STATES OF MATTER

1. STATES OF MATTER &
CHANGES OF STATE
DR.MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR
maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com

2. MATTER
• Matter is any thing that is made
from atoms and molecules.
( Studios, 1995)

3. MATTER
• In physics, a state of matter is
one of the distinct forms in
which matter can exist. Four
states of matter are observable
in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas,
and plasma.

4. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

5. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
• The different states of matter may be
classified as follows :
• 1.Classical states
• 2.Non classical state
• 3.Low temperature state
• 4.High energy state
• 5.Very high energy state
• 6.Other proposed state

6. CLASSICAL STATE
• Include :
• 1. Solid
• 2. Liquid
• 3. Gas
• 4. Plasma

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC
STATES OF MATTER

8. NON CLASSICAL STATE
• Include :
• 1.Glass
• 2. Crsytal
• 3.Liquid crystal state
• 4.Transition metal
• 5. Magnetically ordered
• 6. Microphase separated

9. LOW TEMPERATURE STATES
• Includes:
• 1.Super fluid
• 2. Bose Einstein state
• 3. Fermonic condensate
• 4.Rydberg molecule
• 5.Quuantum hall state
• 6.Photonic matter
• 7. Dropleton

10. HIGH ENERGY STATES
• Includes:
• 1. Degerate matter
• 2.Quark matter
• 3.Colour glass condensate

11. VERY HIGH ENERGY STATES
• No current theory can describe
these states and they cannot be
produced with any foreseeable
experiment. However, these states
are important in cosmology because
the universe may have passed
through these states in the Big
Bang.

12. OTHER PROPOSED STATES
• Include:
• 1.String net liquid
• 2.Super glass
• 3.Super solid

13. SOLID
• In a solid, constituent particles
(ions, atoms, or molecules) are
closely packed together. The forces
between particles are so strong that
the particles cannot move freely but
can only vibrate.

14. • As a result, a solid has a stable,
definite shape, and a definite
volume.
• Solids can only change their shape
by an outside force, as when broken
or cut.

15. MOLECULAR ARRANGEMENT
IN SOLID

16. • In crystalline solids, the particles
(atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed
in a regularly ordered, repeating
pattern.
• There are various different crystal
structures, and the same substance can
have more than one structure (or solid
phase).

17. • For example, iron has a body-centred
cubic structure at temperatures below
912 °C (1,674 °F), and a face-centred
cubic structure between 912 and
1,394 °C (2,541 °F).
• Ice has fifteen known crystal structures,
or fifteen solid phases, which exist at
various temperatures and pressures.

18. LIQUID
• A liquid is a nearly
incompressible fluid that conforms to
the shape of its container but retains a
(nearly) constant volume independent
of pressure.
• The volume is definite if
the temperature and pressure are
constant.

19. • When a solid is heated above its melting
point, it becomes liquid, given that the
pressure is higher than the triple
point of the substance.
• Intermolecular (or inter atomic or inter
ionic) forces are still important, but the
molecules have enough energy to move
relative to each other and the structure
is mobile.

20. MOLCULAR ARRANGEMENT
IN LIQUID

21. • This means that the shape of a liquid is
not definite but is determined by its
container. The volume is usually greater
than that of the corresponding solid, the
best known exception being water, H2O.
• The highest temperature at which a
given liquid can exist is its critical
temperature.

22. GAS
• A gas is a compressible fluid. Not
only will a gas conform to the shape
of its container but it will also
expand to fill the container.

23. • In a gas, the molecules have
enough kinetic energy so that the effect
of intermolecular forces is small (or zero
for an ideal gas), and the typical
distance between neighboring
molecules is much greater than the
molecular size.
• A gas has no definite shape or volume,
but occupies the entire container in
which it is confined.

24. MOLECULAR ARRANGEMENT
IN GAS

25. • A liquid may be converted to a gas
by heating at constant pressure to
the boiling point, or else by
reducing the pressure at constant
temperature.

26. • At temperatures below its critical
temperature, a gas is also called
a vapor, and can be liquefied by
compression alone without cooling.
• A vapor can exist in equilibrium
with a liquid (or solid), in which case
the gas pressure equals the vapor
pressure of the liquid (or solid).

27. • A supercritical fluid has the physical
properties of a gas, but its high
density confers solvent properties in
some cases, which leads to useful
applications.
• For example, supercritical carbon
dioxide is used to extract caffeine in
the manufacture
of decaffeinated coffee.

28. • A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a gas
whose temperature and pressure
are above the critical temperature
and critical pressure respectively.
• In this state, the distinction
between liquid and gas disappears

29. PLASMA
• Plasma does not have definite
shape or volume.
• Unlike gases, plasmas are
electrically conductive, produce
magnetic fields and electric
currents, and respond strongly to
electromagnetic forces

30. • Positively charged nuclei swim in a
"sea" of freely-moving disassociated
electrons, similar to the way such
charges exist in conductive metal,
where this electron "sea" allows
matter in the plasma state to
conduct electricity.

31. MOLECULAR
ARRANGEMENT IN PLASMA

32. • A gas can be converted to a plasma in
one of two ways, e.g., either from a
huge voltage difference between two
points, or by exposing it to extremely
high temperatures.
• Heating matter to high temperatures
causes electrons to leave the atoms,
resulting in the presence of free
electrons

33. • This creates a so-called partially ionised
plasma. At very high temperatures, such
as those present in stars, it is assumed
that essentially all electrons are "free",
and that a very high-energy plasma is
essentially bare nuclei swimming in a
sea of electrons.
• This forms the so-called fully ionised
plasma.

34. NON CLASSICAL STATE
• GLASS
• CRYSTAL
• TRANSITION METAL
• MICRO PHASE SEPARATED

35. GLASS
• Glass is a non-crystalline or amorphous
solid material that exhibits a glass
transition when heated towards the
liquid state.

36. • Glasses can be made of quite
different classes of materials such as
inorganic networks (such as window
glass, made of silicate plus
additives), metallic alloys, ionic
melts, aqueous solutions, molecular
liquids, and polymers.

37. • Thermodynamically, a glass is in
a metastable state with respect to
its crystalline counterpart.
• The conversion rate, however, is
practically zero.

38. CRYSTALS WITH SOME DEGREE
OF DISORDER
• A plastic crystal is a molecular solid with
long-range positional order but with
constituent molecules retaining
rotational freedom; in an orientational
glass this degree of freedom is frozen in
a quenched disordered state.
• Similarly, in a spin glass magnetic
disorder is frozen.

39. LIQUID CRSYATAL
• Liquid crystal states have
properties intermediate
between mobile liquids and
ordered solids.
• They are able to flow like a
liquid, but exhibiting long-range
order

40. • For example, the nematic phase consists
of long rod-like molecules such as para-
azoxyanisole, which is nematic in the
temperature range 118–136 °C (244–
277 °F).
• In this state the molecules flow as in a
liquid, but they all point in the same
direction (within each domain) and
cannot rotate freely. Like a crystalline
solid, but unlike a liquid, liquid crystals
react to polarized light.

41. • Other types of liquid crystals are
described in the main article on
these states.
• Several types have technological
importance, for example, in liquid
crystal displays.

42. TRANSITION METAL
• atoms often have magnetic
moments due to the net spin of
electrons that remain unpaired and do
not form chemical bonds.
• In some solids the magnetic moments
on different atoms are ordered and can
form a ferromagnet, an antiferromagnet
or a ferrimagnet.

43. • In a ferromagnet—for instance,
solid iron—the magnetic moment
on each atom is aligned in the same
direction (within a magnetic
domain).
• If the domains are also aligned, the
solid is a permanent magnet, which
is magnetic even in the absence of
an external magnetic field.

44. • The magnetization disappears
when the magnet is heated to
the Curie point, which for iron is
768 °C (1,414 °F).

45. • An antiferromagnet has two networks
of equal and opposite magnetic
moments, which cancel each other
out so that the net magnetization is
zero.
• For example, in nickel(II) oxide (NiO),
half the nickel atoms have moments
aligned in one direction and half in
the opposite direction.

46. MICRO PHASE SEPARATED
• Matters can undergo microphase
separation to form a diverse array of
periodic nanostructures, as shown in
the example of the styrene-butadiene-
styrene block copolymer .
• Microphase separation can be
understood by analogy to the phase
separation between oil and water.

47. • Due to chemical incompatibility
between the blocks, block copolymers
undergo a similar phase separation.
• However, because the blocks
are covalently bonded to each other,
they cannot demix macroscopically as
water and oil can, and so instead the
blocks form nanometer-sized
structures.

48. • Depending on the relative
lengths of each block and the
overall block topology of the
polymer, many morphologies
can be obtained, each its own
phase of matter.

49. LOW TEMPERATURE STATES
• SUPER FLUID
• BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
• FERMIONIC CONDENSATE
• RYDBERG MOLECULE
• QUANTUM HALL STATE
• PHOTONIC MATTER
• DROPLETON

50. SUPER FLUID
• Close to absolute zero, some liquids form a
second liquid state described
as superfluid because it has
zero viscosity (or infinite fluidity; i.e.,
flowing without friction).
• This was discovered in 1937 for helium,
which forms a superfluid below the lambda
temperature of 2.17 K (−270.98 °C;
−455.76 °F).

51. • In this state it will attempt to
"climb" out of its container. It also
has infinite thermal conductivity so
that no temperature gradient can
form in a superfluid.
• Placing a superfluid in a spinning
container will result in quantized
vortices.

52. BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
• In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra
Nath Bose predicted the "Bose–Einstein
condensate" (BEC), sometimes referred to
as the fifth state of matter.
• In a BEC, matter stops behaving as
independent particles, and collapses into
a single quantum state that can be
described with a single, uniform wave
function.

53. • A Bose–Einstein condensate is
"colder" than a solid.
• It may occur when atoms have very
similar (or the same) quantum
levels, at temperatures very close
to absolute zero, −273.15 °C
(−459.67 °F).

54. FERMIONIC CONDENSATE
• A fermionic condensate is similar to the
Bose–Einstein condensate but
composed of fermions.
• The Pauli exclusion principle prevents
fermions from entering the same
quantum state, but a pair of fermions
can behave as a boson, and multiple
such pairs can then enter the same
quantum state without restriction.

55. RYDBERG MOLECULE
• One of the metastable states of
strongly non-ideal plasma
is Rydberg matter, which forms
upon condensation of excited
atoms.
• These atoms can also turn
into ions and electrons if they reach
a certain temperature.

56. QUANTUM HALL STATE
• A quantum Hall state gives rise to
quantized Hall voltage measured in the
direction perpendicular to the current
flow.
• A quantum spin Hall state is a
theoretical phase that may pave the
way for the development of electronic
devices that dissipate less energy and
generate less heat. This is a derivation
of the Quantum Hall state of matter.

57. PHOTONIC MATTER
• Photonic matter is a phenomenon
where photons interacting with a gas
develop apparent mass, and can interact
with each other, even forming photonic
"molecules".
• The source of mass is the gas, which is
massive. This is in contrast to photons
moving in empty space, which have
no rest mass, and cannot interact.

58. DROPLETON
• A "quantum fog" of electrons
and holes that flow around each
other and even ripple like a
liquid, rather than existing as
discrete pairs

59. HIGH ENERGY STATES
• DEGENERATE MATTER
• QUARK MATTER
• COLOR-GLASS CONDENSATE

60. DEGENERATE MATTER
• In physics, "degenerate" refers to
two states that have the same
energy and are thus
interchangeable.
• Unlike regular plasma, degenerate
plasma expands little when heated,
because there are simply no
momentum states left.

61. • Under extremely high pressure, as
in the cores of dead stars, ordinary
matter undergoes a transition to a
series of exotic states of matter
collectively known as degenerate
matter, which are supported mainly
by quantum mechanical effects.

62. QUARK MATTER
• Quark matter or quantum
chromodynanamical (QCD) matter is a group
of phases where the strong force is overcome
and quarks are deconfined and free to move.
• Quark matter phases occur at extremely high
densities or temperatures, and there are no
known ways to produce them in equilibrium
in the laboratory; in ordinary conditions, any
quark matter formed immediately undergoes
radioactive decay.

63. • In regular cold matter, quarks,
fundamental particles of nuclear
matter, are confined by the strong
force into hadrons that consist of 2–
4 quarks, such as protons and
neutrons.

64. COLOR-GLASS CONDENSATE
• Colour-glass condensate is a type of
matter theorized to exist in atomic
nuclei traveling near the speed of
light.
• According to Einstein's theory of
relativity, a high-energy nucleus
appears length contracted, or
compressed, along its direction of
motion

65. VERY HIGH ENERGY STATES
• Various theories predict new states
of matter at very high energies. An
unknown state has created
the baryon asymmetry in the
universe, but little is known about.

66. OTHER PROPOSED STATES
• STRING-NET LIQUID
• SUPERGLASS
• SUPER SOLID

67. SRING NET LIQUID
• In a string-net liquid, atoms have
apparently unstable arrangement, like a
liquid, but are still consistent in overall
pattern, like a solid.
• When in a normal solid state, the atoms
of matter align themselves in a grid
pattern, so that the spin of any electron
is the opposite of the spin of all
electrons touching it.

68. • But in a string-net liquid, atoms are
arranged in some pattern that
requires some electrons to have
neighbors with the same spin.
• This gives rise to curious properties,
as well as supporting some unusual
proposals about the fundamental
conditions of the universe itself.

69. SUPER SOLID
• A supersolid is a spatially ordered
material (that is, a solid or crystal)
with superfluid properties.
• to a superfluid, a supersolid is able
to move without friction but retains
a rigid shape.

70. • Although a supersolid is a solid, it
exhibits so many characteristic
properties different from other
solids that many argue it is another
state of matter.

71. SUPER GLASS
• A superglass is a phase of matter
characterized, at the same time,
by superfluidity and a frozen
amorphous structure.

72. CHANGE OF STATE
• The state or phase of a given set of matter
can change depending
on pressure and temperature conditions,
transitioning to other phases as these
conditions change to favor their existence;
for example, solid transitions to liquid with
an increase in temperature.
• Near absolute zero, a substance exists as
a solid.

74. • As heat is added to this substance it
melts into a liquid at its melting
point, boils into a gas at its boiling
point, and if heated high enough
would enter a plasma state in which
the electrons are so energized that
they leave their parent atoms.

76. PHASE TRANSITION
• A phase transition indicates a
change in structure and can be
recognized by an abrupt change in
properties.
• A state of matter is also
characterized by phase transitions.

77. ENTHALPY OF SYSTEM

78. • When the change of state occurs in
stages the intermediate steps are
called mesophases.
• Such phases have been exploited by
the introduction of liquid
crystal technology.

79. PHASE TRANSITION

80. • The appearance of
superconductivity is associated with
a phase transition, so there
are superconductive states

81. THANK YOU