signaltoanalogandvice-versa.
3. InternetService Provider(ISP) – ISPsare organizationsthatallow userstodial intoISP
computers(fora fee) toconnectto the ISP’sInternetlink.ISPsgenerallyprovide anInternet
connectionandan e-mail address.
4. Software – The software orapplicationneededtoaccessinternetiscalledweb browseror
Internetbrowser.
Troubleshooting
Losingaccessto one’se-mail andfavorite Websitescanbe as frustratingaspickingupa dead
telephonereceiver.Althoughthe problemmaylie withthe ISP,it'sworthknowinghow to
troubleshootuser’sownendof the line,too.
Instructions
1. Make sure that the cable is correctlyconnectedtobotha phone line anduser’smodemand
that, whenuserisusinganexternal modem, it'sconnectedtothe PC.
2. If modemisinternal,skipthisstep.Unplugthe powercordfrommodemandshut downuser’s
computer.Plugthe modembackinand restart the computer.
ConnectionRefusal by ISP
1. Make sure regardingthatusername andpasswordare correct. These are usuallyentered
througha connectionprogramprovidedbythe ISP.
2. Checkwhetherthe hostname anddomainname informationare correctlyenteredinthe TCP/IP
settings.Thisinformationwill be suppliedbyISP.
Problemsin Loading WebPagesor SendingE-mail
1. Call ISP'ssupportnumberto findoutif the user hasbeenaffectedbyaservice outage.
2. Unplugthe powerfrommodemfor at least10 seconds,shutdownthe computer,plugthe
modembackin and restartthe computer.
Basics of Internet Architecture:
The internetarchitecture canbe broadlyclassifiedintothree layers.The veryfirstlayerconsistsof
InternetBackbonesandveryhighspeednetworklines.The National Science Foundation (NSF)
createdthe firsthigh-speedbackbone in1987 calledNSFNET,itwasa T1 line thatconnected170
smallernetworkstogetherandoperatedat1.544 Mbps (million bitspersecond).IBM,MCIand

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Merit workedwithNSFtocreate the backbone and developed aT3 (45Mbps) backbone the
followingyear.Backbonesare typicallyfiberoptictrunk lines.The trunkline hasmultiplefiberoptic
cablescombinedtogethertoincrease the capacity.Fiberopticcablesare designatedOC-48can
transmit2,488 Mbps (2.488 Gbps).The nodesare knownas NetworkAccessPoint(NAPs).The
secondlayerisusuallyknownasInternetServiceProvider(ISP).The ISPsare connectedtothe
Backbonesat NAP’swithhighspeedlines.
The end userswhichare part of thirdlayerare connectedtoISPsby dial up or leasedlinesand
modems.The speedof communicationisusually1400 bpsto 2048 kbps.
Inthe real Internet,dozensof large InternetprovidersinterconnectatNAPsin variouscities,and
trillionsof bytesof dataflowbetweenthe individual networksatthese points.The Internetisa
collectionof huge corporate networksinterconnectedwithone otheratthe NAPs,backbonesand
routersto talkto each other.A message can leave one computerandtravel halfwayacrossthe
worldthroughseveral differentnetworksandarrive atanothercomputerina fractionof a second.
The routersdetermine wheretosendinformationfromone computertoanother.Routersare
specializedcomputersthatsendmessagestotheirdestinationsalongthousandsof pathways.It
joinstwonetworks,passinginformationfromone tothe other.
Services on Internet
 WWW (WorldWide Web)
 ElectronicMail (E-mail)
 FTP (File TransferProtocol)
 IRC (InternetRelayChat)
 Telnet
 Voice /VideoCommunication - Skype
 Social networks
 SearchEngines
 Web-Hosting(DATACENTER)
WorldWide Weband Websites
It integratesall the informationfromthe Internetinone bigweb.Itisthe mostuser-friendly service.
It isthe mostuser- friendlyservice.Itallowsconnectingtoanycomputerhavinginformation.It
offersthe capabilitytolinkswithsites.WebServersare software thatrunonthe Internetservers
and provide informationtothe Webusersandother servers.Internet serversstore informationon
the Internetare eitherservers orclients.The machinesthatprovideservicestoothermachinesare
servers.The machinesthatare usedto connectto those servicesare clients.There are Webservers,
e-mail servers,FTPserversetc.servingthe needsof Internetusersall overthe world.

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The informationonthe webserveriscompiledinHyperTextMarkupLanguage (HTML). It hasuseful
textand imageslinkedtodifferentdocuments.HTMLprovides2-Deffect.Buttohave 3-D effectof
the imagesandto have soundeffectetc., Virtual RealityModelingLanguage ( VRML) can be used
veryefficiently.Webbrowserissoftware,whichprovidesinterfacetoWWW. Thissoftware runson
user’smachine.Webbrowseris availablein twoformats:Graphical formatandTextformat.Once a
clienthasconnectedto a service ona particularport, itaccessesthe service usingaspecific
protocol.Protocolsare rulesthatdescribe how the clientandserverwill have theirconversation.
EveryWeb serveronthe Internetconformstothe HypertextTransferProtocol (HTTP).
Communicationon Internet
Communicationisthe mostpopularuse of the Internet,withemailtoppingthe listof all the
technologiesused.Some of the typesof communicationtechnologiesusedalsoinclude email
discussiongroups,Usenetnews,chatgroups,andIRC. These are unique tonetworkedcomputer
environmentsandhave come intowide popularitybecauseof the Internet.Othertechnologies,
includingvideoandaudioconferencingandInternettelephony,are alsoavailableonthe Internet.
Theyrequire more multimediacapabilitiesof computersystemsandare more taxingof network
resourcesthanthe others.Theyalsoare adaptationsof othertechnologiestothe Internet.
Most of the technologiesthatare unique tothe Internetrequire communication tobe done in
text—letterswithsomesymbolsandpunctuation.Communicatingeffectivelyinvolvestakingthe
time,exceptininformal communications,touse correctgrammar, spelling,andpunctuationand
writinganappropriate message.Whenreplyingtoa message include the pertinentpartsof the
message anduse an appropriate andinterestingsubjectheaderinanycase.

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Whenyou’re communicatingonthe Internettake specialcare notto give outpersonal information
to strangersand to treatotherswithrespect.Be aware of the risksinvolvedincommunicatingwith
people youcannotsee andmay nevermeetinperson.Take time toconsiderwhatyouwrite to
others,andbe careful toavoidhumorand sarcasm exceptwiththe bestof friends.Youcan’tassume
that yourmessagesare private,sobe careful aboutwhat youwrite.
Several issuesrelatedtoethical andlegal considerationsarise fromusingthe Internetfor
communication.The mannerinwhichcommunicationisimplementedonthe Internetmakesit
susceptibletomonitoring.Youcan’tassume thatcommunicationsare private.Some believe that
sendingemail islikesendingamessage ona postcard.Some lawshave beenenactedtohelpprotect
privacyduringelectroniccommunications.These,however,have beendifficulttoenforce andare
rarelyapplied.One waytoprotectprivacyisto encryptor code a message.A commonwayof
encryptingmessagesisthroughthe use of publicandprivate keys.Althoughsoftware forencryption
isreadilyavailable,currentpoliciesandlawsprohibititsexport.
Anotherareaof concernisdealingwithabusive oroffensive communications.Lawsthatapplyto
libel,harassment,andabuse have beenappliedtocaseswhere the offendingbehaviorhasoccurred
on the Internet.Unsolicitedemail orotherformsof communicationiscalledspam.Itdefinitelyisan
annoyance,butalsoquite costlytothe people whoreceive the junkemail orothercommunications.
It’srelativelyinexpensivetoproduce,because mostof the costof transportingthe email isshiftedto
the receiverandall people thatuse the networkssupportingthe Internet.
Internet Services
Typesof InternetServices
WorldWide Web:
WWW is a graphical hypertextwayof usingthe Internetusingthe HTTPprotocol fortransmitting
Webpagesand otherinformationoverthe Internet,inprinciple,betweenthe serverandthe user's
computer.Webpagesare writteninHTML (HypertextMarkupLanguage) language,andrecognizes
themfor thispurpose designedbrowser(InternetExplorer, Firefox...)
Telnet:The Telnet'Terminal Emulation'software support,whichtocommunicate withacomputer
connectedviaa TCP / IPstack.
ElectronicMail: The ideathatin a few minutesyoucandeliver,text,image,audioorvideorecording
of anypersonon the planetwasunfeasible untilrecently,butnow,thankslargelytothe rapid
expansionof the numberof Internetusersandthe increasingspeedof communication,wasto
become realityof businessandsocial communication.

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FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Before the WorldWide Weband FTPwas the onlyway to transferlarge filesbetweencomputersof
Internetusers.Allowsaccesstoa computeronthe Internet(if it'spublicoravailable tothe
password),previewcontentonitsharddisk,findingthe necessaryfilesandcopyonitsowndisk.
Chat
Thisservice allowsthe Internettoone or more of Internetuserswhoare hookedto the same
channel at the same time see the textthatyou type onyour computer,andthe textsof otheractive
userstypingonhiscomputer.
Social networks
Social networksare a newerphenomenonanddonotbelongina separate categorybecause they
containalmostall of the previouslymentionedservices,unifiedtoworkinan easy,friendlyway.
PreparingComputer for InternetAccess
Requirementstomake yourcomputera part of the internet-
 Internetconnection
 Modem
 Telephone line
 Program whichcontrolsthe communicationof dataoverthe hardware component.

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ISPs and examples(Broadband/Dialup/WiFi)
An Internetserviceprovider (ISP) isanorganizationthatprovidesservicesforaccessing,using,or
participatinginthe Internet.Internetservice providersmaybe organizedinvariousforms,suchas
commercial,community-owned,non-profit,orotherwise privatelyowned.
InternetservicestypicallyprovidedbyISPsincludeInternetaccess,Internettransit,domain name
registration,webhosting,Usenetservice, andcolocation.
Some of the ISP'sare:
 VSNL(VideshSancharNigamLimited)
 MTNL(Mahanagar Telephone NigamLimited)
 Mantra Online
 Satyam
 Tata-indicom
 Airtel
Choosingan Internet service
Dial-up:Dial-upisgenerallythe slowesttype of Internetconnection,andyoushouldprobablyavoid
it unlessitisthe onlyservice available inyourarea.Like aphone call,a dial-upmodemwill connect
youto the Internetbydialinganumber,anditwill disconnectwhenyouare done surfingthe Web.
Unlessyouhave multiple phonelines,youwill notbe able touse yourlandline andthe Internetat
the same time witha dial-upconnection.
DSL: DSL service usesabroadbandconnection,whichmakesitmuchfasterthandial-up.However,it
isunavailable inmanylocations,soyou'll needtocontactyour local ISPfor informationaboutyour
area.DSL connectsto the Internetviaphone line butdoesnotrequire youtohave aland line at
home.Unlike dial-up,itwill alwaysbe ononce itssetup, andyou'll be able to use the Internetand
your phone line simultaneously.
3G and 4G: 3G and4G service ismostcommonlyusedwithmobilephonesandtablet computers,
and itconnectswirelessly throughyourISP'snetwork.If youhave adevice that's3G or 4G enabled,
you'll be able touse it to access the Internetawayfromhome,evenwhenthere isnoWi-Fi
connection.However,youmayhave topay per device touse a 3G or 4G connection,anditmay not
be as fast as DSL or cable.
WirelessNetwork
A home networkcanbe wired(usingEthernetcables) orwireless(usingWi-Fi).Itmayalsobe a
mixture of the two,withsome devicesconnectingwithEthernetandothersconnectingwirelessly.
InternetAccess Techniques
There are several waysof connectingtothe Internet.We candivide the methodsintotwomain
types- FixedandMobile.

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Home Internet
Fixedaccessisusuallymuchfasterandreliable thanmobile andis usedforconnecting
homes/offices.The mainAccessmechanismsare:
 ADSL overtraditional Phone Lines(mostcommon).
 Cable (limitedtocable TV areas)
 Fiberbroadband – CurrentlybeingRolledout
Mobile Internet
Whentravellingawayfromthe fixedlocation mobile accessisused.The mainaccessmechanisms
are:
 Mobile broadbandover3G Network(commonbutslow) or4G
 Public/Private Wii-FI(common)
Popular WebBrowsing Software
Google Chrome
Google Chrome isa freeware webbrowserdevelopedbyGoogle.Itusedthe WebKitlayoutengine
until version27and withthe exceptionof itsiOSreleases,fromversion28 andbeyondusesthe
WebKitforkBlink.
NCSA Mosaic
Mosaic was the firstfull-colorgraphical browserandwasinstrumental inmakingthe webaspopular
as it istoday.Mosaic was developedbyNCSA atthe Universityof Illinois,withseveral supported
commercial versionsavailable fromcompaniessuchasSpry and Spyglass.NCSA Mosaicisfree for
personal use andcomesinversionsforWindows,MacintoshandUNIX.Each versioniscalled
WinMosaic,MacMosaic and Xmosaicrespectively.
Netscape Navigator
It isalso knownasNetscape andisavailable forWindows, Macintosh,andformanydifferent
versionsof UNIXrunningthe Xwindowssystem.Itiswell supportedandprovidesuptothe minute
featuresincludinganintegratednewsandmail reader,supportforJavaapplets,andthe abilityto
handle “plug-ins”formore newandinterestingfeaturesyettobe developed.
MicrosoftInternet Explorer
MicrosoftInternetExplorer(IE) enablesyoutoconnecttothe Internettogainaccessto the vast
storesof informationonthese computers.Subscribe toyourfavorite sites sothatthe contentis
automaticallyupdatedwheneveryouwant-daily,weeklyormonthly.InternetExplorercan
downloadupdatedWebPagesorentire sitesinthe backgroundwhile youdootherworkonyour
computer.Youcan adda Webpage to your listof favoritesforeasyaccessfromthe Favorite menu
or Explorerbar.With AutoComplete,whenyoustarttypinga frequentlyusedURLinthe Address
bar, InternetExplorercompletesthe addressforyou.Usingsecurityzones,youcansetdifferent
levelsof securityfordifferentareasof the Webto protectyour computer.WithContentAdvisor,
youcan screenoutobjectionable oroffensivecontent.IEisavailablefree.

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MozillaFirefox
It isa fast,full-featuredwebbrowserthatmakesbrowsingveryefficient.Firefox includespop-up
blocking,tabbrowsing,integratedgooglesearchingandsimplifiedprivacycontrolsthatletyou
coveryour tracks more effectively.A streamlinedbrowserwindow showsyoumore of the page than
any otherbrowser.Thisisalsoavailable free.
Opera Mini
OperaMini is a webbrowserdesignedprimarilyformobile phones,smartphonesandpersonal
digital assistants.Until version4itusedthe Java ME platform, requiringthe mobiledevice torun
Java ME applications.Fromversion5it isalsoavailable asa native applicationforAndroid,iOS,
SymbianOS,andWindowsMobile.OperaMini isofferedfreeof charge,supportedmainlythrough
dealswithmobile operatorstohave OperaMini pre-installedinphones,andothersourcesof
revenue such assearch advertisingdeals,licensingandpaidbookmarksandSpeedDial placement.
ConfiguringWebBrowser:
ConfiguringYourWebBrowsertoAllow Pop-upWindows Mostwebbrowsersinclude afeature to
blockpop-upwindows.While thismayeliminate unwantedorbothersomepop-upwindows,the
feature sometimescanimpede the functionalityof legitimateoruseful websites.
Chrome (Windows/OSX)
1. OpenChrome,thengoto the webpage that you wantto allow pop-ups.
2. In Chrome'sURL window,highlightthe entirewebaddressof the currentpage,thenchoose
the Copycommand fromthe Edit menu.
3. Clickthe wrenchiconon the browsertoolbar.
4. SelectSettings.
5. ClickShowadvancedsettings.
6. In the Privacysection,clickContentsettings.The Contentsettingswindow appears.
7. In the Pop-upssection,clickManage exceptions.
Enable Java in webbrowser
Chrome
Enter about:plugins inthe searchfield.
In the Plug-inslist,lookforJavaandcheck whetherJavaisenabled(if the Disable linkappears,Java
isalready enabled)
Clickon the Enable link(if available)
(Optional) Checkthe Alwaysallowedbox tostopadditional Chrome warningswhenrunningJava
content
Search Engine
A searchengine isa programwhichlooksthroughitsdatabase for informationthatmatches your
request.Informationinthe database are aboutwebsitesandtheircontents.Examplesof search

46. 46
enginesare Google,AltaVista,YahooSearch,Bing,MSN,HotBot,etc.The effectivenessof search
engine canbe measuredbytwomainparameters:
 Exhaustive indexing
 Specificterms
Indexingisthe processingof adocumentrepresentationbyassigningcontentdescriptionsorterms
to the document.InIndexingthe webdocumentsare characterizedbyrecall (ratioof the numberof
relevantdocumentsretrievedtothe total numberof documentsretrieved).Automaticindexing
includessingletermindexing,statistical methods,aswell asinformationtheoretical and
probabilisticmethods.Inadditiontothisautomatic,indexinguseslinguisticandmulti-termor
phrase indexing.Since the Internetisavast collectionof information,itisdifficulttofindspecific
informationyouactuallyneed.Therefore,the searchfeature inawebbrowsersuchas the Internet
Explorerprovidesaneasyaccesstoa special facilitycalledsearchengine.Search enginesscanthe
Internetforthe wordsor topicsyou are lookingfor.Webcrawlerisa programthat crawlsthrough
the weband collectsinformationregardingthe websites.Thisinformationisputintothe database
of a searchengine.
Popular Search Engines/Searchfor content
There are manysearchenginesavailable onthe web.Mostof the searchenginesprovidewebsite
reviewsandhomepage services,inadditiontokey-wordsearches.Some of the popularsearch
enginesare:
 Google
 Yahoo!
 AltaVista
 MSN
AccessingWebBrowser
To access a webbrowser,youneedtodo the following:
 Install webbrowsersoftware like InternetExplorer,MozillaFirefoxonanyotherinyour
machine.
 Double clickthe browsericontoopenthe webbrowser.
 Provide anaddressof a page whichyouwantto see inthe addressbarand pressEnter
UsingFavoritesFolder
If you wantto save a webpage thatyouwantto come back to later,youcan add itto “Favorites”
folder.It'sa great systemfororganizingyoursearcheffortsin manageablefolders.Follow these
stepsto create a favorite inInternetExplorer:
 Whenyouare on a webpage you wantto save,clickon the "Favorites"iconinthe Internet
Explorertoolbar.
 You'll see eitheradrop downmenuora side screenwindow pop up.
 SelectAddtoFavoritestoopenthe AddFavoritesdialogbox.

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 Change the filename and/orfoldername asyouwantand clickOK.
DownloadingWebPages
To downloadawebpage you needtodo the following:
 ClickToolsFile Save Astoopenthe Save Webpage dialogbox.
 Enter the locationwhere youwanttosave the page and name withwhichyouwantto save it.
 ClickSave to save the webpage.
PrintingWebPages
To printa webpage youneedtodo the following:
 ClickToolsPrintto openthe Printdialogbox.
 Choose youroptions(especiallyAll/Selection/Pagesoptionisimportant),setprintpreferences
and clickprint.

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UNIT VI
COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION
Basics of Email
Email,or electronicmail,isaquickwayto sendand receive messages. Andmanypeople even
choose to receive theirmonthlybillsandbankstatementselectronically,insteadof throughthe
mail.
What is Email?
Email standsfor electronicmail.Itconsistsof twocomponents –headerandbody.The message
headercontainscontrol information,including,sender'semailaddressandone ormore recipient
addresses.Usuallyadditionalinformationisadded,suchasa subjectheaderfield.Internete-mail
messagesconsistof followingtwomajorsections:
 Header — It has manycomponentslike summary,sender,receiver,andotherinformationabout
the e-mail.Some of the componentsare:
 From: The e-mail address,andoptionallythe name of the author(s).Inmanye-mail client
settingisnotchangeable exceptthroughchangingaccountsettings.
 To: The e-mail addresses,andoptionallyname(s) of the message'srecipient(s).Indicates
primaryrecipients.
 Bcc: BlindCarbonCopy;addressesaddedtothe SMTP deliverylistbutnot(usually)listedinthe
message data,remaininginvisibletootherrecipients.
 Cc: Carbon copy;many e-mail clientswill marke-mailinyourinbox differentlydependingon
whetheryouare inthe To: or Cc: list.
 Subject:A brief summaryof the topicof the message.Certainabbreviationsare commonlyused
inthe subject,including"RE:"and"FW:"
 Body — The message itself isunstructuredtext;sometimescontainingasignature blockatthe
end.Thisisexactlythe same as the bodyof a regularletter.
Email address: Email addressesuse astandardformula.Theyare alwaysseparatedintotwopartsby
the @ symbol. The firstpartof the email addressusuallyidentifiesyouin some way.Youmighthave
your real name forthe firstpart of your email address,oryoucoulduse a handle ora nickname that
your friendsandfamilywill recognize. The secondpartof an email addressusuallycomesfromyour
webmail providerorthe internetserviceprovideryouuse.If you're emailingsomeone andthey,or
theirbusinesshasawebsite,you'llsee thatthe secondpartof theiremail addressusespartof their
website address.
Thisgivesa standardformulaforall email addresseswhichwill looksomethinglike
firstname.surname@domain.comoryournickname@domain.com
Benefits of Using E-mail
E-mail hasfollowingbenefits:
 Easy to use:E-mail helpsusto manage ourcontacts, sendmailsquickly, andmaintain ourmail
history.

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 Speed:The e-mail isdeliveredinstantly,anywhereacrossthe globe.Nootherservice matches
the e-mail intermsof speed.
 Easy to prioritize:Since the mailshave subjectlines,itiseasytoprioritize themandignore
unwantedmails.
 Reliable and secure:Constanteffortsare beingtakentoimprove the securityinelectronicmails,
thusmakingit one of the securedwaysof communication.
 Automated e-mails:Itispossible tosendautomatede-mailsusingspecial programslike the
auto responders.The autorespondersreplybacktothe senderwithgeneralizedpre-written
textmessages.
ConfiguringEmail Client
Here are some email clientMicrosoftOutlook,MozillaThunderbirdandmanymore.
Here we see some stepstoconfigure email client...
1. OpenOutlook.SelectAccountSettings...fromthe Toolsmenu.
2. On the E-mail tab, clickNew.

50. 50
3. Select"Manuallyconfigure serversettingsoradditional servertypes"andclick next>.
4. SelectInternetE-mail andclick next

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5. Enterthe followinginformationforE-mail Accounts.
Your Name: Enterthe name you wishrecipientstosee whentheyreceive yourmessage.
Email Address:Thisis the addressthat yourcontacts' email programwill replytoyourmessages.
Thisis alsothe addressthat will getrecordedinyourcontacts'addressbookif theyadd you as a
contact.
Account Type: POP3
Incoming mail server: Enterpop3.ivenue.com
Outgoingmail server (SMTP):Entersmtp.ivenue.com
UserName: Enteryour full e-mail address
Password: If youwishforOutlooktosave your password,checkthe box labeledRemember
Passwordandenteryourpasswordinthe textfield.

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6. Clickon the Outgoing Servertab,andcheck the box labeled myoutgoingserver(SMTP) requires
authentication.Thenchoose toUse same settingsasmyincomingmail server
7. Clickon the Advancedtab.
Under IncomingServer(POP3),the portnumbershouldbe setto110.
Under OutgoingServer(SMTP),the portnumbershouldbe setto587.
8. ClickOK
9. ClickNext.ClickFinish.

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Workingwith email
Email islike sendingaletter,onlyyousendthe message overthe internetanditgetsto the other
person'semail accountwithinseconds.
If you have an email address,youcanemail anyone else whohasanemail address,including
governmentagenciesandlotsof differentkindsof businesses.
Openingan email account
If you do nothave your ownemail address,here are some websiteswhichprovide freeemail
facility:
 google http://mail.google.com
 yahoohttp://www.mail.yahoo.com
 msnhttp://mail.msn.com
Each free email site hasitsownsign-onproceduresthatyouneedtofollow.Whenyouare done you
will have aninstantemail accountandyou shouldcheckyourmail.The firstmessage isusuallya
welcome mail fromthe mail service.
Mail Box: Inboxand Out-Box
The "in box"containsthe mail senttoyou, available now toread,answer,store,ordelete.The out
box (or sentbox) showsmail youhave alreadysent.
Creatingand SendingNewEmail
Followthese stepstocreate anewemail message andsendit:
 In the To box,type the e-mail addressof atleastone recipient.If you're sendingthe messageto
multiple recipients,type asemicolon(;) betweene-mail addresses.
 If required,type e-mailaddressesinCcandBCc boxesaswell.
 In the Subjectbox,type atitle foryour message.
 In the message box,type yourmessage.
 To attach a file tothe message,clickthe AttachFile toMessage buttononthe toolbar(located
justbelowthe menubar).Locate the file,selectit,andthenclickOpen.The file now appearsin
the Attach box inthe message header.
 To sendthe message,clickthe Sendbutton.
Replyingto email messages
You can replyto a message byclickingon“Reply”linkinthe message.A new compose message
windowopenswhere sender’semailaddressisputinthe “To” field,subjectisrepeatedwith“RE:”
prefixedandmessageisrepeatedinthe body.
Email forwarding
Email forwardingreferstothe operationof re-sendinganemail message deliveredtoone mail
addressto one or more differentemail addresses.Youcanclick on“Forward” linktodo that.

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Sorting and Searching mails
All mail providers(like gmail,yahoo,etc.) givesearchbox onthe topor lefthandbar of the inbox.
You can search the e-mailsonthe basisof sendername,message subjectoranyotherword(s).
Document collaboration
Collaborationof documentsisverycrucial inabusinessoranyinstitutionsince itallowspeople
withinthe establishmenttoworkonthe same documentinpiecestoproduce a single document.It
involvesfile exchangeof workdone throughremovablemediaorbyemail,throughfileserver,
informationportalsorSharePointandWikis.Withdocumentcollaboration,the contributorshave
the abilitytoadd,editand evenremove the textinthe systemif deemedappropriate.
Sendingdocumentby E-mail
You can senddocumentsviaemail tobe sentto someone youwant.
Here are the procedurestoattach a documentviaemail..
1. ClickNewEmail
2. Clickto attach file

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3. In the insertfile dialogbox,browsetoandselectthe file thatyouwantto attach, and thenclick
Insert.
Activating Spell checking
To check forspellingandgrammarmistakes,MicrosoftOutlookprogramprovidestoolsthatcanhelp
youcorrect these mistakesfaster.Youdecide if youwanttosetup the MicrosoftOutlookprogram
so that youcan easilysee potential mistakeswhileyoucompose email;or,if youfindthe wavyred
and greenlinesdistracting,youcanjustcheckyour textarea whenyouare readyto finishit.
 Goto ToolsMenu

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 ClickOption->SpellingTabinthe Dialog.
 Clickthe checkbox Alwayscheckspellingbeforesending.
 ClickApplybuttonthenOKbutton.
UsingAddressbook
You can use the AddressBookto lookup andselectnamesanddistributionlistswhenyou address
messages.Whenyoutype aname in the To, Cc, or Bcc boxesif ane-mail message,Microsoft
OutlookOutlookautomaticallycheckstosee if the name thatyoutypedmatchesa name in the
AddressBook.If there isa match, the name isresolved,thatisthe displayname ande-mail address
isfilledin,allowingyoutosendthe message.
Here are the stepsto navigate anaddressbookinMicrosoft Outlook..
 ClickTools->AddressBook.
 On the StandardToolbar,clickAddressBook
 In the AddressBooklist,clickthe Addressbookinwhichyouwantto searchfor names.
 In the searchbox,type the name,or part of a name,that youare searchingfor.
Addinga newcontactto Addressbook:
 ClickTools->AddressBook.
 In the dialog.clickfile->NewEntry;or
 Clickfile menuandpointtoNewandselectContact.
 Here'sthe windowbelowtoadda new contact to your AddressBook.

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SendingSoftcopy as attachment
You can senda softcopy viaemail to be sentto someone youwant.
Here are the procedurestoattach a softcopyvia email..
 ClickFile ->New,andthenclickMail Message;or
 Goto to InsertTab Andclickto Attach filesunderInclude group;or
 On the Message Tab, inthe Include group,clickAttachFile.
 In the InsertFile dialogbox ,browsertoand selectthe file thatyouwantto attach,and then
clickInsert.
Instant Messagingand Collaboration
Instant messaging(IM)
Instantmessaging(IM) isa formof communicationbetweentwoormore people basedontyped
text.The textisconveyedviacomputersconnectedoveranetworksuchas the Internet.Instant
messagingrequiresaninstantmessagingclientthatconnectstoan instantmessagingservice.
Instantmessagingdiffersfrome-mailinthatconversationshappeninreal-time.IncertaincasesIM
involves additional features,whichmake itevenmore popular,i.e.tosee the otherpartyby using
web-camsorto talkdirectlyforfree overthe internet.
Instant messagingproviders
Some of the popularInstantMessengersare YahooMessenger,MSN Messenger,RediffBol,Google
Talk andSkype.

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UsingSmiley
Addingnewsmileys,iconsandlogostoAutoCorrect.Inthe example aboveI’ve usedanemoticon
fromthe Skype webpage.
1. Create a newmessage.
2. Insertthe image or symbol of choice eitherfromdisk,the webor froma symbol fontsuchas
Wingdings.(See the bottomof thisguide formore infoonthis.)
3. Selectthe insertedimage orsymbol.
4. Openthe AutoCorrectoptionsdialog;
 Outlook
Office logoatthe top leftcorner->EditorOptions->Proofing->buttonAutoCorrect
Options…
 Outlook2010, Outlook2013 and Outlook2016
File->Options->Mail->button:SpellingandAutocorrect…->button:AutoCorrectOptions…
5. Selectthe AutoCorrecttab.
6. Type your charactersthat shouldconvertintothisimage inthe “Replace”field.
For instance :-) or :-P.
7. Verifythatthe “With”optionisset to“Formattedtext”.You maynot see yourimage inthe box
belowit(thisisa small buginOutlook).
8. Clickthe buttonAddor Replace (incase the entryalreadyexists).
9. In the listbelow,you’ll nowsee anentryforyourtypedcharacters.The asterisk(*) indicates
that itwill be replacedwithanimage.
10. PressOKuntil you’ve returnedtoyourmessage.
Internetetiquettes
Etiquette isthe practice of goodmanners - beingpolite andhelpful,beingkindandnotaggressive,
and beingmindfulof the factthat othersmay see thingsdifferentlythanone.Netiquetteisetiquette
to be followedwhileusingthe Internet.Some commonnetiquettesinclude:
 You shouldbehave withothersthe wayyou wantthemtobehave withyou.
 Do not be abusive.
 Don’tcopy informationsharedbyothersblindly.

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UNIT VII
APPLICATION OF PRESENTATIONS
Introduction
PowerPointisapowerful presentationprogramfromMicrosoft.Itgivesyouthe facilitytocreate
presentationsthatincorporate video,audio,pictures,tables,graphs,animations,etc.Thisprogram
iswidelyusedinbusinessandclassroomsandisan effective tool fortrainingpurposes.Manyfree
add-onsandtemplatesare availableonline fromMicrosoftanda hostof otherwebsites.Inaddition
to an on screenslide show,PowerPointhasprintingoptionsthatallow the presentertoprovide
handoutsandoutlinesforthe audience aswell asnotespagesforthe speakertorefertoduringthe
presentation.PowerPointisa"one-stop-shop"tocreate successful presentationsforthe business
world,the classroomor justforyour ownpersonal use.
Objectives
In thischapterwe will learn:
 Basicsof MicrosoftPowerPoint
 How to create a presentation?
 How to prepare slides
 Making slide show
 Takingprintouts/handoutsof apresentation
Basics
PowerPointisthe presentationgraphicssoftware inthe MicrosoftOffice suite.WithPowerPoint,
youcan use itseasy-to-usepredefinedlayouts,themes,andtemplatestocreate dynamicand
professionalpresentations.
PowerPointincludesall of the featuresyouneedtoproduce professional-lookingpresentations.
Whenyoucreate a PowerPointpresentation,itismade upof a seriesof slides.The slidescontain
the informationyouwanttocommunicate withyouraudience.Thisinformationcaninclude text,
pictures,charts,video,sound,andmore.
Before youbeginadding informationtoslides,you'llneedtoknow the basicsof workingwithslides.
In thislesson,you'll learnhowtostart a new presentation,insertnew slides,modifyalayout,move
and copyslides,use placeholders,andsave yourpresentation.
UsingPowerPoint
 If Office PowerPointisalreadyrunning,save andclose anyopenpresentations,andthenexit
and restartPowerPoint.

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 If Office PowerPointisn'talreadyrunning,startitnow.
Whenyoustart PowerPoint,itopensinthe view calledNormal view,where youcreate and
workon slides.
1. In the Slide pane,youcanworkdirectlyonindividualslides.
2. Dottedbordersidentifyplaceholders,where youcantype textor insertpictures,charts,and
otherobjects.
3. The Slides tabshowsa thumbnail versionof each full sizeslideshowninthe Slidepane.After
youadd otherslides,youcanclicka thumbnail onthe Slides tabtomake the slide appearin
the Slide pane.Oryoucan drag thumbnailstorearrange the slidesinyourpresentation.Youcan
alsoadd or delete slidesonthe Slidestab.
4. In the Notespane,youcan type notesaboutthe current slide.Youcanhand outyour notesto
your audience orrefertoyournotesin Presenterview whenyougive yourpresentation.
Openinga PowerPointPresentation
To openan existingPowerPointPresentation,follow these steps:
To openPowerPointinWindows,clickonthe
Start button --> Programs --> MicrosoftPowerPoint
OR
Double-clickonthe PowerPointicononthe desktop

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WhenPowerPointisopened,ablank Title slideappearsbydefaultasthe firstslide inyournew
presentation.Youcanstart a newpresentationwhenyoufirstopenPowerPointorafterPowerPoint
isalreadyopen.
To change the layoutof an openslide,clickonthe Layoutbuttoninthe Home tab.
A blankpresentationisthe recommendedstartingpointinthistutorial.PowerPointletsyouchange
the appearance,layoutandcontentof your presentationatanytime.Startingwithablank
presentationletsyouexperimentmore easilywiththe manyfeaturesthisprogramoffers.
On the otherhand,some people prefertoestablishthe designfromthe outsetsothattheysee its
effectsastheycreate theirpresentation.Asyoubecome more familiarwithPowerPoint,youwill
discoverwhichmethodworksbestforyou.
If you wouldlike tolearnhowtoselector designatheme foran openslide,goonto the tutorial on
Themes.If youwouldlike tolearnhow toselecta theme whenstartinganew presentation,
continue below.

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PowerPointAlreadyOpen
To start a newpresentation,clickonthe Office button onthe topleftcornerof the screenand
selectNew:
The NewPresentation windowwill appear.Here youcanselectfroma varietyof themesand
templatesbylookingunder InstalledThemes and InstalledTemplates.Fromhere youcanalso
searchMicrosoft Online formore themesandtemplates.
Saving a Presentation
To save a PowerPointPresentation,followthese steps:
1. In Office PowerPoint,openthe presentationthatyouwantto save as a PowerPointfile.
2. Clickthe MicrosoftOffice Button pointto the arrow nextto Save As, andthen
clickPowerPointPresentation.

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The Save As dialogbox appears.
3. In the File name box,enteraname for yourpresentation,ordonothingtoaccept the suggested
file name.
4. In the Save inlist,selectthe locationthatyouwantto save your presentationto,ordonothing
to accept the suggestedlocation.
5. ClickSave.
Creatinga Presentation
There are manywaysto create a presentation.Here we are listingsome of the ways:
1. From a blankpresentation
2. From an existingpresentation
3. UsingPowerPointWizard
4. Usingin-builtdesigntemplates
Creatinga PresentationUsinga Template
You can reuse andapplyexistingtemplatestogive youa jump-startonyournextpresentationor
otherdocument.There are manywaysthat you mightcome across a template thatyoulike and
wantto reuse.
1. Clickthe MicrosoftOffice Button ,andthenclick New.
2. In the NewPresentation dialogbox,doone of the following:

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Under Templates,doone of the following:
 To applya template thatyou've recentlyused,click Blankandrecent,clickthe templatethatyou
want,and thenclick Create.
 To applya template thatyou've installedtoyourlocal hard drive,click InstalledTemplates,and
thenclick Create.
 To create (and apply) anewtemplate basedonanothertemplate thatinstalledonyourlocal
hard drive,click Newfromexisting,andthenclick Create New.
 To applya template thatyou've savedtoC:ProgramFilesMicrosoftOfficeTemplates,click My
templates,selectacustomtemplate,andthenclick OK.
 To downloadandapplya template fromOffice Online,under MicrosoftOffice Online,clicka
template category,selectatemplate,andthenclick Download.
Creatinga Blank Presentation
MicrosoftOffice Button clickNew,click Blankand recentunderTemplates,andthendouble-
clickBlankPresentation underBlankandrecent.
Afteryouopenthe BlankPresentationtemplate,onlyasmall portionof the Notespane isvisible.To
see a largerportionof the Notespane sothat youhave more room to type init, dothe following:
1. Pointto the top borderof the Notespane.
2. Whenthe pointerbecomesa , drag the borderup to make a little more roomforyour speaker
notes,asshownin the followingillustration.
Notice thatthe slide inthe Slide pane resizesautomaticallytofitthe availablespace.
Enteringand EditingText
The most commonway to addtextto a slide isto type itdirectlyintoanyplaceholderonthe slide.
However,if youare usinga blankslide orif youwant to entertextoutside placeholders,youcanuse
a textbox.
Addingtext to a placeholder
As soonas youselecta slide layoutthe new slideappearswithdummytext(suchas"Clicktoadd
title") inthe placeholders.Whenyouclickinside aplaceholder,the dummytextdisappears,the
cursor becomesablinkingline (|)andyoucan start typing.
Addingtext to a textbox
1. Clickon TextBox or on the textbox iconon the drawingtoolbar.
2. Take your mouse tothe slide;the mouse pointerchangestoa dagger.
3. Clickand holddownthe leftmouse buttonwhile youdragthe mouse todraw a textbox.When
the box is the size youwantit, release the mouse button.
4. Clickinside the textbox andstarttyping.

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Insertingand DeletingSlidesina Presentation
The single slide thatisprovidedautomaticallyinyourpresentationhastwoplaceholders,one
formattedfora title andthe other formattedfora subtitle.The arrangementof placeholdersona
slide iscalledalayout.Office PowerPointalsoprovidesothertypesof placeholders,suchasthose
for picturesandSmartArtgraphics.
Whenyouadd a slide toyourpresentation,youcando the followingtochoose a layoutforthe new
slide atthe same time:
2. On the Slidestab,clickjustbelow the singleslidethatalreadyappearsthere.
3. On the Home tab, inthe Slidesgroup,clickthe arrow nextto New Slide.
Pointerrestingonarrownextto New Slide button
A galleryappears,showingthumbnailsof the variousslide layoutsthatare available.
Galleryof available slide layouts

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1. The name identifiesthe contentthateachlayoutisdesignedfor.
2. Placeholdersthatdisplaycolorediconscancontaintext,butyoucan also clickthe iconsto
automaticallyinsertobjects,includingSmartArtgraphicsandclipart.
Clickthe layoutthat youwantfor your new slide.
The newslide nowappearsbothonthe Slidestab,where itishighlightedasthe currentslide,andin
the Slide pane.Repeatthisprocedure foreachnew slidethatyouwantto add.
If you wantyour newslide tohave the same layoutthatthe precedingslide has,youcanjustclick
NewSlide insteadof clickingthe arrow nexttoit.
Copy a slide
If you wantto create twoslidesthatare similarincontentandlayout,youcan save work bycreating
one slide thathas all of the formattingandcontentthat bothslideswill share andthenmakinga
copy of that slide before youaddthe final,individualtouchestoeach.
1. On the Slidestab,right-clickthe slide thatyouwantto copy,and thenclickCopyon the shortcut
menu.
2. Still onthe Slidestab,right-clickwhere youwanttoadd the new copyof the slide,andthenclick
Paste on the shortcutmenu.
You can alsoinserta copy of a slide fromone presentationinto anotherpresentation.
Rearrange the order of slides
 On the Slidestab,clickthe slide thatyouwantto move,andthendrag it to the locationthatyou
want.
 To selectmultipleslides,clickaslide thatyouwantto move,andthenpressand holdCTRL while
youclick eachof the otherslidesthatyouwantto move.
Delete a slide
On the Slidestab,right-clickthe slide thatyouwantto delete,andthenclickDelete Slide onthe
shortcutmenu.
Preparation of Slides
As we discussedatthe beginningof the chapter,the advantage of usingPowerPointtocreate
presentationsisthatwe canput data inthe formof text,table,pictures,video,etc.atone place.In
thissectionwe will learnhowtodoso.
InsertingWord Table or Excel Worksheet
To insertWord Table

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In PowerPoint,tablesallowthe presentationof datainan organizedandprofessional format. Any
of the Contenttype slide layoutscanbe usedto create a table.
Clickthe Home Tab: SlidesGroup:NewSlide button
 Selectthe preferredlayoutfromthe gallery
 To start the table,clickthe iconrepresentingaTable
 In the InsertTable box,enterthe numberof columnsandrowsyou withwhichyouwantto start
the table
 Enter yourcontentintoeachcell,pressingTabto move tothe nextcell
 If you pressTab inthe lastcell of the table,a new row will appear
USING THE TABLE SLIDE LAYOUT
Insert Table button

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AddingClip Art Pictures
To InsertPicture fromClipArtfollowthese steps:
1. ClickInsert:Clip Art.
2. A newpane showing ClipArtgalleryopensonthe rightside of yourwindow.
3. Selectthe ClipArtyouwant to insert.
4. ClickOKor double-clickthe picture.
InsertingOther Objects
OtherObjectscan be insertedfromthe InsertMenu.Choose Insert ->Object.A numberof objects
are available,like:
 Adobe AcrobatDocument
 BitmapImage
 MicrosoftExcel Chart
 MicrosoftWord Document
 MicrosoftExcel Worksheet
Resizingand Scaling an Object
Drawing Object
Unlike mostotherPowerPointfunctions,some drawingfunctionsare accessibleonlyviathe Drawing
toolbaron the bottomof the PowerPointscreen.If youdon'tsee the Drawingtoolbar,activate itby
selectingView→ Toolbars→ Drawing.
DrawinginPowerPointisparticularlyeasydue tothe wide selectionof AutoShapesthatthe
program providesforyourconvenience.Followthese stepstoinsertanautoshape:
1. Pull upthe AutoShapesmenubyclickingonthe arrow.
2. From the pull-upmenu,choosethe desiredshape.
3. As soonas youhave selectedashape,yourcursor will become acrosshair(+) whenyoumove it
overthe slide.

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4. Pressand drag the cursor until the objectreachesthe desiredsize(youcanalwaysformatthe
size later).
Formatting a drawing
Clickon the drawingtoselectit(until yousee the 'handles'aroundit) andthenuse eitherthe
Format menu→ AutoShape dialogtoformatit(a right-clickonthe objectwill alsoworkinPC) orthe
drawingtoolbar.
1. Resize andmove a drawingbyclickingon its“handles",inthe same wayusedto formattext
boxesandimages.
2. Clickon the arrow nexttothe paintbuckettool to change the drawing'sfill color.Experiment
withthe 'Fill Effects'optionsonthe paintbucketmenutocreate artisticcolor combinations
3. Clickon the line coloriconto change the color of the object'sborder,andon the three style
iconsto change the style of the borderand/orthe arrows.
ProvidingAesthetics
Office PowerPointprovidesawide varietyof designthemesthatmake it easytochange the overall
lookof your presentation.A theme isaset of designelementsthatprovidesaspecific,unified
appearance forall of yourOffice documentsbyusingparticularcombinationsof colors,fonts,and
effects.
Enhancing Text Presentation
Office PowerPointautomaticallyappliesthe Office theme topresentationsthatare createdbyusing
the BlankPresentationtemplate,butyoucan easilychange the lookof yourpresentationatany
time byapplyingadifferenttheme.
Applya differenttheme toyourpresentation
On the Designtab,inthe Themesgroup,clickthe documenttheme thatyouwantto apply.
To previewhowthe currentslide lookswithaparticulartheme applied,restyourpointeronthe
thumbnail of thattheme.

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To see thumbnailsof additional themes,clickthe arrowsnexttothe row of thumbnails.
Unlessyouspecifyotherwise,Office PowerPointappliesthemestothe entire presentation.To
change the appearance of onlyselectedslides,onthe Slidestab,pressandholdCTRL while youclick
each slide thatyouwantto change.Whenall of the slidesare selected,right-clickthe theme that
youwant to applyto them,andthenclick ApplytoSelectedSlides onthe shortcutmenu.
Convertslide text to a SmartArt graphic
A SmartArtgraphic isa visual representationof yourinformationthatyoucan fullycustomize.
Convertingyourtexttoa SmartArt graphicisa quickwayto convertexistingslidestoprofessionally
designedillustrations.Forexample,withone click,youcanconvert anAgendaslide toa SmartArt
graphic.
You can choose frommany built-inlayoutstocommunicate yourmessage orideaseffectively.
To convert existingtextto a SmartArt graphic:
1. Clickthe placeholderthatcontainsthe textthatyou wantto convert.
2. On the Home tab, inthe Paragraph group,click Convertto SmartArtGraphic .

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3. In the gallery,tosee howa SmartArtgraphic lookswithyourtext,restyourpointeroverthe
thumbnail forthatSmartArtgraphic. The gallerycontainslayoutsforSmartArtgraphicsthat
workbestwithbulletedlists.Toview the entire setof layouts,click More SmartArtGraphics.
Workingwith Color and Line Style
1. Selectthe line thatyouwantto change.
If you wantto change multiplelines,selectthe firstline,andthenpress andholdCTRLwhile you
selectthe otherlines.Formore informationaboutselectinglines,see Selectashape orother object.
2. Under DrawingTools,onthe Format tab,in the Shape Styles group,clickthe arrow next
to Shape Outline,andthenclickthe colorthatyou want.
If you do notsee the DrawingTools or Format tabs,double-clickthe line tomake sure thatyou
selectedit.
To change to a colorthat isn'tin the theme colors,click More Outline Colors,andtheneitherclick
the color that youwanton the Standard tab,or mix yourowncolor onthe Customtab.Custom
colorsand colorson the Standardtab are not updatedif youlaterchange the documenttheme.
AddingMovie and Sound
A PowerPointpresentationcanconveyalotof informationinashorttime.Thatinformationis
usuallyinthe formof text,graphics,charts,and tables,butit mightalso consistof audiocontent.
You can easilyincorporate soundsintoslide transitions.Youcanalsoinsertthe followingtypesof
soundsonslides:
 Audiofiles.Youcaninsertanaudiofile—forexample,aspeechorinterview—byclicking
the Sound buttonin the MediaClips groupon the Inserttab,and thenselectingthe file.
 Soundclips.The soundclipsthatshipwithPowerPointinclude applauseanda ringing
telephone.Youinsertasoundclipbyclickingthe Soundarrow in the MediaClipsgroupon
the Inserttab, andthenclickingSoundfromClipOrganizer todisplaythe ClipArttaskpane,
where youselectthe soundyouwant.If youare connectedtothe Internet,clickingthe ClipArt
On Office Online linkinthe taskpane takesyoutothe ClipArt and Mediapage of the Office
Online Website,fromwhichyoucandownloadhundredsof clipartimages,photos,sounds,and
videos.

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 CD audiotracks. You can insertmusictracksor otheraudiotracks froma CD intoa slide.After
insertingthe CDinyour CD-ROMdrive,youclickthe Soundarrow in the MediaClips groupand
thenclick PlayCD Audio Track to displaythe InsertCDAudio dialogbox.Youthenenterthe
startingand endingtracknumbers.Youcan specifythatthe selectionbe repeated,andyoucan
setthe volume.Toplaythe tracks duringa slide show,the CDmustbe in the CD-ROMdrive.
 Recordedsounds.Youcan recorda soundor narrationand attach itto a slide,all fromwithin
PowerPoint.
While insertingasound,youcan specifywhetheritshouldplayautomaticallywhenthe slide
containingitappearsor onlywhenyouclickitsicon.The soundobjectappearson the slide
representedbyaniconindicatingthe type of sound.Youcan change the appearance andsize of the
iconand move itto meetyourneeds.
Whenthe soundobjectisselected,PowerPointaddsFormatandOptionscontextual tabstothe
Ribbon.Youcan format the iconrepresentingthe soundinmuchthe same waythat youwould
formata picture.Youcan adjustitssize,position, andvolume;specifywhetherthe iconisdisplayed
on the slide;andspecifyhowthe soundisactivated.
To playa sound,youmusthave a soundcard andspeakersinstalled.InNormal view,youcantest
the soundassociatedwithaparticularslide bydouble-clickingthe soundicon,orbyselectingthe
iconand clickingthe Preview button inthe Playgrouponthe Optionscontextualtab.InSlide Show
view,the soundplayseitherautomaticallyorwhenyouclickitsicon,dependingonyour
specifications.
AddingHeaders and Footers
On the Inserttab,in the Textgroup,clickHeader& Footer.
In the Headerand Footerdialogbox,onthe Slide tab,selectthe Footercheckbox,andthentype the
textthat youwant to appearinthe centerbottomof the slide.

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Do one of the following:
 To displayfooterinformationonthe selectedslide only,clickApply.
 To displayfooterinformationonall of the slidesinyourpresentation,clickApplytoAll.
Adda header,footer,orbothto a handoutor notespage
 On the Inserttab,in the Textgroup,clickHeader& Footer.
 In the Headerand Footerdialogbox,onthe NotesandHandoutstab, selectthe Headeror
Footercheckbox,or both,and thentype the textthat youwant to appearinthe centertop
(header) orcenterbottom(footer) of eachnotespage orhandout.
 ClickApplytoall.
PresentationofSlides
A slide showcanbe a valuable tool forteaching,sharingandlearning.PowerPointpresentationsare
useful nomatterwhatthe topic andhelpcommunicate ideastoanaudience.
Viewinga Presentation
You can viewyourpresentationinanyof the followingviews:
1. Normal View:Till nowyouhave beenworkinginthe normal view where yousee yourlistof
slidesinthe leftpane andcurrentslide inthe middle pane.
2. Slide Sorter View:Inthe slide sorterview youcanview all yourslidestogetherinasingle
window.Youcan adjustthe size of eachslide.Thisview isusedtoarrange the slidesinthe
desiredorder.
3. Outline View:Inthe outline view,the textcontainedoneachslide isdisplayedinthe leftpane.
7.6.2 Choosinga Setup for Presentation
To choose a setupfor a Presentation
SelectSlide Show ->SetUp Show.
From Here the variousOptionsavailable are:
1. ShowType
2. ShowOptions
3. ShowSlides
From the ShowSlidesoptions,we canselectonlythose slideswhichwe wanttoshow in the slide
Show.
PrintingSlidesand Handouts
PowerPointallowsyoutoprintyourpresentationasslides,notes,handouts,oreven outlines.
Choose File → Printfromthe menubar.This will bringupthe "Print"dialogbox.

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1. In the "Printwhat"pull-downmenu,choose the itemyouwouldlike toprint.
2. If you choose "printslides",whatyouwill getisone slideperpage.
3. If you choose "printhandouts",youhave the optiontochoose the numberof slidesyouwantto
printon eachpage.
4. If you choose "printoutline view"youwillgetonlythe textof yourslides(asitappearsinoutline
view) butnone of the graphicsor animation.
Slide Show
A slide showisapresentationof aseriesof still imagesonaprojectionscreenorelectronicdisplay
device,typicallyinaprearrangedsequence.The changesmaybe automaticandat regularintervals
or theymay be manuallycontrolledbya presenterorthe viewer.Slideshowsoriginallyconsistedof
a seriesof individual photographicslidesprojectedontoascreenwithaslide projector.When
referringtothe videoorcomputer-basedvisual equivalent,inwhichthe slidesare notindividual
physical objects,the termisoftenwrittenasone word,slideshow.
Running a Slide Show
There are at leastthree waystostart a slide show:
1. SelectViewmenu→SlideShow
2. Clickthe projectorbuttononthe lowerleftpartof the screen

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3. Pressthe F5 Key
Transition and Slide Timings
Animatingtext and objects
There are twowaysto animate textandobjects:PresetAnimationandCustomAnimation.Although
PresetAnimationisrelativelysimpler,we stronglyrecommendCustomAnimationbecause itallows
more control overanimation.The instructionsbelow pertainto CustomAnimationonly:
1. Clickon the slide thatyouwishtoanimate and selectSlide Show → CustomAnimation.
2. In the CustomAnimationdialogbox,eachobjectisidentifiedinthe Checktoanimate slide
objectslist.
3. If you don't rememberwhataparticularobjectis,clickthe object'sname inthe list;that object
appearsselectedinthe previewwindow.Clickinthe object'scheckbox toanimate thatobject.
4. On the Effectstab make yourentryanimationandsoundselections.Youmayalsochoose to dim
an objectafteranimation.
5. On the Orderand Timingtab arrange the objectsinthe order that youwantthemto appear.
6. You may alsochoose the objectstoappearon mouse clickor automatically.
Slide transitions
Transitionsdetermine the effectsappliedwhenyoumove fromone slide toanotherduringanon-
screenpresentation.Followthesestepstoapplyslide transitiontoyourslides:
1. To choose a transitioneffect,selectSlide Show → SlideTransition.
2. Selectatransitioneffectfromthe dropdownmenu.
3. Choose the desiredtransitionspeed.
4. Choose a soundto accompanythe transitionif required.
5. Advance optiondetermineswhenthe currentslideproceedstothe next.
6. Automaticallyafterxx seconds,makesthe transitionxx secondsafterthe precedingtransition
ended.

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7. Choose apply orApplyto all,dependingonwhetheryouwanttoapplythe effecttocurrent slide
or all slides.
Automating a Slide Show
Followthese stepstoautomate yourslide show:
1. SelectSlide Show ->Slide Transition.
Selectthe AutomaticallyAfteroptionandprovide the time.

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UNIT VIII
Application of Digital Financial Services
Introduction:
To developawarenessandcompetence inthe emerginginformationtechnologyrequirementsand
solutions,necessarywithinthe fastchangingFinancialServicesSector,inparticularthose neededto
meetitsunique,missioncritical requirements.
Why Savings are needed?
If you have enoughtopay for everythingyouneed,whyshouldyouworryaboutputtinganyaside
each month?There are a varietyof reasonsto beginsavingmoney.Differentpeople save for
differentreasons.Youcanstart by savingtenpercentof your income eachmonth.Here are some
reasonsthat youmay considersavingyourmoney.
Emergencies
It isimportantto have an emergencyfundsetaside tocoverunexpectedexpenses.Thiscouldcover
an unexpectedcarrepair,youremergencyappendectomyorasuddenjobloss.Ideallyyour
emergencyfundshouldbe aboutthree tosix monthsof your expenses.
Future Needs
By savingmoneyyousave yourself worrying!It’ssimple!The factthatyoucan grow oldknowing
that youworkeditout and youknow whatyou will endupwithandyou know thatyou will be
comfortable issuchan amazingfeeling.
Large expenses
The bank won’tlendyoumoneytobuya house unlessyouhave adownpayment,andyouare not
allowedtoborrowa downpayment.Youmusthave thismoneysavedupor have someone give itto
you—andnotlenditto you.Your downpaymentneedsto be at least5% of the purchase price of
the house,andthenthe bank will considerlendingyouthe other95%.There are all sorts of other
costs andfeesthatyou needtopay whenyoubuya home,soyouwill needanadditional 5% justfor
those costs.Savingsiswhatwill openthe doorto owninga home.
Drawbacks of keepingCashat home
Storingall yourmoneyincash at home justisn'tsafe.Yourhome couldbe burglarized,flood,or
catch on fire.Inthe eventof a burglary,mostof those placesyouthoughtwere greatforhidingyour
moneywill probablybe found.If youburyyourmoneyinthe back yard, the containeryouputit in
couldbecome damagedorstart decomposinganddestroyyourmoney.Lessdramatically,youcould
simplyforgetaboutall the placesyou've stashedmoney,orsomeone else wholivesinorvisitsyour
householdcouldfinditandtake it.
Unsafe
Keepingcashathome justisn't safe due to flood,orcatch on fire or itcan be lostdue to some other
reasons.

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Loss of Growth Opportunity
Once you have enoughmoneyyou'll wanttogobeyonda checkingaccountand start savingand
investingyourmoneytooptimizeyourfuture financial situation.Yousimplycan'ttake advantage of
the opportunitytoearnmoneyinthe stock marketor earn interestondepositsif you're notwilling
to keepyourcash anywhere exceptyourmattress.
No CreditEligibility
If moneyiskeptat home,thennocrediteligibilityisgained.
Why Bank is needed?
A bankis a financial institutionlicensedasa receiverof deposits.There are twotypesof banks:
commercial/retail banksandinvestmentbanks.Inmostcountries,banksare regulatedbythe
national governmentorcentral bank.
Secure Money,Earn Interest,GetLoan
There are manyadvantagestousinga bank. Whetheryou’re usingone foryourpersonal,small
businessorcorporate needs,yourfinancial well-beingdependsonproperlymanagingyourfunds.
Bankscan helpyoudothisby providingsavingsandcheckingaccountsthatyieldinterestthrough
bankrates. Anotherbenefitthatbanksprovide istheirabilitytofacilitate cashflow through
transfers,withdrawalsanddeposits.
Inculcate habit ofsaving
The earlieryoustart a savingsaccount,the more moneythatsavingsaccountwill accumulate over
time.Yoursavingsaccount will earninterest,whichcancoverthe costs of keepingmoneyinyour
account,because the fundsare thenusedby institutionstomake loanstoothercustomers.CDsare
usedforthe same purposesandofferevenhigherinterestrates,howeveryouare unable to
withdrawwithoutpenaltyforacertainamountof time.
Remittancesusing Cheque DemandDraft
Apart fromacceptingdepositsandlendingmoney,Banksalsocarryout, on behalf of theircustomers
the act of transferof money - bothdomesticandforeign. - Fromone place to another.Thisactivityis
knownas "remittance business".Banksissue DemandDrafts,Banker'sCheques, andMoney Orders
etc.for transferringthe money.Banksalsohave the facilityof quicktransferof moneyalsoknownas
TelegraphicTransferorTele CashOrders.
In Remittance business,Bank'A'at a place 'a' acceptsmoneyfromcustomer'C' and makes
arrangementforpaymentof the same amountof moneytoeitherthe customer'C' or his"order"i.e.
a personor entity,designatedby'C'as the recipient,througheitheraBranch of Bank'A' or any
otherentityat place 'b'. Inreturn forhavingrenderedthisservice,the Bankscharge a pre-decided
sumknownas exchange orcommissionorservice charge.Thissumcan differfrombankto bank.
Thisalsodiffersdependinguponthe mode of transferandthe time available foreffectingthe
transferof money.Fasterthe mode of transfer,higherthe charges.
Avoid risk ofchit funds
Chitfundsare indigenoussavingmechanismthatisunorganizedandrunbetweenfriends,families
and knownpersons.Chitfundsare easytojoinas there isverylittle paperworktobe submittedand

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the entire setupis basedontrust. Theyhave beenaround forover1000 yearsand are presentin
othercountriestoowhere theyare popularlyknownasRotatingSavingsandCreditAssociations.
Chitfundfraudshave become a majorissue andhappenforvariousreasons,suchas:
 The foreman/fundmanagerdisappearswiththe corpusamount.
 A membercoulddefaultininstallmentpaymentordisappearafterwinningthe firstbid.
 The discountrate mightbe riggedanda desperate membermightenduppayingahigher
discount.
Banking Products
BankingSectorofferedinnovativeproductstoredefine bankingconvenience.Withexpertise,you
can rest assuredthatyour wealthisprotectedandnurturedatthe same time.
Types of Accounts and Deposit
TraditionallybanksinIndiahave fourtypesof depositaccounts,namelyCurrentAccounts,Saving
BankingAccounts,RecurringDepositsand,FixedDeposits
1. SAVING ACCOUNT:
 These depositsaccountsare one of the most populardepositsforindividual accounts.
 These accountsnot onlyprovide Chequefacilitybutalsohave lotof flexibilityfordepositsand
withdrawal of fundsfromthe account.
 Most of the bankshave rulesforthe maximumnumberof withdrawalsinaperiodandthe
maximumamountof withdrawal,buthardlyanybankenforcesthese.
 However,bankshave everyrighttoenforce suchrestrictionsif itisfeltthatthe accountis being
misusedasa currentaccount.
2. CURRENT ACCOUNT:
 CurrentAccountsare basicallymeantforbusinessmenandare neverusedforthe purpose of
investmentorsavings.
 These depositsare the mostliquiddepositsandthere are nolimitsfornumberof transactions
or the amount of transactionsina day.
 Most of the currentaccount are openedinthe namesof firm/ companyaccounts.
 Cheque bookfacilityisprovidedandthe accountholdercandepositall typesof the Cheques
and draftsintheirname or endorsedintheir favorbythirdparties.
 No interestispaidby bankson these accounts. On the otherhand,banks charges certain
service charges,onsuchaccounts.
3. RECURRING DEPOSIT ACCOUNT
 These are popularlyknownasRD accounts andare special kindof TermDepositsandare
suitable forpeople whodonothave lumpsumamountof savings,butare readyto save a small
amounteverymonth.

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 Normally,suchdepositsearninterestonthe amountalreadydeposited(throughmonthly
installments) atthe same ratesas are applicable forFixedDeposits/TermDeposits. These are
bestif you wishtocreate a fundforyour child'seducationor marriage of your daughterorbuy a
car withoutloansorsave for the future.
 Under these type of deposits,the personhastousuallydepositafixedamountof moneyevery
month(usuallyaminimumof Rs,100/- p.m.). Any defaultinpaymentwithinthe monthattracts
a small penalty.
 However,some BanksbesidesofferingafixedinstallmentRD,have alsointroducedaflexible /
variable RD.Underthese flexibleRDsthe personisallowedtodepositevenhigheramountof
installments,withanupperlimitfixedforthe same e.g.10 timesof the minimumamount
agreedupon.
 RecurringDepositaccountsare normallyallowedformaturitiesrangingfrom6 monthsto 120
months.A Passbookisusuallyissuedwhereinthe personcangetthe entriesforall the deposits
made by him/ herand the interestearned.
 In case instalmentisdelayed,the interestpayable inthe accountwill be reducedandsome
nominal penaltychargedfordefaultinregularpayments.Premature withdrawalof accumulated
amountpermittedisusually allowed(however,penaltymaybe imposedforearlywithdrawals).
These accountscan be openedinsingle orjointnames.Nominationfacilityisalsoavailable.
 The RD interestratespaidbybanksinIndiaare usuallythe same aspayable onFixedDeposits,
exceptwhenspecificratesonFDsare paidfor particularnumberof dayse.g.500 days,555 days,
1111 days etc.i.e.these are notendingina quarter.
4. FIXED DEPOSITS ACCOUNT:
All BanksinIndia(includingSBI,PNB,BoB,BoI,Canara Bank,ICICIBank,Yes Bank etc.) Offerfixed
depositsschemeswithawide range of tenuresforperiodsfrom7 daysto 10 years.These are also
popularlyknownasFD accounts.However,insome other countriestheseare knownas"Term
Deposits"orevencalled"Bond". The term"fixed"inFixedDeposits(FD) denotesthe periodof
maturityor tenor.Therefore,the depositorsare supposedtocontinue suchFixedDepositsforthe
lengthof time forwhichthe depositordecidestokeepthe moneywiththe bank.
 However,incase of need,the depositorcanaskfor closing(orbreaking) the fixeddeposit
prematurelybypayingapenalty(usuallyof 1%,butsome bankseithercharge lessor no
penalty).
 Some banksintroducedvariable interestfixeddeposits. The rate of interestonsuchdeposits
keepsonvaryingwiththe prevalentmarketratesi.e.itwillgoupif marketinterestratesgoes
and itwill come downif the marketratesfall. However,suchtype of fixeddepositshasnot
beenpopulartill date.
 The rate of interestforFixedDepositsdiffersfrombanktobank(unlike earlierwhenthe same
were regulatedbyRBIand all banksusedto have the same interestrate structure.
 Usuallya bankFD is paidin lumpsum onthe date of maturity.
 Besidesabove fourtraditional accounts,there are some otheraccountswithsame featuresbut
a fewdifferentfeatures.

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Types ofLoan and Overdrafts
A bank overdraft isa limitonborrowingona bankcurrent account. With an overdraftthe amount
of borrowingmayvaryon a dailybasis.
A bank loan is a fixedamountfora fixedtermwithregularfixedrepayments.The interestonaloan
tendsto be lowerthanan overdraft.
Fillingupof Cheques,DemandDrafts
A Cheque isanimportantbankdocumentwhichisusedtomake paymentsandexchange funds
betweenpeopleandtwodifferentaccounts.A Cheque bookisissuedbyabankto a validaccount
holder.A Cheque bookusuallycontains5,10 or 20 leaves.Cheque booksthese daysalreadyhave
the importantdetails,suchasthe name of the Bank,branch address,IFSCcode,Accountholder’s
name and AccountNumberprintedoneachleaf.Thishasmade fillingoutaCheque,evenmore
convenient.
Followthese stepstocorrectlyfill upacheque.
1. Fill inthe date.This iscalledthe date of issue. Mentionthe correctdate in the top rightcolumn.It
isday, monthand yearinfigures. A cheque once issuedisvalidforthe next3months.
2. Write the name of the person/company(Payee) youwanttoaddressthe cheque to. Make sure
youspell the name inthe same way as itappearson the beneficiary’saccount.
3. It isadvisable tostrike out‘orbearer’at the endof the ‘payee’line. Thiswill ensure thatthe
cheque isencashedonlyto the personitisaddressedtoand notto just anyone whoholdsit.
4. Write the amountto be paidin wordsalongthe ‘Rupees’column.Strikealine afteryoufill inthe
amountin orderto preventanyalteration.
5. Rewrite the exactsame amountinfigures withinthe adjacentbox.
6. Put your signature above yourname toauthorize the transaction.Thisshouldbe the same or
closestlikenessof the signature specimenyouhave submittedtoyourbankwhile openingyour
account.
7. Sometimes,inordertosecure a cheque,youmaymark outtwo parallel lineswith‘AccountPayee
only’writteninthe middle,onthe topleftcornerof the cheque.Thisiscalled‘Crossingouta
Cheque’.Thismeansyourcheque will be paidintothe accountof the personbeingpaidand not to
the personholdingthe cheque forpaymentatthe counter.
8. To cancel a cheque mark‘CANCEL’inboldacross the face of the cheque andif possible,inform
the bank officialsormake anote of the cheque numberandrecordit as cancelled
A correctly filledoutcheque wouldlooklike the image below.