1. Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as
consul in the year 63 BC. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian
order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
Porphyry of Tyre was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was born in Tyre, in the Roman Empire.
He edited and published the Enneads, the only collection of the work of his teacher Plotinus. His
commentary on Euclid's Elements was used as a source by Pappus of Alexandria
2. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, commonly called Boethius,
was a Roman senator, consul, magister officiorum, and philosopher of the early 6th century. He
was born about a year after Odoacer deposed the last Roman Emperor and declared himself
King of Italy.
John Philoponus, also known as John the Grammarian or John of
Alexandria, was a Byzantine Alexandrian philologist, Aristotelian commentator and Christian
theologian, author of a considerable number of philosophical treatises and theological works.
3. Al-Farabi was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote
in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic. He was also a scientist,
cosmologist, mathematician and music scholar.
Ibn Sina, also known as Abu Ali Sina, Pur Sina, and often
known in the west as Avicenna was a Persian Muslim polymath who is regarded as one of the
most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. He
has been described as the father of modern medicine.
Ibn Rushd, often Latinized as Averroes, was a Muslim
Andalusian philosopher and thinker who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy,
theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.
