This document proposes a gearless magnetically levitated wind/solar powered turbine storage system (GMAG-WINDSOPTSS) to deliver backup power to homes. It discusses how sustainable engineering can be applied to power systems through this model. The document defines sustainable engineering and provides examples of its applications in electrical engineering and overall engineering fields, such as using algae to capture carbon dioxide. It also addresses relevant ethical and legal considerations like the EPEAT, RoHS, and IEEE standards that guide environmentally-conscious engineering practices.

1. University of Alabama in Huntsville
Sustainable Engineering and its Practical Electrical Application in Power
Systems: As proposed by the Gearless Magnetically Levitated Wind/Solar
Powered Turbine Storage System
Jurgen Sawatzki Chaw
EE 213 Honors
Dr. Charles Corsetti
12/02/2014

2. Sawatzki Chaw 2
Table of Contents
Introduction….........................................................................................................................Page 5
What is Sustainable Engineering (SE)……………………………………...………..…..Pages 6-7
SE applications in the Electrical and Overall Engineering Fields…………….………..Pages 7-10
Ethical and Legal Considerations………………………………………………………..…Page 11
EPEAT………………………………………………………………………..……….Pages 11-12
RoHS…………….…………………...…………………………………………………….Page 12
IEEE Standard 1680-2009…………………………………………….……………….Pages 12-13
Proposed model for GMAG-WINDSOPTSS………..……….……..…..……………..…...Page 13
Designing a Small Scale Wind Turbine…………………….……....………...……………Page 14
Turbine Blade…….……...……………………………...………….………………….Pages 14-15
Rotor Blade Frame……………………………………..……………..……………………Page 15
The Turbine’s AC Generator……………………………………………………………....Page 15
The Solar Cells ……………………………………….…...……………….……………....Page 15

3. Sawatzki Chaw 3
The Deep Cycle Battery Array…………………………………..………..……………..…Page 16
The Rectifier Module………………...……………….……………………………………Page 16
The Charge Controller Module…………………..………...………..………….………….Page 16
The Power Inverter Module………...……..…………...……………………….………….Page 16
Arduino ONE Controller Interface…………………………………………………………Page 16
Theoretical Results……………………………………....…………………………….Pages 17-18
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….Pages 18-19
End Notes…..……………………….……………………………………………………...Page 20
Works Cited …………………………………………………………..……………….Pages 21-28
Appendix A (Statistics)..………………………………………………….…………...Pages 29-31
Appendix B (Wind Speeds by Altitude)…...…….…………….……………………...Pages 32-34
Appendix C (Wind Turbine Model)…………………………………………………...Pages 35-43
Appendix D (Generator Model & Wind Resource Potential)………….……………...Pages 44-46
Appendix E (Solar Cells)……………………………………….…………..……………...Page 47
Appendix F (Deep Cycle Batteries)………………...………...…………………………...Page 48

4. Sawatzki Chaw 4
Appendix G (Rectifier)..…………………………………………………………………...Page 49
Appendix H (Charge Controller)...………………………………………………………...Page 50
Appendix I (Power Inverter)………………………………..……………………………...Page 51
Appendix J (Control Interface).......…………………………………………………...Pages 52-54

5. Sawatzki Chaw 5
Sustainable Engineering and its Practical Electrical Application in Power Systems: As proposed
by the Gearless Magnetically Levitated Wind/Solar Powered Turbine Storage System
Even though wind and solar power are not used by TVA in Alabama, they are used
worldwide by many different electrical power companies to provide electricity to end-users.
Prices for electric consumption are always rising. This is due to the majority of the sources used
in generating electricity being non-renewable. Please, refer to table 1 in Appendix A. In the past
two decades, new wind and solar designs have surfaced, providing better energy efficiency
output, cheaper fabrication, and reduction in their size. GMAG-WINDSOPTSS is a sub-branch
of Power Systems, because it generates, transmits, and delivers power to the end-user. The
purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how energy generating devices based on Sustainable
Engineering, such as wind powered generators and solar powered cells, can be incorporated into
a system like GMAG-WINDSOPTSS that can, deliver a “steady” auxiliary power1
to the user’s
home grid in emergency scenarios.
To achieve this goal, this paper is divided into four main sections, three of them having
sub-sections. In the first section, the definition of Sustainable Engineering is developed, along
with its applications in the Electrical Engineering and the overall Engineering Fields. In the
second section, ethical and legal considerations pertaining to engineering are address through
industry standards such as: EPEAT, RoHS, and IEEE Standard 1680-2009. In the third section,
the proposed model for GMAG-WINDSOPTSS is covered. The last section is composed of the
theoretical results and the conclusion obtained by applying Sustainable Engineering to the area
of Electrical Engineering using the proposed model of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS. This paper also
includes appendixes A- J after the references’ section.

6. Sawatzki Chaw 6
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING ANDITS APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING
Sustainable Engineering is “the process of designing or operating systems such that they use
energy and resources based on a distribution between: ecology, economics, politics, and culture,
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Wikipedia).
Sustainable engineering prioritizes ecology above all other three. Sustainable Engineering tries to
maintain the planet’s ecosystem without destroying it, so that future generations can benefit from
its resources while living in it. Sustainable Engineering designs new technologies that will
benefit the economy of a land by incorporating systems that produce less contamination and also
systems that will redirect the flow of money to other economic areas, instead of using it to
maintain less efficient systems. These lesser efficient systems are measured by their inability to:
keep up with consumer demands, lower their harmful by-product, and their non-renewable
resources consumption. Sustainable Engineering tries to influence people on a global scale by
welcoming new methods of energy production that will not deplete the non-renewable resources
of our planet.
This is achieved by creating a balance transition from old to new technologies.
Sustainable Engineering plays an important role in the decision making process related to
economy, such as when new job openings are created in order to increase the manufacturing
production of wind turbines that will be install in prospective wind farms. Sustainable
Engineering tries to create a conscience in people about the needed connection between us and
our environment. Without Sustainable Engineering degradation of the environment will occur
sooner than expected. In the year 1990, “fossil fuels accounted for 89% of the U.S energy
production and 80% of the total energy worldwide” (Cassedy, 3).

7. Sawatzki Chaw 7
Since 1990, it has been estimated that the effect of “greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is
over 20 billion metric tons per year” (Cassedy, 3); a figure that, only increases every year due to
human population growth. This study was conducted by the International Energy Agency (IEA),
which also stated that developing countries such as “China and India, will produce more carbon
dioxide emissions in the next coming decades than other already industrialized countries
belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)” (Cassedy,
3). The reason of the slowly rise of Sustainable Engineering over fossil fuels is due to the
technological, economic and political challenges that have been set upon it. This paper will
briefly focus on only two renewable energy sources: solar and wind energy.
These two renewable energy sources are catalogued as “sustainable because they possess
at least one of these attributes: inexhaustibility, renewability, and recyclability” (Cassedy, 8).
Solar power and wind power have inexhaustibility attributes because the sun and the wind are
available in overabundance for us to harness. According to a study by the U.S Dept. of Energy
between January 2010 and August 2010, and based on U.S Net Generation by sources, “wind
and solar sources account for only 2% and less than 1% respectively, of all the generated power
in the U.S. Coal accounts for 45% of the generated power used in the U.S, while Natural Gas,
Nuclear, Hydro, and Petroleum, account for 24%, 19%, 7%, and 1% respectively” (U.S Dept. of
Energy). Please, refer to table 2 on Appendix A. These small percentages for wind and solar
power, if upscale, can meet all of the end-user demands in the U.S. Solar and wind power also
possess renewability attributes because the sun’s leftover lifespan is about five billion years and
the wind can be harness at any time, especially around coasts that takes advantage of the wind
seasons every year. Solar and wind power also possess recyclability, because they can be reused,
without producing any waste.

8. Sawatzki Chaw 8
Even though solar cells are deemed as quote Green Energy Sources end quote, their
manufacturing process is very inefficient, because they produce carbon dioxide emissions while
making the substrate. Radiation from the Sun can be foreseen as the number one source of clean
energy in the near future. Solar cells can convert radiant energy from the electromagnetic
spectrum into useful electricity. It is estimated that “it would take less than 2% of all the land
area here in the U.S, to supply all the country’s primary energy consumption from solar sources”
(Cassedy, 19). This method of directly harnessing electricity from a solar cell by avoiding heat
conversion was first studied in 1839 by French Physicist Edmund Becquerel. In 1921, Einstein
proposed an explanation for how the photoelectric effect works. By around mid-1950s Bell
Telephone Labs, made significant advancements in photovoltaic (PV) cell efficiency. Around the
late 1950s, the U.S Space Program, started to use solar cells to power their satellites. Nowadays,
solar cells can be obtained for less than 100 USD, compare to their value of 200 USD twenty
years go. Poly-Crystalline Solar Cells are inexpensive; their power output is around one watt per
USD.
Commercially available solar cells come in 5 different technologies: “Mono-Crystalline
Silicon Cells (15%-20% eff.), Poly-Crystalline Silicon Cells (13%-16% eff.), Stacked Cells
(15%-30% eff.), String Ribbon Solar Cells (13-14%), and Thin Film Solar Cells (7%-13% eff.)”
(Sørensen, 387-390; Wengenmayr, 46). The first windmill used in generating electricity was
developed in 1891 by Danish inventor Dane Paul la Cour. The current technologies that harness
Wind Power are: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(VAWT), and Spiral Axis Wind Turbine (SAWT). Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines comprise the
majority of the turbines used in today’s world.

9. Sawatzki Chaw 9
In 1919 a British Aeronautical Pioneer named “Albert Betz, concluded that the
theoretical maximum power factor that a wind turbine can produce is 59.3%” (Burton. 43).
Physical wind turbines can only extract 33% - 45% of the energy that is store in the wind. This
power factor is denoted by 𝐶 𝑝 and is based on each individual turbine strength and durability. In
a wind turbine, “the wind causes the blades of the turbine to rotate; therefore wind energy is
translated into kinetic rotational energy by the movement of the blades, which at the same time
creates the available torque needed to spin the rotor in the generator. This rotor is attached to the
turbine blade shaft directly or through the use of gears in order to produce more current”
(Maloney 458-486, 556-597; Gipe 59-72). A “HAWT uses a Yaw system2
in active or passive
mode” (Wikipedia). Please, refer to figure 10 on Appendix C. The active mode of a HAWT
turbine simply orients the nacelle of a wind turbine by applying torque to it through a
mechanism, and redirecting it into the wind’s direction.
The passive mode of a VAWT also orients the nacelle of a wind turbine, but it does not
rely on the same mechanism as the active mode, instead it uses roller bearings mounted in the
junction between the nacelle and the top of the tower to facilitate the rotation of the nacelle into
the wind’s incoming direction by mounting a rudder on the nacelle. A VAWT completely
eliminates the use of a Yaw system because the vertical oriented rotor is able to face the wind
from any incoming direction. Please, refer to figure 11 on Appendix C. There is a difference in
power production between a HAWT and a VAWT. A HAWT swept area “is calculated by using
the area of a circle, with the radius being the turbine’s blade length” (NPOWER, 2; Gipe 59-72).
Please, refer to figure 12 on Appendix C. A VAWT swept area is calculated by using the area of
a rectangle. Even though a VAWT has a bigger area, the laminar flow of the wind that interacts
with the turbine, tends to rotate it clockwise and anticlockwise at the same time.

10. Sawatzki Chaw 10
This creates a loss of efficiency; therefore, a power correction of 2/3 is used in the
formula for calculating wind power. Thus, a HAWT is far more efficient than a VAWT. Two
examples of Sustainable Engineering and its application to Power Systems are the wind and solar
power farms depicted by the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm located at Riverside County in
California, and the solar farm located at San Bernardino County; also in California. They provide
the California Power Company’s Electric grid with 615MW and 354 MW of power per year.
Sustainable Engineering can be applied to the overall Engineering fields by taking the example
of Algae production. Algae “have a wide variety of benefits due to their ability to produce and
store energy in the form of oil, which, is more efficiently than any other man made process”
(Algae Biomass Organization).
These benefits are: Algae grows fast, Algae consumes carbon dioxide and
produces Oxygen, it does not compete with agriculture, micro-algal can be used
for fuel, feed and food, macro-algae can be grown in the sea, Algae can purify
wastewaters because they feed of the micro-organisms in putrid waters, Algae can
be used to produce many useful products such as plastics, lubricants, fertilizers,
cosmetics, among other, and it can generate new job openings (Algae Biomass
Organization).
In summer 2014, scientists and engineers in Switzerland from the Dutch and French
design firm Cloud Collective, created an overpass system of Algae carrying plastic transparent
pipes. This “system using filters and pumps, absorbed the carbon dioxide from the cars that
passed underneath the bridge, while at the same time feeding of the solar radiation emitted from
the sun. The output of this system is oxygen and a bulk quantity of grown Algae which can be
used to manufacture many recyclable products” (Cloud Collective).

11. Sawatzki Chaw 11
ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
The ethical and legal considerations arise as a need to protect: the environment, the end-users,
and the corporations. There are three standards used in the electronics industry, these are:
EPEAT, RoHS and the IEEE Standard 1680-2009.
EPEAT. Stands for Electronic Products Environmental Assessment Tool. It was “designed to
help institutional purchasers and consumers evaluate, compare and select desktop computers,
laptops and displays based on their environmental attributes” (U.S Environmental Protection
Agency). It was developed by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and is managed by the
Green Electronics Council (GEC). The EPEAT provides market recognition for environmentally
preferable electronics; it is built on U.S and International Requirement & Standards such as
Energy Star®, RoHS, ECMA, and Blue Angel. The EPEAT register products that meet “ANSI
accredited standards such as: IEEE 1680.1-2009 Standard for the Environmental Assessment of
Personal Computer Products, IEEE 1680.2-2012 Standard for the Environmental Assessment of
Imaging Equipment, and IEEE 1680.3-2012 Standard for the Environmental Assessment of
Televisions” (U.S Environmental Protection Agency).
Its rating system is based on IEEE’s 1680.1-2009 Standard for the Environmental
Assessment of Personal Computer Products and it consists of: EPEAT Bronze, Silver and Gold
medals. The bronze medal meets all the required criteria of the EPEAT, the Silver meets all the
required criteria and 50% of the optimal criteria, and the Gold medal meets the required criteria
plus 75% of the optional criteria. Some of the basic EPEAT standards for PC and Displays,
Imaging Equipment, and Televisions are: the Reduction/elimination of environmentally sensitive
materials, Material selection, Design for end of life, Product Longevity/life extension, Energy
conservation, End-of-life management, corporate performance Packaging, Consumables (unique

12. Sawatzki Chaw 12
to Imaging Equipment standard), and Indoor Air Quality (unique to Imaging Equipment
standard). Some of the EPEAT “participant manufacturers are: Toshiba, Lenovo, Dell, Samsung,
HP, Xerox, Panasonic, and Apple, while some of the EPEAT purchasers are: Marriott, the
U.S.A, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Canada, Yale University, Ford, Microsoft, and Nike” (Green
Electronics Council).
RoHS. Stands for “Restriction of Hazardous Substances. It is also known as Directive
2002/95/EC. It originated in the European Union and its purpose is the restriction of specific
hazardous materials found in electrical and electronic products. All products dated after July 1st,
2006 are compliant with this regulation in the European Union” (European Union Council and
Parliament; Wikipedia). The banned substances under RoHS are: “Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg),
Cadmium (Cd) hexavalent chromium (CrVI), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)” (European Union Council and Parliament; Wikipedia;
United Kingdom Government). These materials are not only hazardous to the environment, they
are also hazardous to humans and animals, as they pollute landfills, and are deemed unsafe
during their manufacturing and recycling stages.
IEEE Standard 1680-2009.Are standards “developed by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers and the IEEE Computer Society sponsored by the Environmental
Assessment Standards Committee. These standards asses the environmental impact of Electronic
products” (IEEE Computer Society). This standard is based on eight categories of environmental
performance: “reduction or elimination of environmentally sensitive materials, materials
selection, design for end of life, life cycle extension, energy conservation, end-of-life
management, corporate performance, and packaging” (IEEE Computer Society).

13. Sawatzki Chaw 13
IEEE Standard 1680-2009 can be based on a specific geographic region according to the
manufacturer’s specifications and the laws governing that region or country. The “Market
Surveillance Entity (MSE) is the one responsible for determining the regions or countries that are
in these family of standards, to whom companies can then declare their product performance”
(IEEE Computer Society). Its rating system was explained in the previous pages.
PROPOSED MODEL FOR GMAGWINDSOPTSS
Based on the U.S Energy Information Administration, the average monthly residential electricity
consumption for a modest U.S. home was around 903 kWh per month” (U.S Dept. of Energy).
The numbers on the table 1 Appendix A shows a staggering number of revenue in millions of
dollars that electric companies earn by providing electricity to consumer. The majority of the
sources used, in generating this electricity, pollute the environment and destroy the ecosystem. It
is crucial to increase the percentage of these less polluting sources in order to preserve the
environment. Table 3 on Appendix A exemplifies the amps-hour (Ah) that the electrical
equipment used in a household consumes. It is from this table, that an approximation of the
power output that GMAG-WINDSOPTSS outputs was approximated from. The three reasons for
designing a Wind based powered turbine were the following:
1. Designs are commercially available.
2. To create a backup emergency system, that will commercially rival a 3KW Generator.
3. To deliver a semi-favorable 3
impact on the environment by applying Sustainable
Engineering.

14. Sawatzki Chaw 14
The proposed design will consist of: the use of 1 DC current source (four high powered
semi-flexible Mono-Crystalline solar cells with 1.2 kW output power), the use of 1 source 3∅
phase AC generator, 1 power inverter circuit, 1 charge controller circuit, 1 rectifier circuit, a
turbine blade, sources of wind and solar, an Arduino-One micro-controller, and a set of two
parallel connected 250Ah batteries. Some of the designing problems are: the device will require
winds of at least 10mph to work and the limit availability to UAH’s machine shop. Data obtained
from NREL as depicted in figures 1 and 2 on Appendix B, shows the different wind speeds at
30meters and at 80 meters height for the State of Alabama. Also, Table 4 in section B, shows the
average wind speeds for the state of Alabama ranked by county. The Beaufort scale of the wind
in Huntsville, Alabama is force 3 on a scale of 12. Small wind turbines operate between force 3
and force 7, therefore, it is feasible to build a small size turbine. Figure 3 in Appendix C, shows
the proposed home setup of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS. Please refer to figure 14 on Appendix D for
Alabama’s Wind Resource Potential Cumulative Rated Capacity vs. Gross Capacity Factor
graph.
Turbine Blade. The turbine design for GMAG-WINDSOPTSS is based on the Liam F1 UWT
design by the Archimedes BV-RDM Campus in the Netherland. This design is based on the
Archimedes screw pump. It is not suited for turbulent urban winds. This is due that the turbine is
designed to be at an angle of attack of 60 degrees to catch the wind” (The Archimedes BV-RDM
Campus). This turbine will not require the use of a yaw system, making it self-orient to the
direction the wind. Please, refer to figure 4 on Appendix C. If one were to use a 3HP 3Φ
induction generator (the one shown in table 5 of Appendix D), one would need to design an 18-8
meters in diameter turbine for altitudes of 30-80 meters height at low wind speeds.

15. Sawatzki Chaw 15
An interesting aspect of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS, is that the blades will be suspended
(levitated) by magnetic compression, thus, eliminating completely the use of bearings and the
loss of energy through them. Please, refer to figures 6, 7, and 8 on Appendix C. Figure 5 on
Appendix C, illustrates the SAWPT structural analysis, depicting the total deformation of the
blade per elapsed minutes. A proposed frame modification was added to the initial design so that
the SAWT could function in either vertical or horizontal positions. This can be achieved by using
“an Altazimuth mount to control the altitude of the turbine” (Wikipedia). Please refer to figure 9
on Appendix C.
AC Generator. This 3HP, 3Φ Induction generator produces 5.85 amps of current, with a rated
manufacturer efficiency of 80%, and a power factor of 0.71, while rotating at a minimum of 710
rpm. The difference between “the synchronous speed of the magnetic field and the shaft rotating
speed, is term slip; it is some number of RPM or frequency. The slip increases with an increasing
load, thus providing a greater torque” (Maloney 458-486, 556-597). This slip can be expressed
by the formula on Appendix D. For this design, the slip has a value of 5.33. Please refer to figure
13 in Appendix D.
Solar Cells. Each panel has a high efficiency of 330Watts; its cell type is Mono-Crystalline, with
a maximum power voltage of 48V, and a maximum power current of 6.87 Amps. Their flexible
design allows them to be mounted along the turbine’s overall blade surface area. After mounted,
these solar cells will be coated with optical resin to secure them in place. Please refer to figures
15, 16 and 17 in Appendix E.

16. Sawatzki Chaw 16
Deep Cycle Battery Array. Each Battery is rated for 250Ah at 12VDC. Their configuration is in
parallel. Since there are two batteries, their output current is 500 amps. Please, refer to figures 18
and 19 in Appendix F. Each battery’s maximum power is 3,000Watts with a weight of 72 Kgs.
Rectifier. A rectifier is an electrical device that “converts AC to DC” (Wikipedia; Engineering
Photos, Videos and Articles). Please refer to figure 20 in Appendix G.
Charge Controller. A charge controller is “a circuit that limits the rate at which electric current is
added to or drawn from electric batteries” (Wikipedia; Northern Arizona Wind & Sun;
Rozenblat). Please, refer to figure 21 in Appendix H.
Power Inverter. A power inverter is “a circuit that changes DC to AC. A power inverter produces
a sine wave output” (Wikipedia; Zouein; Doucet). The Vin in this project is 12VDC and the
output voltage will be 120VAC. Transformer 1 to transformer 2 (T1:T2) will have a ratio of 1:10
turns. Please, refer to figure 22 in Appendix I.
Arduino ONE Control Interface. This model was chosen mainly because of its value, open
source code, multiple analog inputs, and its expandability. This Arduino One micro-controller,
will act as the GMAG-WINDSOPTSS control interface, it will read and then display on a LCD
the values for: the Wind Powered Generator (WPG) torque, speed, output, among many other
parameters. It will control several switches: battery charging by WPG, battery charging by solar
cells, among others. Please refer to figures 23, 24 and 25 on Appendix J.

17. Sawatzki Chaw 17
THEORETICAL RESULTS ANDCONCLUSION
The theoretical results shown that for a generator spinning at 710 rpm and generating 2908.11
Watts of power, one would need a turbine blade span of at least 8.50 meters in length (assuming
constant winds of 10mph). With a smaller blade span of 1.05meters (please refer to the formula
in Appendix D) and with winds of 8.44 m/s the power output of the turbine, should be about 400
watts or 0.54 HP. At 10m/s winds the turbine will produce 665.22 Watts or 0.892 HP, and at 12
m/s winds the turbine will produce 665.2 Watts or 1.541 HP.
An 8.44 meters per second wind is equivalent to an 18.88 mph wind. This translates to a factor of
3 on the Beaufort scale which is equivalent to a light breeze. With this in mind, the output power
of the generator should be between 0.5 and 1 HP. In order to design a generator that would rotate
at around 450 rpm and that will operate at a frequency of 60 Hz, one would need a 16 pole rotor
generator.
Again, please refer to the formulas on Appendix D. The torque of this generator in
𝐿𝑏𝑠.𝑓𝑡
𝐻𝑃
𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒,
5250
450
=11.67. The synchronous speed (𝑛 𝑠 ) of this generator as mentioned before is
450 rpm. The speed of the generator (n) is equal to
5250𝑥 𝐻𝑃
𝑇
= 5250𝑥(11.67)−1
= 449.87 𝑟𝑝𝑚.
The motor slip (% slip) is equal to =
𝑛 𝑠 −𝑛
𝑛 𝑠
𝑥100 =
(450−449.87)
100
𝑥100 = 0.0286. Since the rule of
thumb is to have a turbine that produces 20% -30% more power than the generator, as to ensure
that the rotor will rotate, the require extracted power from the wind assuming a 20% increased
efficiency from the turbine should be 480 Watts. If we assume the same air density and power
factor (refer to the formula for a turbine’s length on Appendix D), one would need to design a
turbine with a blade length of 1.15 meters.

18. Sawatzki Chaw 18
The power that will be output by GMAG-WINDSOPTSS will depend on its battery array.
The power output from the wind generator only dictates the batteries charge time. The same can
be said for the solar cells. Keep in mind that the batteries should always operate above 50% of
their capacity to prevent failure. The power available from the batteries is 500𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠𝑥12 𝑉𝐷𝐶 =
6,000 Watts. Since each battery is rated at 250Ah, both batteries connected in parallel should
provide 250 amps in an hour without being depleted for more than 50% of their availability to
hold a charge. 250Ah at 12VDC equals 3000 Watts of power. There will be some small power
losses associated when using a power inverter. Since the power inverter will use a T1:T2 of 1:10
turns, the output voltage from the power inverter will be 120 Volts, and the output available
current will be 50 Amps.
Note that, since the user should only use up to 50% of the full battery charge to prevent
damage to the batteries, the maximum amount of current that can be drawn from these batteries
is 25Ah at 120 VAC. If the reader would refer to table 3 in Appendix A, he/she can estimate
what type of appliances can be used with this configuration. By applying the concepts learned
about Sustainable Engineering to the Electrical Engineering field, this paper has drawn the
following conclusions:
1. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4
of the
requirements of Sustainable Engineering, because it is geared towards ecology by using
wind and solar power to produce electricity instead of burning coal, and by designing and
using commercially available components that meet the EPEAT, IEEE Standard 1680-
2009, the RoHS standards.

19. Sawatzki Chaw 19
2. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4
of Sustainable
Engineering requirements, because it is geared towards economics as it helps in lowering
a residential electric bill.
3. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4
of the
requirements of Sustainable Engineering as it is geared towards politics, if and only if it’s
design can be incorporated on a grand scale. This in turn would help redirect, the cash
flow that is wasted in providing more frequent maintenance to power generators based on
coal, nuclear, and hydro.
4. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4
of the
requirements of Sustainable Engineering as it is geared towards culture, because it creates
a conscience on the people by teaching them to care for their non-renewable resources
more responsibly.
Sustainable Engineering is a practice used by almost every engineering field today. It tries to
alleviate the overall pollution problem and the depletion of non-renewable resources by utilizing
renewable energy sources such as the case of Electrical and Mechanical engineering developed
wind and solar farms, which can provide the power system’s industry and the end-user, with the
electrical needs of everyday use.

20. Sawatzki Chaw 20
Notes
[1] Depends on user’s geographical location based on wind speed, and possible scalability of
GMAG-WINDSOPTSS.
[2] “The yaw system of a wind turbine is the component responsible for the orientation of the
wind turbine rotor towards the wind” (Burton, 161; Wikipedia).
[3] Lead-Acid Batteries and the process of designing solar panels are NOT environmentally
friendly.
[4] It is implied as majority, because encompass the betterment of: ecology, economics, politics,
and culture, even though some of its required components are not quote 100% Green end
quote.

21. Sawatzki Chaw 21
Works Cited
Wengenmayr, Roland, and Thomas Bührke. “Renewable Energy: Sustainable Concepts For The
Energy Change.” Edited By Roland Wengenmayr And Thomas Bührke. n.p.: Weinheim:
Wiley-VCH, c2013., 2013. UAH Library Catalog. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
Cassedy, Edward S. “Prospects for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment.” Edward S.
Cassedy. n.p.: Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000., 2000. UAH
Library Catalog. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
Sørensen, Bent. “Renewable Energy: Its Physics, Engineering, Use, Environmental Impacts,
Economy, And Planning Aspects.” Bent Sørensen. n.p.: Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier
Academic Press, c2004., 2004. UAH Library Catalog. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
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22. Sawatzki Chaw 22
U.S Dept. of Energy. "Revenue from Retail Sales of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by
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<http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/residential_scale.asp>.

23. Sawatzki Chaw 23
AWS TruePower. "Utility-Scale 80-Meter Wind Maps." WINDExchange. National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 06 April. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_maps.asp>.
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average-wind-speed--county-rank.htm>.
Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ROTOR BLADE SUPPORTING FRAMETOP.” Personal photograph
by author. 20 Nov. 2014.
Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ROTOR BLADE SUPPORTING FRAME-TOP.” Personal photograph
by author. 20 Nov. 2014.
Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ROTOR BLADE SUPPORTING FRAME-BOTTOM.” Personal
photograph by author. 20 Nov. 2014.
Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “GMAG WINDSOPTSS Schematic.” Personal photograph by author.
20 Nov. 2014.
Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ARDUINO ONE Control Interface.” Personal photograph by author.
20 Nov. 2014.
Wikipedia. "Altazimuth Mount." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altazimuth_mount>.

24. Sawatzki Chaw 24
Wikipedia. "Yaw System." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia, 20 Aug. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_system>.
Wikipedia. "Rectifier." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia, 21 Nov. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier>.
Wikipedia. "Charge Controller." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia, 08 June. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller>.
Wikipedia. "Ćuk Converter." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia, 02 Oct. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter>.
Wikipedia. "Power Inverter." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia, 21 Nov. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter >.
Wikipedia. "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.
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<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive>.
NPOWER. "Wind Turbine Power Calculations." Publications. The Royal Academy of
Engineering. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbine>.

25. Sawatzki Chaw 25
Chengjin Electro Machinery Equipment."3 Phase AC Motor
Technical Data." Alibaba. Alibaba.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://chengjinmachinery.en.alibaba.com/product/314214252-
209344893/Y_motor_Y355L_8_200KW_270HP_.html>.
AWS TruePower. "Alabama-Wind Resource potential cumulative Rated Capacity vs. Gross
Capacity factor (CF)." WINDExchange. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Web.
22 Nov. 2014.
<http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/pdfs/wind_maps/al_wind_potential_c
hart.pdf>.
Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles. "Chapter 6: Principles of Rectification: Diodes."
Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles. Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles, 5
Dec. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://emadrlc.blogspot.com/2012/12/chapter-6-
principles-of-rectification.html>.
Northern Arizona Wind & Sun. "Everything You Need to Know about the Basics of Solar
Charge Controllers." Northern Arizona Wind & Sun. Northern Arizona Wind & Sun.
Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.solar-electric.com/solar-charge-controller-
basics.html>.
Shenzhen Suoyang New Energy. "High efficiency semi flexible solar panels 330WP."
Alibaba. Alibaba.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. < http://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/Hight-efficiency-semi-flexible-solar-panels_451492037.html>.

26. Sawatzki Chaw 26
Linear Technology. "1Hz to 100MHz Voltage to Frequency Converter with 160dB Dynamic
Range @5V Supplied." Linear Technology. Linear Technology, 1 Jan. 1990. Web. 22
Nov. 2014. <http://www.linear.com/solutions/1323>.
Doucet, Jim, Dan Eggleston, and Jeremy Shaw. "DC/AC Pure Sine Wave Inverter." WPI
Electronic Projects. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1 Jan. 2006. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042507-
092653/unrestricted/MQP_D_1_2.pdf>.
Zouein, Nick. "250 to 5000 Watts PWM DC/AC 220V Power Inverter." Nick Zouein. Nick
Zouein, 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://nickzouein.wordpress.com/electronics/dcac-power-inverter/>.
Solaris. "New Solaris® Clear Encapsulating Silicone." Smooth-On. Smooth-On. Web. 22 Nov.
2014. <http://www.smooth-on.com/a103/New-Solaris=-Clear-
Encapsulatingsilicone/article_info.html>.
Yangzhou Bright Solar Solutions." 250A 12V Gelled High Efficient Solar Battery."
Alibaba. Alibaba.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. < http://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/250A-12V-Gelled-High-Efficient-Solar_1969655706.html>.
Rozenblat, Lazar. "Wind Generator Operation." Generator Guide. Generator Guide, 1 Jan. 2013.
Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://windpower.generatorguide.net/how-wind-works.html>.
Arduino. "Arduino UNO Rev3." ARDUINO. Arduino. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://store.arduino.cc/product/A000066?language=en>.

27. Sawatzki Chaw 27
Wikispaces. "UNO Schematic." Arduino Quick Reference. Wikispaces. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://arduino-info.wikispaces.com/file/view/Arduino_Uno_Rev3-
schematic.jpg/346644662/Arduino_Uno_Rev3-schematic.jpg>.
U.S Environmental Protection Agency. "Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool
(EPEAT)." Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP). U.S Environmental
Protection Agency, 22 Apr. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.epa.gov/epp/pubs/products/epeat.htm>.
Green Electronics Council. "EPEAT." Who Participates in EPEAT? Green Electronics Council.
Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.epeat.net/>.
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<http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5429923>.
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faq.htm>.
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Kingdom Government, 13 Aug. 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <https://www.gov.uk/rohs-
compliance-and-guidance>.
Maloney, Timothy J. "Chapter 12: WOUND-ROTOR DC MOTORS & Chapter 13: AC
MOTORS." Modern Industrial Electronics. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
1996. 458-486, 556-597. Print.

28. Sawatzki Chaw 28
Wikipedia. "Sustainable Engineering." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free
Encyclopedia, 6 Oct. 2014. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering>.
Algae Biomass Organization. "Algae Basics - Benefits of Algae." Algae Basics - Benefits of
Algae. Algae Biomass Organization. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
<http://allaboutalgae.com/benefits/>.
Cloud Collective. "This Algae Farm Eats Pollution From the Highway Below It." Gizmodo.
Gizmodo, 31 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. <http://gizmodo.com/this-algae-farm-eats-
pollution-from-the-highway-below-i-1653234583>.

29. Sawatzki Chaw 29
Table 1: EIA Electric Power Monthly Revenue (U.S Dept. of Energy).
APPENDIX A

30. Sawatzki Chaw 30
Table 2: U.S Net Generation by Sources Jan 2010- August 2010 in MWhx1000 (U.S Dept. of Energy).

31. Sawatzki Chaw 31
Electronic Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah) Small Appliances Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah)
Computer 300 2.50 Blender 300 2.50
Stereo 1,200 10 Box Fan 175 1.46
Television 150 1.25 Clock Radio 70 0.58
Major Appliances Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah) Coffee Maker 1,200 10
Baseboard Heater 1,600 13.33 Food Processor 200 1.67
Clothes Dryer 4,900 40.83 Hair Dryer 600 5
Dishwasher 1,200 10 Heating Blanket 200 1.67
Frost-Free Deep
Freeze 500 4.17 Heating Pad 65 0.54
Frost-Free
Refrigerator 615 5.13 Iron 1,100 9.17
Furnace 500 4.17 Microwave Oven 1,450 12.08
Garbage Disposal 450 to 950 3.75 to 7.92 Mixer 130 1.08
Oven 4,000 to 8,000 33.33 to 66.70 Sewing Machine 75 0.63
Range 4,000 to 5,000 33.33 to 41.70 Toaster 1,150 9.58
Room Heater 1,350 11.25
Toaster/Toaster
Oven 1,150 9.58
Standard Deep
Freeze 400 3.33
Two Burner Hot
Plate 1,650 13.75
Standard
Refrigerator 325 2.71 Vacuum Cleaner 750 to 1,350 6.25 to 11.25
Washing Machine 500 4.17
Water Heater 2,000 to 5,000 16.70 to 41.70
Table 3: Georgia Power Electrical Safety (Georgia Power).

32. Sawatzki Chaw 32
APPENDIX B
Figure 1: U.S Annual Average Wind Speeds at 30m height (AWS TruePower).

33. Sawatzki Chaw 33
Figure 2: U.S Annual Average Wind Speeds at 80m height (AWS TruePower).

34. Sawatzki Chaw 34
Table 4: Alabama Average Wind Speed by County Rank (USA.COM).
Rank Average Wind Speed County / Population
1 18.60 mph Bullock, AL / 10,914
2 18.14 mph Barbour, AL / 27,457
3 17.89 mph Russell, AL / 52,947
4 17.34 mph Pike, AL / 32,899
5 16.98 mph Macon, AL / 21,452
6 16.92 mph Henry, AL / 17,302
7 16.84 mph Jackson, AL / 53,227
8 16.50 mph Montgomery, AL / 229,363
9 16.50 mph De Kalb, AL / 71,109
10 16.38 mph Crenshaw, AL / 13,906
11 16.18 mph Etowah, AL / 104,430
12 16.14 mph Cherokee, AL / 25,989
13 16.05 mph Dale, AL / 50,251
14 15.71 mph Coffee, AL / 49,948
15 15.67 mph Elmore, AL / 79,303
16 15.65 mph Walker, AL / 67,023
17 15.55 mph Marengo, AL / 21,027
18 15.52 mph Morgan, AL / 119,490
19 15.51 mph Lee, AL / 140,247
20 15.47 mph Lowndes, AL / 11,299
21 15.47 mph Hale, AL / 15,760
22 15.34 mph Marshall, AL / 93,019
23 15.28 mph Butler, AL / 20,947
24 15.25 mph Greene, AL / 9,045
25 15.15 mph Dallas, AL / 43,820
26 15.14 mph Tuscaloosa, AL / 194,656
27 15.11 mph Saint Clair, AL / 83,593
28 15.04 mph Fayette, AL / 17,241
29 15.04 mph Cullman, AL / 80,406
30 15.01 mph Tallapoosa, AL / 41,616
31 14.98 mph Conecuh, AL / 13,228
32 14.90 mph Chambers, AL / 34,215
33 14.81 mph Escambia, AL / 38,319
Rank Average Wind Speed County / Population
34 14.80 mph Madison, AL / 334,811
35 14.70 mph Wilcox, AL / 11,670
36 14.64 mph Sumter, AL / 13,763
37 14.54 mph Blount, AL / 57,322
38 14.53 mph Winston, AL / 24,484
39 14.53 mph Perry, AL / 10,591
40 14.49 mph Houston, AL / 101,547
41 14.47 mph Calhoun, AL / 118,572
42 14.42 mph Bibb, AL / 22,915
43 14.31 mph Pickens, AL / 19,746
44 14.22 mph Jefferson, AL / 658,466
45 14.19 mph Lamar, AL / 14,564
46 14.13 mph Covington, AL / 37,765
47 14.12 mph Monroe, AL / 23,068
48 14.04 mph Coosa, AL / 11,539
49 13.99 mph Lawrence, AL / 34,339
50 13.96 mph Franklin, AL / 31,704
51 13.79 mph Cleburne, AL / 14,972
52 13.78 mph Shelby, AL / 195,085
53 13.75 mph Autauga, AL / 54,571
54 13.73 mph Marion, AL / 30,776
55 13.64 mph Limestone, AL / 82,782
56 13.55 mph Choctaw, AL / 13,859
57 13.41 mph Chilton, AL / 43,643
58 13.35 mph Randolph, AL / 22,913
59 13.30 mph Colbert, AL / 54,428
60 13.20 mph Geneva, AL / 26,790
61 13.19 mph Clay, AL / 13,932
62 13.16 mph Lauderdale, AL / 92,709
63 12.96 mph Baldwin, AL / 182,265
64 12.84 mph Clarke, AL / 25,833
65 12.69 mph Mobile, AL / 412,992
66 12.58 mph Talladega, AL / 82,291
67 12.15 mph Washington, AL / 17,581

35. Sawatzki Chaw 35
APPENDIX C
Figure 3: Gearless Magnetic Levitated Wind-Solar Powered Turbine Storage System (Sawatzki Chaw).

36. Sawatzki Chaw 36
Figure 4: The LIAMF1 UWT UK Spiral Axis Wind Turbine (The Archimedes BV-RDMCampus).

37. Sawatzki Chaw 37
Figure 5: Spiral Axis Wind Turbine Structural Analysis (The Archimedes BV-RDMCampus).

38. Sawatzki Chaw 38
Figure 6: Rotor Blade Supporting Frame Top (Sawatzki Chaw).

39. Sawatzki Chaw 39
Figure 7: Rotor Blade Supporting Frame Bottom (Sawatzki Chaw).

40. Sawatzki Chaw 40
Figure 8: Version 1.0 of VAWT Blade design with C shaped Frame (Sawatzki Chaw).

41. Sawatzki Chaw 41
Figure 9: Altazimuth Mount on Dobsonian Telescope (Wikipedia).
Figure 10: Yaw Turbine Control System (Wikipedia).

42. Sawatzki Chaw 42
Figure 11: HAWT and VAWT Configurations (Gipe 98-103).

43. Sawatzki Chaw 43
MEASUREMENTS
Turbine power is defined as
Where P is power, 𝜌 is air density,A is swept area of the blade, V is wind speed,and 𝐶 𝑝 is the power coefficient.
Since real world limit for a VAWT & HAWT is between 0.33 and 0.45, this paper will use the
minimum power coefficient for calculations (NPOWER 2).
The air density in Huntsville, Alabama is 1.164 kg / 𝑚3
. The length of the Turbine blade is
obtained by rearranging the previous formula for:
The power that the turbine needs to produce is between 2796.26 Watts and 2908.11 Watts. At an
altitude of 30 meters, the length of the turbine blade should be at least 8.50 meters.
Figure 12: Swept Area of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine or Spiral Axis
Wind Turbine (NPOWER 2).

44. Sawatzki Chaw 44
Table 5: Technical Data for 3 Phase ac Generator (Chengjin Electro Machinery).
APPENDIX D

45. Sawatzki Chaw 45
MEASUREMENTS
The rotor speed is rated at 710 rpm. The Synchronous speed is rated at 750 rpm.
Therefore, the Slip of this motor is 5.33.
The RP.M of a motor can be found with the following formula:
Where the operational frequency is either 50 or 60 Hz (for Europe and U.S).
Figure 13: Three Phase AC Induction, 12 poles Generator (Maloney 565).

46. Sawatzki Chaw 46
Figure 14: Alabama-Wind Resource Potential Cumulative Rated Capacity vs. Gross Capacity Factor (AWS TruePower).

47. Sawatzki Chaw 47
APPENDIX E
Figure 15: HighPowerSolarCells(Shenzhen Suoyang New Energy).
Figure 16: Encapsulating Solar Cells with optical Resin (Solaris).
Figure 17: Circuit Schematic of Solar Cells Array (Sawatzki Chaw).

48. Sawatzki Chaw 48
APPENDIX F
Figure 18: 250Ah Lead Deep Cycle Battery (Yangzhou Bright Solar Solutions).
Figure 19: Circuit Schematic for proposed Battery Array (Sawatzki Chaw).

49. Sawatzki Chaw 49
APPENDIX G
Figure 20: Proposed design for Rectifier (Wikipedia; Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles).

50. Sawatzki Chaw 50
APPENDIX H
Figure 21: Proposed design for Charge Controller, aka Ćuk converter (Wikipedia).

51. Sawatzki Chaw 51
APPENDIX I
Figure 22: Proposed Design for Power Inverter, 250 to 500 Watts PWMDC/AC 220V (Zouein).

52. Sawatzki Chaw 52
Figure 23: Arduino UNO Micro-Controller (Arduino).
APPENDIX J

53. Sawatzki Chaw 53
Figure 24: Arduino UNO Circuit Schematic (Wikispaces).

54. Sawatzki Chaw 54
Figure 25: GMAG-WINDSOPTSS’s Arduino ONE Control Interface (Sawatzki Chaw).