This document discusses rules for pluralizing nouns in English. Nouns ending in y with a consonant before it change y to i and add es. Nouns ending in a consonant or single vowel plus f or fe change to v and add es, while nouns ending with two vowels plus f add s. Exceptions exist for nouns like dwarf, loaf and leaf. Nouns ending in o plus a vowel add s, and nouns ending in o plus a consonant add es.

1. PLURALIZATION OF NOUNS

2. Nouns ending in y with a consonant before it
change –y to –i and add –es.
Examples:
family- families army- armies
sky- skies grocery- groceries

3. Nouns ending in a consonant or single vowel
plus –f or –fe change to –v and add –es.
Examples:
scarf - scarves
shelf - shelves
knife - knives
half - halves

4. Nouns ending with two vowels plus –f add -s
chief - chiefs
reef - reefs
roof - roofs
Examples:

5. Exemptions
Examples:
dwarf – dwarfs or dwarves
loaf - loaves leaf - leaves

6. Nouns ending with –o and a vowel before it
add –s.
Examples:
zoo - zoos video - videos
radio - radios stereo - stereos

7. Nouns ending with –o and a consonant before
it and –es.
Examples:
potato - potatoes
mango - mangoeshero - heroes
echo - echoes