Final Project Report

1. School of Architecture, Building and Design
Building Science 2 (BLD 61303/ ARC 3413)
Project 2: Lighting Integration Project
Name: Teoh Jun Xiang
ID: 0322099
Tutor: Mr. Edwin
Submission date: 2/7/2018

2. Content
No. Title Page number
1.0 Introduction to site 1-3
2.0 Drawings 4-10
3.0 The spaces 11
3.1 Space A: Book collection area 11
3.1.1 Daylighting strategies of space A 12-13
a. Lighting contour 13
b. Average daylight factor calculation 14-15
c. Conclusion 15
3.1.2 Artificial lighting strategies for space A 16
a. Room index 16
b. Lumen method 16
c. Lighting fixture properties 17
d. Room index calculation 17-18
e. Lumen method calculation 18
f. Reflected ceiling plan 19-20
g. PSALI scheme 20-21
3.2 Space B: Café area 22
3.2.1 Daylighting conditions of space B 23-24
a. Lighting contour 24-25
b. Average daylight factor calculation 26
c. Conclusion 27
3.2.2 Artificial lighting strategies for space B 28
a. Lighting fixture properties 28
b. Room index calculation 28-29
c. Lumen method calculation 29
d. Reflected ceiling plan 30-31
4.0 References 32

3. 1
1.0 Introduction to site
The proposed community library is located along Jalan Besar, Klang, and its coordinates are
3°02'33.3"N 101°26'58.2"E. The site is a predominantly commercial area, and consists of commercial
buildings such as shophouses and modern shoplots to suit the commercial needs of the business
owners. The orientation of the site allows the front and back facades of the proposed community
library to face the east and west respectively.
Figure 1: Site plan with 1:2500 scale. The highlighted area (red) indicates the location of the proposed
community library.
1. Klang Railway Station
2. Car park facility in construction
3. Klang Sessions Court and Magistrate
4. Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1

4. 2
As the proposed community library consists of a variety of spatial programmes which are located in
five floors (one lower ground floor), the building is higher compared to its surrounding context. As
such, no shading is provided by the surrounding context.
As mentioned before, the front and back facades face the west and east respectively. In the morning,
as the angle of the sun is low, natural light is able to penetrate the back façade and illuminate the
interior spaces.
Diagram 1: Sun path diagram of site at 30th June 2018 9 am.
Diagram 2: Sun path diagram of site at 30th June 2018 12 pm.

5. 3
In the afternoon, as the sun is positioned directly overhead the site, the roof of the community library,
which is higher than surrounding buildings, is exposed to solar radiation.
In the late afternoon, the front façade Is fully exposed to direct natural light penetration.
Diagram 3: Sun path diagram of site at 30th June 2018 4 pm.

6. 4
2.0 Drawings
Figure 2: Lower ground floor plan. (Scale 1:200)
Reception area
M&E room
Lounge
Staff room
Storage
A’
A

7. 5
Figure 3: Ground floor plan. (Scale 1:200)
Back entrance
Storage area
entrance
Seating area
Seating
area
Market area
Book return area
Reading area
Main entrance from Jalan Besar
Market area
A
A’

8. 6
Figure 4: First floor plan. (Scale 1:200). The highlighted area indicates the space to be analysed.
Void
Café area
Discussion room Discussion roomLounge
A
A’

9. 7
Figure 5: Second floor plan. (Scale 1:200)
Exhibition area
Bookstore
Resting area
Reading area
Void
A
A’

10. 8
Book collection area
Individual study area
Open reading area
Figure 6: Third floor plan. (Scale 1:200). The highlighted area indicates the area to be analysed.
Void
A’
A

11. 9
Figure 7: Front elevation. (Scale 1:400)
Figure 8: Back elevation. (Scale 1:400)

12. 10
Figure9:SectionA-A’.(Scale1:200).Thehighlightedareasindicatethespacestobeanalysed.
SpaceA:BookCollectionarea
SpaceB:Caféarea

13. 11
3.0 The spaces
3.1 Space A: Book collection area
Figure 10: Third floor plan (Scale 1: 400). The highlighted
area indicates the location of the book collection area.
Figure 11: Book collection area plan. (Scale 1:150)

14. 12
3.1.1 Daylighting strategies of space A
Figure 12: Sectional perspective of book collection at 9 am of 30th
June 2018.
Figure 13: Sectional perspective of book collection at 12 pm of 30th
June 2018.
Figure 14: Sectional perspective of book collection at 4 pm of 30th
June 2018.

15. 13
The sectional perspective images provided above show the change in the penetration of natural light
into the book collection area. The area located near the back façade faces the east, and, as such,
receives more natural light penetration in the morning. As the daylight level drops from the morning
till the afternoon, the space becomes darker.
a. Lighting contour
The lighting contour shows the intensity of natural light in the space at 9 am of 30th
June 2018. The
intensity of natural light is indicated by the temperature of the colours. The higher the intensity, the
‘warmer the colour (red), and the lower the intensity, the ‘cooler’ the colour. The areas closest to the
facades receive a higher intensity of natural light, hence the warmer colour. As we move towards the
interior, the intensity of natural light decreases, hence the cooler colour.
Figure 15: Lighting contour of book collection area at 9 am of 30th
June 2018.

16. 14
b. Average daylight factor calculation
In the early stages of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy
of daylight. The formula used to calculate the average daylight factor of a given space is:
Average daylight factor =
W
A
×
Tθ
(1 − R)
Where:
W is the area of the windows (m2)
A is the total area of the internal surfaces (m2)
T is the glass transmittance corrected for dirt
θ is visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window
R is the average reflectance of area A.
The values of these quantities are determined from the given data and W, T and R are corrected by
using factors given in the BS Daylight Code and other publications.
Figure 16: Visible sky angle of the book collection area.
42°
Obstruction

17. 15
Average daylight factor calculation
Area of windows (W, m2) L= 13.12 m
H=3.54 m
13.12 m x 3.54 m= 46.44 m2
Total area of internal surfaces (A, m2) Area of ceiling: 13.12 m x 7.68 m= 100.76 m2
Floor area: 13.12 m x 7.68 m= 100.76 m2
Area of walls= (3.74m x 3.54m) + (7.31m x 3.54m)
= 13.20 m2 + 25.88 m2
= 39.08 m2
Total= 100.76 m2 + 100.76 m2 + 39.08 m2
= 240.60 m2
Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) 0.6 (approx.) for glazed window in clear environment
Visible sky angle in degrees from the
centre of the window (θ)
42 °
Average reflectance of space 0.50 (considering white plasterboard ceiling, timber
flooring and white plastered concrete wall)
Average daylight factor
Average daylight factor =
W
A
×
Tθ
(1 − R)
=
46.44
240.60
×
0.6 x 42
(1 − 0.50)
=
46.44
240.60
×
25.2
0.50
= 0.19 x 50.4
= 9.57 %
c. Conclusion:
According to MS 1525, the average daylight factor of this space is considered very bright (>6). As such,
the space is suitable to be used to implement PSALI scheme.

18. 16
3.1.2 Artificial lighting strategies for space A
a. Room index
Room index (K) is the number representative of the geometry of the part of the room between the
working plane and the plane of the luminaires and is used in calculation of utilization factor. The
formula is:
Room index, K =
L X W
Hm x (L + W)
Where:
L is the length of the room
W is the width of the space
Hm is the mounted height of fitting above the working plane
b. Lumen method
The lumen method is a calculation used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed in
a given area or room. The formula is:
𝑁 =
E x A
F x UF x MF
Where
N is the number of lamps required.
E is the illuminance level required (lux)
A is the area at working plane height (m2)
F is the average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF is the utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room
surfaces.
MF is the maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and
dirt.
*MF = LLF (light loss factor)

19. 17
c. Lighting fixture properties
Types of lighting
Product brand Philips LuxSpace Surface Mounted LED Downlight DN570C LED20S
Types of lightbulb LED light bulb
Lighting distribution Direct distribution
Dimensions Diameter: 250mm
Height: 215mm
Fixation material Steel
Reflector material Polycarbonate aluminium coated
Normal life (hours) 70000 hours
Wattage range (W) 19 W
Luminous flux (lm) 2000 lm
Colour temperature (K) 3000 K
Colour designation Warm white
Justification:
LuxSpace Surface Mounted LED Downlight is chosen as the artificial lighting for the book collection
area of the community library for their efficiency, light comfort and design, without compromising on
lighting performance (color rendering and color uniformity). This allows users to optimize their
resources and, at the same time, provide a pleasant environment for the reading of books to take
place.
d. Room index calculation
Dimensions of space (m2) L= 13.12 m, W= 7.68m
Total floor area (m2) 13.12 m x 7.68 m= 100.76 m2
Height of ceiling (m) 3.54m
Type of lighting fixture Surface Mounted LED Downlight
Luminous flux of lighting (lm) 2000 lm
Height of working plane (m) 0.76 m
Mounted height of fitting above
working plane (Hm)
2.78 m
MS 1525 recommended illumination
level for library space bookshelves (E)
300 lm
Room Index (K)
Room index =
L X W
Hm x (L + W)
=
13.12 X 7.68
2.78 x (13.12 + 7.68)

20. 18
=
100.76
2.78 x 20.8
=
100.76
57.82
= 1.74 K
e. Lumen method calculation
Illuminance level required, E (lm) 300
Area at working plane height, A (m2) L= 13.12 m, W= 7.68 m
13.12 m x 7.68 m = 100.76 m2
Average luminous flux from each
lamp, F (lm)
2000 lm
Utilisation factor (UF) Reflectance of white plasterboard ceiling= 0.70
Reflectance of timber flooring= 0.10
UF=0.59 (Based on UF Table)
Maintenance factor (MF) 0.80 (Standard)
Lumen method calculation
N =
E x A
F x UF x MF
=
300 x 100.76
2000 x 0.59 x 0.80
=
30228
944
= 32.02
= 32 lights
Fitting layout (where S max is
maximum spacing, m)
S max= 1.5 x Hm
S max= 1.5 x 2.78
S max= 4.17
Distance of lighting is not greater than 4.17 m

21. 19
f. Reflected ceiling plan
Figure 17: Reflected ceiling plan of book collection area. (Scale 1:150)
Figure 18: Artificial lighting contour of book collection area.

22. 20
Based on the lumen method calculation, a total of 32 light fittings should be mounted above the
working plane of the book collection area. The surface mounted LED downlights are mounted in 4
rows of 8 lights, each having 1.45 m distance from each other (less than 4m apart). The distance
between the outer-most light fittings and the walls were ensured to be half of the maximum spacing
(S max), which is 2m. The light fittings are connected to 2 gang and 3 gang switches.
Overall, the integration between daylight and artificial light allows the space to be well illuminated at
different times of the day, which provides a comfortable environment for book reading to take place.
g. PSALI scheme
During the brightest portions of the day, when the daylight factor is high, only the light fittings in row
4 needs to be on.
Row 1Row 2Row 3Row 4
Figure 19: PSALI scheme at 9 am.
Figure 20: PSALI scheme at 12 pm.
Row 1Row 2Row 3Row 4

23. 21
When daylight levels drop, rows 2, 3 and 4 are turned on.
When daylight factors are very low, it would be necessary to turn on rows 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Figure 21: PSALI scheme at 4 pm.
Row 1Row 3Row 4 Row 2

24. 22
3.2 Space B: Café area
Figure 22: First floor plan (Scale 1: 400). The highlighted
area indicates the location of the café area.
Figure 23: Café area plan. (Scale 1:150)
LoungeDiscussion room Discussion room
Reading area
Café area

25. 23
3.2.1 Daylighting conditions of space B
Figure 24: Sectional perspective of café area at 9 am of 30th June 2018.
Figure 25: Sectional perspective of café area at 12 pm of 30th June 2018.

26. 24
The sectional perspectives shown above indicate the minimal change in the penetration of natural
light into the café area. As the discussion rooms are located at the back of the space, they receive
almost all the natural light penetration throughout the day. Minimal light penetration from the lounge
can only be observed at 9 am. As such, the café area requires artificial lighting strategies to illuminate
the space.
a. Lighting contour
Figure 26: Sectional perspective of café area at 4 pm of 30th June 2018.
Figure 27: Natural lighting contour of café area at 9am of 30th June 2018.

27. 25
The lighting contour shows the intensity of natural light in the space at 9 am of 30th June 2018. The
intensity of natural light is indicated by the temperature of the colours. The higher the intensity, the
‘warmer the colour (red), and the lower the intensity, the ‘cooler’ the colour. The areas closest to the
facades receive a higher intensity of natural light, hence the warmer colour. As we move towards the
interior, the walls of the discussion rooms block the natural light from penetrating into the café area,
causing the intensity of natural light decreases, hence the cooler colour.
Figure 28: Visible sky angle of café area.
Obstruction
32°

28. 26
b. Average daylight factor calculation
Average daylight factor calculation
Area of windows (W, m2) L= 3.18 m
H=3.54 m
3.18 m x 3.54 m= 11.26 m2
Total area of internal surfaces (A, m2) Area of ceiling:
(13.27 m x 13.9 m) + (4 m x 6.34 m) + (6.58 m x 8.25
m)
= 184.45 m2 + 25.36 m2 + 54.29 m2
= 264.1 m2
Floor area:
(13.27 m x 13.9 m) + (4 m x 6.34 m) + (6.58 m x 8.25
m)
= 184.45 m2 + 25.36 m2 + 54.29 m2
= 264.1 m2
Area of walls:
(4.94 m x 3.54 m) + (5.16 m x 3.54 m) + (6.85 m x 3.54
m) + (4 m x 3.54 m) + (5.1 m x 3.54 m) + (2.56 m x
3.54 m) + (8.25 m x 3.54 m) + (13.9 m x 3.54m)
= 17.49 m2 + 18.27 m2 + 24.25 m2 + 14.16 m2 +
18.05 m2 + 9.06 m2 + 29.21 m2 + 49.21 m2
= 179.7 m2
Total= 264.1 m2 + 264.1 m2 + 179.7 m2
= 707.9 m2
Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) 0.6 (Approx.) for glazed window in clear environment
Visible sky angle in degrees from the
centre of the window (θ)
32 °
Average reflectance of space 0.50 (Considering white plasterboard ceiling, timber
flooring and white plastered walls)
Average daylight factor
Average daylight factor =
W
A
×
Tθ
(1 − R)
=
11.26
707.9
×
0.6 x 32
(1 − 0.5)
=
11.26
707.9
×
19.2
0.5
= 0.016 x 38.4
= 0.61 %

29. 27
c. Conclusion:
According to MS 1525, the average daylight factor of this space is considered dark (0-1). As such, the
space requires artificial lighting strategies to illuminate the spaces and create a conducive working
environment.

30. 28
3.2.2 Artificial lighting strategies for space B
a. Lighting fixture properties
Types of lighting
Product brand Philips Pendant LED Light PT570P LED27S
Types of lightbulb LED light bulb
Lighting distribution Direct distribution
Dimensions Diameter: 400 mm
Height: 250 mm
Fixation material Aluminium
Reflector material Polycarbonate
Normal life (hours) 50000 hours
Wattage range (W) 34 W
Luminous flux (lm) 2600 lm
Colour temperature (K) 3000 K
Colour designation Warm white
Justification:
Philips Pendant LED Light PT570P LED27S was chosen as the light fitting for the café space to create
an appealing ambience and atmosphere. The light fitting which utilises LED technology helps users to
reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs, while maintaining its attractive appearance.
b. Room index calculation
Dimensions of space (m2) L= 13.30 m, W= 19.86 m
Total floor area (m2) 13.30 m x 19.86 m= 264.1 m2
Height of ceiling (m) 3.54 m
Type of lighting fixture Suspended LED Pendant Light
Luminous flux of lighting (lm) 2600 lm
Height of working plane (m) 1.1 m (for bar tables)
Mounted height of fitting above
working plane (Hm)
2.44 m
MS 1525 recommended illumination
level for kitchens- food stores (E)
150 lm
Room Index (K)
Room index =
L X W
Hm x (L + W)
=
13.30 X 19.86
2.44 x (13.30 + 19.86)

31. 29
=
264.1
2.44 x 33.16
=
264.1
80.91
= 3.26 K
c. Lumen method calculation
Illuminance level required, E (lm) 150 lm
Area at working plane height, A (m2) L= 13.30 m, W= 7.19.86 m
13.30 m x 19.86 m = 264.1 m2
Average luminous flux from each
lamp, F (lm)
2600
Utilisation factor (UF) Reflectance of white plasterboard ceiling= 0.70
Reflectance of timber flooring= 0.10
UF=0.64 (Based on UF Table)
Maintenance factor (MF) 0.80 (Standard)
Lumen method calculation
N =
E x A
F x UF x MF
=
150 x 264.1
2600 x 0.64 x 0.80
=
39615
13312
= 29.7
= 30 lights
Fitting layout (where S max is
maximum spacing, m)
S max= 1.5 x Hm
S max= 1.5 x 2.44
S max= 3.66
Distance of lighting is not greater than 3.66 m
d. Reflected ceiling plan

32. 30
Figure 29: Reflected ceiling plan of café area. (Scale 1:150)
Figure 30: Artificial lighting scheme of café area.

33. 31
Based on the lumen method calculation, a total of 30 light fittings should be mounted above the
working plane of the café area. The Suspended LED pendant lights are mounted in 7 rows, each having
distances less than 4 m from each other. The distance between the outer-most light fittings and the
walls were ensured to be half of the maximum spacing (S max), which is 2m. The light fittings are
connected to 2 gang and 3 gang switches.
Overall, the artificial lighting scheme proposed allows the space to be well illuminated at different
times of the day, which provides a comfortable environment for dining and reading activities to take
place.
Figure 31: Artificial lighting contour of café area.

34. 32
4.0 References
Author unknown. (2018). Room illumination level. Retrieved from
http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf
Philips. (2018). LED technology in a stylish pendant. Retrieved from
http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/suspended/fresh-food-pendant
Philips. (2018). LuxSpace, surface mounted. Retrieved from
https://www.assets.lighting.philips.com/is/content/PhilipsLighting/fp910503706705-pss-global
Velux. (2018). Daylight Visualizer. Retrieved from https://www.velux.com/article/2016/daylight-
visualizer