English

2. HOW LONG HOW HIGH?
HOW LONG, HOW HIGH, HOW
DEEP AND WIDE? 3X
IS THE LOVE OF GOD?

4. REGISTER
•REFERS TO THE LEVEL OF FORMALITY IN LANGUAGE THAT IS
IDENTIFIED BY THE CONTEXT IN WHICH IT IS SPOKEN OR
WRITTEN.
•THE VARIATIONS IN LANGUAGE BASED ON WHOM WE ARE
TALKING WITH AND IN WHAT SETTING.
•EXAMPLE: INTRODUCING YOUR FRIEND TO YOUR PROFESSOR

5. CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
1. FORMAL OR STATIC
2. FORMAL
3. CONSULTATIVE
4. CASUAL
5. INTIMATE

6. CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
FROZEN OR STATIC
THIS RARELY OR NEVER CHANGES. IT IS FROZEN
IN TIME AND CONTENT.
EXAMPLE: THE LORD’S PRAYER, GLORY BE,
NICENE CREED

7. CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
FORMAL
ONE WAY IN NATURE. FOLLOWS A COMMONLY
ACCEPTED FORMAT. USUALLY IMPERSONAL.
EXAMPLE: PRONOUNCEMENTS MADE BY THE JUDGES,
SONA, READING OF THE MINUTES OF A MEETING

8. CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
CONSULTATIVE
STANDARD FORM OF COMMUNICATION. ENGAGES IN
A MUTUALLY ACCEPTED STRUCTURE OF
COMMUNICATION. A PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSE.
EXAMPLE: SUPERIOR-SUBORDINATE, DOCTOR-
PATIENT, LAWYER-JUDGE, TEACHER-STUDENTS

9. CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
CASUAL
INFORMAL LANGUAGE USED BY PEERS. SLANG,
VULGARITIES AND COLLOQUIALISMS ARE NORMAL.
EXAMPLE: CHATS, TEXT MESSAGES, VLOGS, LETTERS
AND DAY TO DAY CONVERSATIONS

10. CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
INTIMATE
THIS IS A PRIVATE COMMUNICATION. IT IS RESERVED
FOR PEOPLE WITH INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS.
EXAMPLE: NON-PUBLIC COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
HUSBAND AND WIFE, BOYFRIEND AND GIRLFRIEND

11. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
WORLD ENGLISHES
•STANDS FOR THE LOCALIZED VARIETIES OF ENGLISH AS
THEY ARE USED OR SPOKEN IN CERTAIN AREAS.
•THE CONCEPT WAS INTRODUCED BY BRAJ KACHRU
WITH THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF ASIAN ENGLISHES.

12. China, Korea,
Japan, Taiwan,
Egypt, Saudi
Arabia
India,
Philippines,
Malaysia,
Singapore, Sri
Lanka, Pakistan,
Bangladesh
USA, UK
Canada,
Australia,
New
Zealand
THE INNER CIRCLE
THE OUTER CIRCLE
THE EXPANDING CIRCLE

13. THE THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF
ENGLISH
•THE INNER CIRCLE-ENGLISH AS A NATIVE LANGUAGE
•THE OUTER CIRCLE- ENGLISH AS A SECOND
LANGAUGE
•THE EXPANDING CIRCLE- ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN
LANGUAGE

15. COMPOUNDING OF
VIDEO AND KARAOKE
USED FOR SINGING

16. FORCIBLE ROBBING
FROM A PERSON

17. A CANDIDATE FOR
PRESIDENCY

18. A NIGHT OUT
WITH FRIENDS

19. MAKE SEXUAL
MOVEMENTS TO SOMEONE
WHO IS NOT INTERESTED

20. UNMARRIED COUPLE
LIVING TOGETHER

21. A GATHERING WHERE
FOOD IS EATEN
USING BARE HANDS

22. TO STEAL A
CAR

23. BUFFET WHICH OFFERS
UNLIMITED FOOD TO ITS
COSTUMERS

24. AN ICE CREAM
SOLD ON STREETS

26. INTRODUCTION
“ENGLISH IS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE”, “ENGLISH IS AN
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE”, OR “ENGLISH IS A WORLD LANGUAGE”
ENGLISH HAS BECOME THE LANGUAGE OF THE PLANET, THE FIRST
TRULY GLOBAL LANGUAGE WHICH IS MORE AND MORE WIDELY
SCATTERED, SPOKEN AND WRITTEN THAN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE
IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD.

27. WHAT DO YOU THINK
CONTRIBUTED TO THE
WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE?

28. WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
CRYSTAL ARGUES THAT THE PRESENT-DAY WORLD STATUS OF
ENGLISH IS PRIMARILY THE RESULT OF TWO KEY FACTORS:
1. THE EXPANSION OF BRITISH COLONIAL POWER, WHICH
PEAKED TOWARDS THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY;
2. THE GROWING ECONOMIC, MILITARY, AND POLITICAL
DOMINANCE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY.

29. WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
THOUGH THE CONCEPT OF “NEW VARIETIES OF
ENGLISH”, OR “NEW ENGLISHES” STARTED TO
DEVELOP IN THE 1980’S, EARLIER IN THE MID
1960’S, LINGUISTS HAD PREDICTED THE
DIFFUSION AND ADAPTATION OF ENGLISH.

30. WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
HALLIDAY ET AL. & GREENBERG HAD ANTICIPATED TWO
TRENDS:
FIRST, THE OWNERSHIP OF THE SO-CALLED
NATIVE ENGLISH COUNTRIES AND NATIVE
ENGLISH SPEAKERS WOULD COME TO AN END;

31. WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
HALLIDAY ET AL. & GREENBERG HAD ANTICIPATED
TWO TRENDS:
SECOND, ENGLISH WOULD DIVERSIFY, AND
CONSEQUENTLY LOCAL VARIETIES OF THE
LANGUAGE WOULD DEVELOP.

32. WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
KACHRU (1984) SUGGESTS THAT THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE NOW BELONGS TO ALL THOSE WHO
USE IT, AND THAT THERE IS NO SINGLE “RIGHT”
ENGLISH, NO SUCH THINGS AS ONE “NATIVE
SPEAKER NORM”.

33. WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BOLTON ALSO POINTS OUT THAT “ENGLISH IS NO
LONGER THE POSSESSION OF THE BRITISH, OR
EVEN THE BRITISH AND THE AMERICANS”

34. SINGAPORE ENGLISH
ACTSY ‘SHOW OFF’ MISSY ‘NURSE’ CHOP ‘RUBBER STAMP’
MARINA KIDS ‘YOUNGSTERS WHO SPEND THEIR TIME
AROUND MARINA SQUARE
GRADUATE MOTHERS ‘WELL EDUCATED MARRIED WOMEN’
NON-GRADUATE MOTHERS ‘NOT ABLE TO FINISH STUDIES’

35. MALAYSIAN ENGLISH
•ANTILOG- A MALE HATED BY A GIRL
•POPCORN- A TALKATIVE PERSON
•KACHANG- PEANUTS, EASY
•SLAMBAR- RELAX
•RED SPOT AND OPEN SHELF GIRLS- POPULAR AND NOT
POPULAR GIRLS

36. PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
•DEEP- HARD TO UNDERSTAND
•STICK- CIGARETTE
•HIGH BLOOD- UPSET/MAD
•BLOW OUT- TREATING SOMEONE WITH A SNACK OR MEAL
•MOTEL- A HOTEL USED FOR PRE/EXTRA-MARITAL AFFAIRS

37. PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
•GO AHEAD- LEAVE BEFORE OTHERS WITH THE HOST’S PERMISSION
•STUDENTRY- STUDENT BODY
•PROMDI- MAN FROM A PROVINCE
•CALL GIRL/BOY- A FEMALE OR MALE PROSTITUTE
•BALIKBAYAN BOX- BOX WHERE FILIPINOS RETURNING FROM ABROAD
PUT ALL THEIR SHOPPING
•BOLD- AN EROTIC, RISQUE OR SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MOVIE

38. PH’S WAY TO OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY
IN ITS LATEST UPDATE, THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY
PUBLISHED SEVERAL NEW WORDS FROM PHILIPPINE
ENGLISH. THESE NEW ADDITIONS ARE NOTABLE FOR HAVING
BEEN BROUGHT TO THE DICTIONARY’S ATTENTION BY
FILIPINO SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH WHO ANSWERED THE
OED’S ONLINE CALL FOR WORD SUGGESTIONS.

41. OTHER WORDS INCLUDE:
•AMBUSH INTERVIEW
•DINE-IN
•DIRTY ICE-CREAM
•HOLDUPPER
•ENSAIMADA
•QUERIDA