2. Chemistry - the study of matter and the changes
it undergoes
• Matter - anything that has mass and occupies space
3. STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER
• The Four States of MatterThe Four States of Matter
• Four StatesFour States
• SolidSolid
• LiquidLiquid
• GasGas
• PlasmaPlasma
4. STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
5. Atoms vs. MoleculesAtoms vs. Molecules
• Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
• Atom: smallest part of an element that is still that element.
• Molecule: Two or more atoms joined and acting as a unit.
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6. Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles
which are in continual random
motion.
7. STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids
are tightly packed,
vibrating about a
fixed position.
•Solids have a
definite shape and a
definite volume. Heat
8. STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
Particles of liquids
are tightly packed,
but are far enough
apart to slide over
one another.
Liquids have an
indefinite shape
and a definite
volume.
Heat
9. STATES OF MATTER
GAS
Particles of
gases are very
far apart and
move freely.
Gases have an
indefinite
shape and an
indefinite
volume.
Heat
10. PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Solid to
liquid
Melting
Heat goes
into the solid
as it melts.
Liquid
to solid
Freezing
Heat leaves
the liquid as
it freezes.
11. PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Liquid to
gas
Vaporization,
which
includes
boiling and
evaporation
Heat goes into the
liquid as it
vaporizes.
Gas to
liquid
Condensatio
n
Heat leaves the
gas as it
condenses.
Solid to
gas
Sublimation
Heat goes into the
solid as it
sublimates.
12. STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
A plasma is an
ionized gas.
A plasma is a
very good
conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
Plasmas, like
gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
• Plasma is the
common state
of matter
13. STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in
a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place
to place
Close together
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
Well separated
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
Has no definite
volume or shape
and is composed
of electrical
charged particles
21. Mixtures
• Have variable composition.
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Homogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Having visibly indistinguishable parts; solution.
Having visibly distinguishable parts.
22. Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?
– Pure water
– Gasoline
– Jar of jelly beans
– Soil
– Copper metal
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CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!
23. Physical Change
• Change in the form of a substance, not in its
chemical composition.
– Example: boiling or freezing water
• Can be used to separate a mixture into pure
compounds, but it will not break compounds into
elements.
– Distillation
– Filtration
– Chromatography
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24. Chemical Change
• A given substance becomes a new substance or
substances with different properties and different
composition.
– Example: Bunsen burner (methane reacts with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water)
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25. Which of the following are examples of a chemical
change?
– Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt
– Burning of wood
– Dissolving of sugar in water
– Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day
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CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!
27. • Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
• A molecule is a chemical combination of 2 or more
atoms (the same element or different elements)
• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of
elements.
28. • Pure Substance
– A sample of matter with a fixed composition and
distinct properties. It can be an element or a
compound (only one component)
– Compounds can be decomposed by chemical
processes
• Mixtures
– Combination of 2 or more substances in which each
retains their own chemical identity (and therefore
properties)
– Can be homogeneous or heterogeneous
– Can be decomposed by physical processes
