A Brief Review On Niosomes.Pdf

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.11 Issue 5 May 2017
Siddharth C Jain et al / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2017,11(5),450--458
450--458
Review Article
ISSN: 0974-6943
Available online through
http://jprsolutions.info
1.INTRODUCTION
Niosomes are the vesicles made by the nonionic surfactants
formulated by hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or
without integration of cholesterol or other lipids. These are vesicular
systems which are highly similar to liposomes vesicles with the
intention to be used as drugs carriers which are amphiphilic or
lipophilic.
Paul Ehrlich, in 1909, startedan era in formulation of targeted delivery
wherein he envisaged a new drug delivery mechanism in which the
diseased cells are targeted directly. Niosomes and liposomes are
equally active potential of drug delivery and drug efficacyincreases
in both as compared with that of free drug. Niosomes are extremely
preferred over liposomes, due to the former exhibits a high chemical
stabilityand an economic process. Surfactants used in the formulation
of niosomes are basically biodegradable, biocompatible and non
immunogenic activity. Incorporating of these surfactants into
niosomes increases the efficacy of the drug, such as NSAIDS and
A Brief Review On Niosomes
SiddharthC Jain, DVGowda*, N. Vishal Gupta, P.K. Kulkarni
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysore, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara
University, JSS Medical Institutions Campus, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysore – 570015, Karnataka, India.
Received on:11-04-2017; Revised on: 28-04-2017;Accepted on: 16-05-2017
ABSTRACT
Controlled release drug products are highly used for the formation and maintenance of whichever concentration needed at target site for
longer duration oftime, and this drug targeting method named as Niosomes. The niosomal vesicles are basically nonionic surfactant based
unilamellar (single) or multilamellar (multiple) carriers where in an aqueous solution ofsolute is totally enclosed bya membrane due to the
arrangement of surfactant macromolecules as bilayer, thus emerging as a class ofnovel vesicular systems. Niosomes are currently the major
alternative to liposomes as niosome being stable and economic. They potentiate the pharmacological action of the drug molecules by
delaying the clearance ofthe drug from the circulation, shielding the drug from harsh biological environment and restricting the effects only
to the target cells. This article aim to provide a brief knowledge about current advances made in niosome drug delivery system, various
formulation methods, along with techniques of characterization, its applications and the current research made in the study of niosomes.
KEY WORDS: Niosomes, application, preparation
*Corresponding author
Dr. D.V.Gowda
Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
JSS College of Pharmacy,
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University,
Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
others. These niosomes are regarded either as a lowcost and best
alternative to liposomes or perhaps as a drug carrier system which is
physicallysimilar to liposome in vivo, with high explicit properties to
attain the different release characteristics of the drugs and its
distribution.[1-4]
1.1. Types of niosomes:
i) Niosomes made by bola surfactants:
niosomes prepared by the surfactants, and which are composed of
omegahexadecylbis(1aza18 crown6) (bola surfactant): span 80/
cholesterol in 2:3:1 molar ratio.[5]
ii) Proniosomes:
Proniosomes are the niosomal preparation excluding vesicles and
surfactants, the proniosome have been hydrated before being used
in the formulation of aqueous noisomal dispersion. The proniosomes
helps in decreasing the leaking, aggregation and binding problem
linked with niosomal preparation.[6]
iii) Aspasome
Aspasome is a nano carriers it formulated by addition of highly
charged mixtures like cholesterol, palmitate, and lipid diacetyl
phosphate. Niosomes are prepared byprimarily involving aspasomes
to hydrate with water or aqueous solution and later sonicated.

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Aspasomes are highly been used to increase the penetration of drugs
into the skin in transdermal drug delivery system. Aspasomes have
gained importance for decreasing the disorders caused by reactive
oxygen species (ROS) because of antioxidant property which is
inbuilt.[7]
iv) Niosome incorporated with carbopol gel
The noisomes are prepared using the mixture of spans, cholesterol
and drug. The formulation of niosomes obtained were later fused
into the base containing the glycerol (30% w/w) carbopol934 gel
(1%w/w) and propylene glycol{PEG}(10% w/w). Thus helps in more
efficient handling and stability of the system.[5]
v) Vesicles in water and oil system (v/w/o):
When aqueous niosomes are emulsified in an oil phase shows in the
formation of nanocarrier in water in oil emulsion (v/w/o). Which by
cooling to room temperature forms nano vesicles in water in oil gel
(v/w/o gel)? The v/w/o gel for the controlled releaseofdrug or protein
the obtained gel can capture the proteinous drug or drug which is
protected from degradation byenzyme after administering orally.[8]
eg: suspension formulated bythe mixture of sorbitol monostearate,
cholesterol, and solulan C24.
vi) Niosomes of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose {HPMC}:
For this type of formulation, a base was first prepared by using 10
percentages HPMC was and later niosomes were incorporated in it
wherein in this system the bioavailabilityof the drugs was found to
be higher.[9,10]
Advantages of Niosomes[11]
:
1. The niosome is increase the oral bioavailability drugs which are
poorly absorbed and improve drugs to penetrate skin.
2. The aqueous niosomes can be emulsified in a nonaqueous phase
which helps in regulation the drug deliveryrate, in which the vesicle
are in external nonaqueous phase.
3. There infrastructure mainlyconsists oflipophilic, amphiphilic and
hydrophilic moieties together and as a consequence a large number
of drug molecules can be accommodated with a wide range of
solubilities.
4. The vesicles can be made to act as a depot, wherein which a
controlled release of the drug is possible.
5. Theycan be used in targeted drug deliveryaction byoral, parenteral
as well as topical routes.
6. This nano niosomes drug delivery carriers are osmoticallyactive
and it also shows greater stability.
7. This system increases the activity of the drug molecules by
postponing circulation by clearance, thus providing in defence of
the drug from biological environment.
8. The characteristics such as changing the vesicle composition,
lamellarity, size, surface charge, tapped volume and concentration
may be used to control the vesicle performance.
9. No particular condition is necessary for working with and storing
of niosomal formulations.
10. The use of niosomal vesicle system in cosmetics and other
therapeutic activities may show various advantages.
2.COMPARISONOFNIOSOMESWITHLIPOSOMES
Niosomes is largely accepted as a substitute of liposomes that display
few disadvantages like being expensive; ingredients such as
phospholipids get predisposed to degradation oxidatively, natural
phospholipids have a purity that is changeable thus need specific
storage conditions and handling methods. Singlechain uncharged
surfactants and cholesterol are used for the preparation of niosomes
whereas doublechain phospholipids that are neutral or charged are
used for the preparation of liposomes.
Inside the body, niosomes behave like liposomes, such as it prolongs
the entrapped drug circulation and alters its organ distribution and
stability metabolically. This kind of drug carrier vesicular systems
changes the kinetics of plasma clearance, distribution of tissues,
cellular interaction of drugs and its metabolism. Therefore become
the best choice for controlled release and tragetted drug delivery
system.[12,13]
2.1. Structural composition of niosomes:
a. Surfactants:
A large variety of surface active agents along with its wide range of
arrangements in different molar ratios are been utilized to entrap
drugs in niosomes of different sizes.[14]
b. Ether linked surfactants:
They are polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers that contain hydrophobic
and hydrophilic components that are linked with a ether linkage. The
formula for this group is Cn
EOm
, where n might be between 1217 and
m can be 37. For example: C16 monoalkyl glycerol ether (surfactant
ofSingle alkyl chain) with about three units of glycerol in it is perfect
for the preparing niosomes. Polyoxyethylene 4lauryl ether (Brij30)
having a HLBvalue of 9.7, the phase transition temperature <1000
C,
is not used for formulating some of the drugs along with salicylates,
iodides, phenolic substances, mercuric salts, tannins and
sulfonamides that causes oxidation which mostly discolours the
products. Brij58 (Polyoxyethylene cetyl ethers) and Brij72&76
(Polyoxyethylene stearyl ethers) have been used for preparation of
niosomes[15,16]
.
c. Surfactants linked with esters:
These surfactants are linked with esters between hydrophobic along
with hydrophilic moieties and are used for preparing and delivering

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sodium stibogluconate to investigational marine Visceral
Leishmaniasis(VL).[17]
d. Sorbitan Esters:
These kinds of esterlinkedsurfactants are highly used in the food
industry. They have also been used in entrapment of wide range of
drugs.[18]
e. Alkyl Amides:
Alkyl Amides are alkyl glucosides and galactosides that have
integrated spacers of amino acids. Generally these alkyl groups have
full or partially saturated C12 to C22 hydrocarbons.
f. Fatty Acids and Amino Acid Compounds:
These amino acids compounds bywhich addition ofalkyl side chains
(hydrophobic) and fatty acids (long chain) are made amphiphilic
giving rise toform “Ufasomes”, which arefattyacid bilayered vesicles.
g. Cholesterol:
Cholesterol which is a waxysteroidal metabolite is typically added to
the surfactants that are nonionic in nature and provides orientation
order and rigidity. Cholesterol is amphiphilic in nature; therefore it
aligns its OH group in the direction of aliphatic chain and aqueous
phase towards hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant. Rigidisation is
obtained by arranging alternatively of the rigid steroidal skeleton
with the surface active molecules in doublelayer of the vesicle, thus
hindering carbon movement of the hydrocarbon. Furthermore
cholesterol is wellknown to prevent leaking bychanging the fluidity
with the help of abolishing gel to the liquid phase transition.[19]
h. Charge Inducers:
The vesicle stability is increased by the Charge inducers, by the
induction of charge on the vesicular surface. It operates by
prevention of the union of vesicles as a result of repelling forces
present on the surface by the equal charge and provides higher zeta
potential. The normally used inducers of negative charge are
dihexadecyl phosphate and dicetyl phosphate and inducers of
positive charge are cetyl pyridinium chloride and sterylamine.[20,21]
2.2. Methods of preparation of niosomes:
The different processes which can be used for noisome preparation
are:
1. Ether injection method
2. Thin film hydration technique
3. Sonication method
4. Reverse phase evaporation technique (REV)
5. Microfluidization
6. Multiple membrane extrusion method
7. Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process
8. Bubble method
9. Formation of niosomes from proniosomes
1. Ether injection method:
The method helps in niosomes preparation by introducing a solution
slowly made by dissolving diethyl ether (which is volatile organic
solvent) and surfactant, pouring this solution in warm water taken at
600
±0.50
C. The resultant mixture is then injected through a 14 gauge
needle in the aqueous solution. Vaporization of the ether will lead to
development of vesicles of single with diameter of the range from 50
to 800 nm[22,23]
.
Eg. Nimesulide[24]
, Acyclovir[25]
2. Thin Film Hydration:
All vesicles forming components namelycharge inducers; cholesterol
and surfactant which are vesicle forming components are taken in a
RBF and dissolved in organic solvent which is highly volatile. The
dried film was hydrated by moderate stirring using aqueous phase
which yields formation ofnoisome. Tothe aqueous phasehydrophilic
drugs and to organic phase hydrophobic drugs are added.[26,27]
Eg: zidovudine[28]
,gentamicin sulphate[29]
3. Sonication method:
Mixture of surfactantcholesterol dispersion is the aqueous phase
is starting step of this method. To yield MLV above dispersion is
sonicated using probe sonicator for 10min at temperature of 60°
c. For
ULV, MLV are against ultra sonicated by means of either probe
sonicator or bath sonicator.[30]
Eg: heamoglobin[31]
, tyloxapol[32]
4. Reverse phase evaporation technique (REV):
In ether and chloroform mixture, themixture cholesterol andsurfactant
in the ratio of 1:1 is dissolved. Aqueous phase is taken and a drug is
dissolved and this is called to the above mention mixture which is
sonicated at temperature of 46°c. Using PBS the suspension of
niosomes is diluted and it is heated at 60°c using a water bath for a
period of 10min which yield niosomes. PBS is added to the resulting
product and further sonicated under low pressure organic phase is
removed at 4045°c. The resultant viscous niosome suspension was
diluted with the use of PBS and heated on a water bath 60°c about
10min to yield niosomes[33]
.
Eg : hyaluronic acid [34]
,acetazolamide [35]
.
5. Microfludisation:
Microfluidization modern procedure to measurlydevelop the small
multi laminar vesicle in order to force the fluid through 5μm screen at
a pressure of 10000pis a pump with micro fluidizer is utilized.After
passing through 5μm screen is compile to pass through a micro
channel resulting in collision of2 fluid streams i.e.,surfactant solution
and lipids at right angles in efficient energy transfer. This process
yields niosomes which are small and uniform in nature.[36,37]
6. Multiple membrane extrusion method:
Niosomes are decreased size by forcing them to pass through a pore

450--458
filter. Membrane filter is helpful in production of large uni lamellar
vesicles and multi lamellar vesicles. It is found that this method is
helpful in controlling size of niosomal formulation.[38]
7. Transmembrane pH gradient (inside acidic) drug uptake process
(remote loading):
This method is done by dissolving cholesterol and surfactant in
chloroform. The organic solvent is reordered to obtain a thin film of
surfactant cholesterol mixture on RBF wall the solvent in which the
mixture is dissolved is evaporated under low pressure. The MLV’s
formed are freeze thawed for three times which are then subjected to
sonication. The aqueous solution of the drug of concentration 10mg/
ml is added to suspension of niosomes and vortexed. Using disodium
phosphate solution of 1M the products pH is made to somewhat
neutral. To yield niosomes the obtained mixture is further heated at
temperature of 600
C.[39]
8. The “Bubble” Method:
Niosomes are prepared using the new technique that is bubble method
by single step with the help of the organic solvents. In order to alter
thetemperature thebubblingiscarried in round bottomed flaskhaving
three necks. In the first neck refluxed with cold water, in the second
thermometer is placed and through third neck nitrogen (N2) is
supplied. The buffer of pH 7.4 dispersed with Cholesterol and
surfactant together is heated to 70°C, the above mixture is
homogenised by using high shear homogenizer for 20 seconds and
immediatelybubbling is done at 70°C with the help ofnitrogen gas to
obtain niosomes.[40]
9. Preparation of niosomes from proniosomes:
To produce niosomes the final step is to coat the carrier which is
soluble in water for example glucitol with surfaceacting agents. The
dry formulation is obtained by this technique. Where each paticle
which is soluble in water is coated with a surfactant which is thin film
and dry. This formulation is called as “Proniosomes”.[41]
Eg : Nateglinidemaltodextrin complex[42]
3. CHARACTERIZATION AND ASPECTS AFFECTING
FORMATIONOFNIOSOMES
3.1. Nature of surfactants
The prepared niosomes should possess lipophobic head and
lipophilic tail. Compared to subsequent chain of dialkylether is less
lethal than mono chain of alkyl which is a surfactant of ether type
along with lipophilic tail. The ether type of surfactants are more
chemically stable than the ester type due to the formation of fatty
acid and triflycerides byesterases enzyme in invivo[43]
. Generallythe
alkyl chain length of surfactants with the range ofC12C18 are most
appropriate for formation of noisome.[44,45]
3.2. Structural property of surfactants
Design of the vesicle is affected by the structure formed by the
surfactants, which is associated to serious packing factors.
Foundation of these factors, the surfactants geometryto be made on
the vesicle could be predicated. Critical packing parameters can be
explained using the below formula,
CPP (Critical Packing Parameters) =v /lc*aó
where v = volume of hydrophobic group,lc = the length of critical
hydrophobic group,
aó = the area of hydrophilic head group.
From the value obtained by critical packing parameter formula the
type of miceller structure to be formed can be predicted as mentioned
below,
If CPP< ½ then formation of spherical micelles,
If½ < CPP < 1 formation ofbilayer micelles,
IfCPP > 1 formation inverted micelles.[46]
3.3.Composition of membrane
The bilayer surface of the niosomes were influenced directly by the
charge and rigidity properties like physicchemico propertyof the
drug present in the encapsulated form. The increase of vesicle size
due to repulsion in the bilayers of the surfactants is created due to
interaction of the drug and and charged heads of surfactants.[47]
3.4. Nature of encapsulated drug
The encapsulated drugs physicochemico properties directly
influence the rigidity and charge of the niosome bilayer surface. The
drug interacts with head groups of the surfactant and charge gets
formed which creates a mutual repulsion between the surfactant
bilayers thus vesicle size increases.[48]
3.5. Temperature of hydration
Niosomes formed will be directly influenced by the shape and size
due to hydration temperature. The systems temperature must be
higher than the gel phase to liquid phase transition which affects the
vesicular shape and even affects the organisation of the surfactants
inside the vesicle.[49]
3.6. Bilayer formation
Bilayer vesicle assembly of nonionic surfactants can be elucidated
by Xcross pattern obtained by light diffraction microscope.[50]
3.7. Number of lamellae
By adopting electron microscope, NMR spectroscopy or by use of
Xray scattering , they can be used to determine the number of
lamellae.[51]
3.8. Membrane rigidity:
Byutilizing temperature ofthe probe fluorescence of motility is used
to measure the in complaints of the membrane.[50]

450--458
3.9. Vesicle diameter:
By using the freeze fracture electron microscope we can determine
the diameter of niosomes, photon correlation microscope, light
microscope or freeze and thaw method(maintaining the vesicle
suspension for 24hrs at sub zero temperature i.e. 200
C) and later
heated to the atmospheric temperature.[52]
3.10. In-vitro release:
The tube dialysis implementation mentions the rate ofsteady release
by invitro method. Where sac is used for dialysis is cleaned by
washing and dipping in the distilled water. Abag like sac is prepared
along with the tubing and sealed it after suspension of niosomal
vesiclespippettedinto it and thebag is kept in 200ml ofbuffer solution
in 250ml beakerand stirring is done bymaintainingtemperature at 250
/370
C.[53]
3.11. Stability studies:
This studies were conducted to the niosomes by keeping them in a
storage condition at two various states i.e at 4±10
and 25±20
C. before
and after storing the formulation about 30days the vesicles are being
evaluated for shape, size and vesicle number present for cubic mm.
haemocytometer is used to measure the vesicle number present in
cubic mm and even vesicle size by using light microscope. No. of
niosomes per cubic mm=400*total no. of niosomes* DF(factor of
dilution) No. of total small squares counted.[54]
3.12. Vesicle surface charge:
To prevent vesicle aggregation the charged molecules are added to
the bilayer to prepare niosomes. Zeta potential is a term used to
express charge on the vesicle and Henry’s equation is used to
calculate it.[55]
£ =s/”
Where,
£ Zeta potential, μE Electrophoretic mobility, sViscosityofmedium
and “ Dielectric constant
3.13. Entrapment efficiency (EE)
The entrapment efficiency(EE) can be expressed as,
(% EE) = (Amount of drug entrapped/ total amount of drug) x 100.
It can be determined following the partition of drug unentrapped, by
total distruction ofvesicle with the use of either 1ml of 2.5% sodium
lauryl sulphate or 50% npropanol. Which is later blended and
centrifuged, After which the resultant supernatant obtained is
evaluated for drug by using sufficient dilutions.[56]
tween series containing long chain alkyl group in mixture with
cholesterol at 1:1 ratiocomprises the maximum entrapment efficiency
for water soluble drugs.[57]
HLB value of surfactants directly affects
entrapment efficiency. here14 to 18 HLB value is not preferred for
these niosomes but it has seen that 8.6 HLB value has shown the
maximum entrapment efficiencyand alsoentrapment efficiencywas
decreased with decrease from 8.6 to 1.730 in HLB value.[58]
3.13.3.Cholesterol contents
The cholesterol inclusion into the bilayer of the vesicle helps in
induction of membrane stabilizing activityin the niosomes and thus
leakiness of membrane is decreased. Thus, increases entrapment
efficiency. The permeability of 5, 6carboxyflourescein (CF) is seen
to be reduced by more than ten times due to incorporation of
cholesterol in the vesicle bilayer.[59]
4.NIOSOMESAPPLICATION
The application of niosomes is largely spread which can also be
used to treat a various diseases.
4.1. Niosomes as Drug Carriers
Niosomes is seen to be used for iobitridol loaded carrier, Which is a
diagnostic agent utilized in Xray imaging. It can act as penetration
enhancers, as a local depot for sustained release of topically active
compounds, as solubilization matrix, or as ratelimiting membrane
barrier for increasing absorption efficiencyof drugs through topical
route into the blood circulation.
4.2. Drug Targetting
the most impactful use of niosomes is its talent to deliver drugs at its
target site. Niosomes can be helpful in targeting the drugs which
have to be restricted only to reticuloendothelial system(RES) where
it selectively takes up niosomal vesicles. This uptake of the niosomes
can be manipulated by using the circulating serum factors namely
opsonins. Theseopsonins helps in marking the clearance ofniosome.
This action of localization of drugs loaded niosomes is helpful to
treat animals with tumours of well observed metastasize of the liver
and spleen. In this type of localization is also useful in treating the
parasitic infections of liver. Niosomes is even helpful in the targeted
drugs delivery to organs which are other than the RES. Where the
carrier system (like antibodies) is binded to the niosomes (because
immunoglobulin’s have high affinityfor the lipid surface present in
niosome) thus, helping in targetting them todifferent specific organs.
4.3. Anti-Cancer Treatment
The anticancer (antineoplastic) drugs contain many side effects.
Where in which niosomes can be used to change the drugs half life;
prolong the distribution and alter the metabolism, thus helping in
reducing the side effects caused by the drugs. Niosomes contain
certain beneficial properties in which they decrease the time taken
The entrapment efficiency is affected by the head being hydrophilic
and length of the nonionic surfactants chain. The surfactants of
3.13.1. Following factors affect the entrapment efficiency.
3.13.2. Surfactants

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for proliferation of cancerous cells, due to presence of the drug for a
longer duration of time byslow elimination of it.
4.4. Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis infection is caused by the parasite namely as genus
Leishmania which infiltrates the cells of the spleen and liver. Test
study conducted by the use of niosomes showcased that it was
possible to give higher levels of the drug without triggering the side
effects of it, and thus provides greater effectiveness of the treatment.
4.5. Peptide Drugs Delivery
Application of niosomes has also shown that peptides can be
protected from the peptide breakdown in gastrointestinal track by
fewenzymes. For examplein an invitrostudyconducted for delivering
vasopressin drug through oral delivery system by entrapment in
niosomes significantly provides protection from breakdown thus
increasing the integrity of the peptides.
4.6. In Immune Response Study
Due to its properties of high stability, lowtoxicityand immunological
selection, these niosomes can be used to understand the property of
the immunal response initiated byantigens. The abilityof niosomes
have been confirmed, by its activity to function as an adjuvant
treatment in the companyofthe I.Vadministration along with various
peptides and antigens.
4.7. As Haemoglobin Carriers
Niosomes can be utilized as haemoglobin carriers inside the blood.
Its vesicular structure is such that its permeable for oxygen molecules,
therefore can be used in anaemic patients as a transporter of oxygen
and haemoglobin.
4.8. Other Uses Are
a) Sustained Release Action
Niosomes ability of sustained release can be used for drugs which
as low water solubility and low therapeutic index, where niosomes
formulation helps in controlled releaseof the drug into thecirculation.
b) Localized Action Of Drug
localized action of the drug can be achieved by niosomal drug
delivery system, where iby nature of its size and low penetrability
through connective tissue and epithelium and helps in keeping the
localized action of the drug at the administrated site.[60-63]
c) Niosomes As Transdermal drugs delivery
The penetration rate increases with the use of Transdermal drug
deliverysystem (TDDS) incorporated with the niosomes as its shows
a delayed drug penetration through the skin.[64]
d)Diagnostic imaging with niosomes
As mentioned previously the niosomal method can be used as
diagnostic agents. Here a studyof conjugated niosomal formulation
of gadobenate dimeglumine( a paramagnetic agent used for
diagnosis) with Npalmitoylglucosamine (NPG), PEG4400, where
PEG and NPG exhibit better tumor targeting of the paramagnetic
agent incorporated in it which is later assessed by using MR
imaging.[65]
e)Ophthalmic drug delivery
Due to the tear production in the eye it is difficult toattain appropriate
bioavailablitywith conventional dosage form for ocular drug delivery
like ointments, eye drops and suspensions. Which show
impermeability through corneal epithelium, less time of transient
residence and non productive absorption. But with the use of
niosomes better bioavailability can be achieved. [66]
Drugs Application Biological activity Method of preparation
Indomethacin Enhanced inhibition of
platelet aggregation Antiplatelet activity Lipid hydration method
Hyaluronic acid Improve Endocytosis Tumor therapy Emulsionevaporation method
Hemoglobin Stabilizing and protection of
structure behaviors of Hb Sonication Sonication
Colchicine 5fluorouracil Prolonged release profile treat rheumatic complaints Evaporationsonication method
treatment of cancer
Silymarin disorders Increase drug bioavailability Treat liver and gallbladder disorders Hand Shaking Method
Zidovudine Enhance zidovudine Entrapment
and sustainability of release Treat AIDS ThinfilmHydration method
Gentamicin sulphate Prolongation of drug release Antibiotic Thin film hydration technique
Ampicillin Increase antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial Film method
Beclomethasone dipropionate Improve inflammatory Activity Treatment of inflammatory lung diseases Thin layer evaporation
Ammonium glycyrrhizinate The antiinflammatory effect
of the drug is improved Treatment of diverse inflammatory diseases Thin layer evaporation
Miconazole In stratum corneum the Treatment of candida infections, Thin FilmHydration Technique
drug residence time is increased fungal infections
Nimesulide Prolongation of drug release Antiinflammatory activity ether injection technique
Tyloxapol Improve the drug bioavailability Antituberculosis Sonication method
Table 1:Application of niosomes as a drug carriers[66]

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5.CONCLUSION
The current technologyof novel drug deliveryvesicles like niosomes
is in non ionic surfactant system. This is a new methodology for
entrapment of the drug into nanocarriers like niosomes. Where it
provide effective drug targeting to the selective tissue or organs.
This system is widely used and accepted by researchers as well as
academicians. The advanced and understandable concept of niosome
drug delivery system have been used against various diseases such
as cancer, bacterial or viral infections, etc. Niosome also provide
better aid as diagnostic imaging and vaccination delivery. Thus, for
this purpose further studies and research is needed to help develop
niosomal formulation as a commercially available product in the
market bearing a large share.
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Source of support: Nil , Conflict of interest: None Declared

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