The document discusses various rules for forming plurals of nouns in English. It explains that most nouns form the plural by adding -s, and covers exceptions like nouns ending in consonant-y, f or fe, o, and irregular plurals. It also mentions pluralia tantum nouns that only have a plural form and singularia tantum nouns that only have a singular form.

1. Plural of Nouns

2. The plural of a noun is usually made by adding s to the singular: dog – dogs house – houses s is pronounced /s/ after p, k or f sound. Otherwise it is pronounced /z/.

3. Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies : baby – babies Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s : day – days guy - guys

4. - f or fe 13 nouns ending in f or fe change into v and add es in the plural: knife - knives life - lives wife – wifes leaf – leaves half – halves shelf – shelves loaf – loaves thief – thieves self – selves wolf – wolves calf – calves sheaf – sheaves elf – elves

5. Other nouns take only –s in the plural: roof - roofs proof – proofs chief - chiefs

6. Nouns ending in -o Nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant add –es in the plural: tomato – tomatoes hero – heroes All nouns ending in –o preceded by a vowel take only –s in the plural: studio – studios scenario – scenarios Certain foreign nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant, take only –s in the plural: piano – pianos kilo – kilos photo – photos Double forms: Fresco – frescos and frescoes Flamingo – flamingos and flamingoes

7. Irregular plural man – men woman – women child – children foot – feet tooth – teeth goose – geese mouse – mice louse – lice ox - oxen

8. Pluralia Tantum Nouns denoting the names of things, tools and instruments consisting of two halves are used only in the plural: trousers shorts pincers glasses scissors

9. The following nouns have only a plural form: arms – oružje goods – roba headquarters – štab, sedište premises – prostorije riches - bogatstvo

10. A number of words ending in – ics (acoustics, athletics, mathematics, politics, physics etc) normally take a plural verb: His mathematics are weak. But names of sciences can sometimes be considered singular: -Mathematics is an exact science.

11. The following nouns have the same form in the singular and plural: deer sheep means series species cross-roads

12. Nouns indicating nationality and ending in – ss and –se have the same singular and plural form: A Japanese – two Japanese A Swiss – three Swiss

13. Some nouns taken from foreign languages keep their original plural forms: bas is – bas es thes is – thes es cris is – cris es dat um – dat a formul a – formul ae phenomen on - phenomen a

14. Some nouns have different meanings in the plural and singular: arm – arms good – goods hair – hairs cloth – clothes custom - customs

15. Singularia Tantum The following nouns have no plural form, they are always followed by a singular verb: information news advice courage knowledge furniture