A powerpoint presentation about focus and epicenter with quiz.

1. Focus and
Epicenter

2. The area inside the
Earth where an
earthquake starts is
known as the focal
point of the quake
or the focus
(hypocenter)

3. The point at the
Earth's surface
directly above the
focus is known as
the epicenter of
the quake.

4. Seismic waves from a deep-
focus earthquake lose more of
their energy as they travel
farther up to surface.

5. Anatomy of an Earthquake

7. INTENSITY and
MAGNITUDE

8. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) – is the
service institute to mitigate disasters that
may arise from volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis and other related
geotectonic phenomena.

9. It can be
measured using
a Mercalli Scale
It is the measure of
the damage released
by the earthquake to
its surroundings.
What is Intensity?

10. Mercalli Scale

11. Magnitude?
● Magnitude measures the energy being
released from the origin of the earthquake.
• It is measured by an
instrument called
seismograph.

12. ● The Richter
Magnitude
Scale measures
the quantity of
seismic energy
released by an
earthquake.

13. Difference between
INTENSITY and MAGNITUDE
INTENSITY
1. Can be determined by
observing the effects in
different places.
2. Can be measured
using Mercalli Scale.
3. Expressed in Roman
Numerals.
MAGNITUDE
1. Measures the energy
released by the
earthquake.
2. Can be measured
using Richter Scale.
3. Expressed in Hindu-
Arabic Numerals.

14. ACTIVITY
Make a 2-3 minute role
playing act showing
what to do before,
during and after an
earthquake starts.

15. FAULT TYPES

16. Two kinds of Faults
1. Active Fault
2. Inactive Fault

17. 1. ACTIVE FAULTS
• These are structures along which we
expect displacement to occur.
• The process that produces
displacement across a fault
continuously.
• All shallow earthquakes occur on active
faults.

18. 1. ACTIVE FAULTS
• Faults are commonly considered to be
active if there has been movement
observed or evidence of seismic activity
during the last 10,000 years.

19. 2. inACTIVE FAULTS
• These are structures that we can
identify, but which do no have
earthquakes.
• If a fault has been inactive for millions of
years, it’s certainly safe to call it
inactive.

20. five active fault lines in the country
1. Western Philippine Fault
2. Eastern Philippine Fault
3. South of Mindanao Fault
4. Central Philippine Fault
5. Marikina/Valley Fault System

21. Bring the following materials for the next
activity
Flat basin (batya)
Water
Rectangular piece of plastic or plywood
Rock

22. EARTHQUAKES
AND
TSUNAMIS

23. Video of
Tsunami

24. • Tsunami is caused by an earthquake
and other movements on the ocean
floor.
It travels at speeds up to 600 miles
per hour.

25. Awesome
Words

26. Awesome
Words

28. Earthquake
Preparedness

29. What to do
before an
earthquake
arrives?

30. What to do before an earthquake arrives?

31. What to do
during an
earthquake
?

32. What to do during an earthquake?

33. What to do
after an
earthquake
?

34. What to do
after an
earthquake
?

35. Layers of
the Earth

36. 4
3
2
1

37. CRUST
• The outermost and thinnest layer.
• It is made of loose material, like rocks,
soil, and seabed.
• The crust is about 8 kilometers deep
beneath the oceans and about 40
kilometers thick below the continents.

38. CRUST
• Crust is mainly made of different
elements like oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, calcium, sodium, and
potassium.
• It makes up about 1% of the Earth’s
total volume

39. MANTLE
● It extends approximately 2900 kilometers
deep into the Earth. It makes up about
84% of the Earth’s total volume.
● The temperature in the mantle is about
1000 º C - 3000 º C, the high temperature
and pressure in the mantle allows the
solid rock to flow slowly.

40. MANTLE
● Mantle is mainly made of silicate rocks in
the upper part making it solid layer and
mostly iron in the lower part making it
denser than the upper part of the mantle.

41. Outer core
● This is about 2200 kilometers beneath the
Earth’s surface.
● The outer core consists of super-heated
liquid molten lava about 2000 º C – 4000
º C.

42. Outer core
● The lava is mostly made up of iron and
nickel, which is why some geologist call it
molten metal instead of molten rock.

43. inner core
● This layer is about 1278 kilometers thick,
has the temperature of 5000º C to 6000 º
C that’s up to 6000 times hotter than our
atmosphere.
● Outer core and inner core are about 15%
of the Earth’s total volume.

44. inner core
● Inner core is also made of iron and nickel
but stays solid because of the incredible
pressure surrounding it.

45. The energy
released during an
earthquake comes
in a form of seismic
waves.

46. TYPES OF SEISMIC
WAVES
1. Primary wave (P-wave)
2. Secondary wave (S-wave)

47. Primary Wave (P-Wave)
• Primary wave or P – wave is the fastest
kind of seismic wave and the first to
arrive' at a seismic station.
• The P – wave can move in all kind of
medium such as solid rock and fluids,
water or the liquid layers of the earth
and gas.

48. P – waves are compressional waves,
because of the pushing and pulling or
expanding and compressing they do on
the ground

49. Secondary wave or S –
wave
• the second wave you feel in an earthquake.
• An S – wave is slower than a P – wave and
can only move through solid rock, not
through any liquid medium.
• It is this property of S waves that led
seismologists to conclude that the Earth's
outer core is a liquid.

50. • S – waves are shear waves that move rock
particles up and down, or side-to-side,
perpendicular to the direction the wave is
traveling in.
S – waves are more destructive that P –
waves because of their larger amplitude.

52. Others
You can enter a subtitle
here in case you need it
04

53. A picture is
worth a
thousand
words

54. 1,870
Big numbers catch your
audience’s attention

55. earths is the Sun’s mass
333,000.000
is Jupiter’s rotation period
9h 55m 23s
is a very long distance
386,000 km

56. The slide titles goes here!
Do you know what helps you make your point
clear? Lists like this one:
● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!
And the audience won’t miss the point
of your presentation

57. Did you know this?
Neptune
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun
Venus
It has a nice name, but
It’s terribly hot

58. A picture always
reinforces the
concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of long
texts

59. Mineral classification
Hardness Brightness
Mercury is the
closest planet to the
Sun
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Color Shape
Neptune is far away
from Earth
Jupiter is the biggest
planet in our System

60. Need more columns?
Mercury Venus
It’s the smallest
planet in the Solar
System
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Saturn Neptune
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
It’s the farthest
planet from the Sun
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Jupiter
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System

61. Process
Neptune
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun
Mars
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Step 1 Step 2 Step3
1 2 3

62. This is a Graph
Mars 35%
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place
Venus 25%
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun
Neptune 40%
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and
then paste the new one here. For more info, click
here

63. Overview Diagram
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Jupiter is the biggest
planet in our System
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s hot
1
2
3
Sun

64. Weathering
Chemical
Weathering
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Saturn is a gas giant
and it has several rings
Temperature
Changes
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Jupiter is the biggest
planet in our System

65. Problems vs. Solution
Solution
Problems
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

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67. Alternative Resources

68. Alternative Resources
Vectors:
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Photos:
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with clouds
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abundant rainforest
● Scenics view idyllic lake with
mountain
● Aerial scenery view mountains
● Aerial scenery view waterfall
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69. Vectors:
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layers
● Mars landscape background
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landscape
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landscape
● Waterfalls collection cartoon style
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Photos:
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Resources

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