4. Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher from the 4th century
BC who laid the first foundations for the fields of philosophy
and theology. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher
of Aristotle.
Socrates is among the most famous figures in world history
for his contributions to the development of ancient Greek
philosophy, which laid the foundations for all Western
Philosophy.
One of the greatest philosophers in history is Aristotle. His
extant writings span a wide range of disciplines, from logic,
metaphysics and philosophy of mind, ethics, and political
theory.
Apollonius Dyscolus is a grammarian of Greece. Apollonius is
considered the founder of the systematic study of grammar.
There are four Apollonius works that survive: Syntax, the
shorter works on Pronouns, Conjunctions, and Adverbs.
5.
6.
7. St. Jerome is a biblical translator and monastic leader,
traditionally regarded as the most learned of the Latin Fathers.
He's known for his Latin translation of the Bible, the Vulgate,
and he's considered a doctor of the church.
Aelfric wrote both to instruct the monks and to spread the
learning of the 10th-century monastic revival. His Catholic
Homilies provided orthodox sermons, based on the Church
Fathers. Author of a Latin grammar, hence his nickname
Grammaticus, he also wrote Lives of the Saints.
Thomas of Erfurt was the most influential member of a group
of later medieval philosophers known as the speculative
grammarians or Modistae (Modists), after the central place
they assigned to the modi significandi (modes of signifying) of
a word in their analyses of human discourse.
8.
9. Manuel Chrysoloras is a Greek scholar who was a pioneer in
spreading Greek literature in the West.
Sībawayh is a celebrated grammarian of the Arabic language.
His monumental work is al-Kitāb fī an-naḥw (“The Book on
Grammar”) or, more simply, al-Kitāb (“The Book”). The work
was frequently used by later scholars.
Italian poet and scholar Dante Alighieri is best known for his
masterpiece La Commedia (known in English as The Divine
Comedy), which is universally considered one of world
literature’s greatest poems.
Petrus Ramus is French philosopher, logician, and rhetorician.
He was a prolific writer; among his most celebrated works are
Dialecticae partitiones (1543), Aristotelicae animadversiones
(1543), Dialectique (1555), and Dialecticae libri duo (1556).
10. Johann Gottfried von Herderwas a German philosopher, poet, critic,
theologian. He is best known for his influence on authors such as
Goethe and the role he played in the development of the larger
cultural movement known as romanticism.
James Harris is an English philosopher, grammarian, and music
patron. Harris also wrote Hermes, or, A Philosophical Inquiry
Concerning Universal Grammar, a scientific theory of Greek, Latin,
and modern grammar.
James Burnett is a Scottish jurist and pioneer anthropologist who
explored the origins of language and society and anticipated
principles of Darwinian evolution.
Sir William Jones was British Orientalist and jurist who did much to
encourage interest in Oriental studies in the West. His Grammar of
the Persian Language was authoritative in the field for a long time.
11.
12.
13. They were the founders of scientific historical linguistics. He first
showed that, in their consonant sounds, words in the Germanic
languages vary with a certain regularity from their equivalents in the
other Indo-European languages.
Wilhelm von Humboldt was language scholar, philosopher,
diplomat, and educational reformer whose contribution to the
development of the scientific study of language became highly
valued in the 20th century.
Ferdinand de Saussure was Swiss linguist whose ideas on structure
in language laid the foundation for much of the approach to and
progress of the linguistic sciences in the 20th century.
14.
15. Edward Sapir is one of the foremost American linguists and
anthropologists of his time, most widely known for his contributions
to the study of North American Indian languages. A founder of
ethnolinguistics, which considers the relationship of culture to
language, he was also a principal developer of the American
(descriptive) school of structural linguistics.
Roman Jakobson led the way in the development of structural
linguistics in the twentieth century, a pioneer whose approach had a
lasting influence on other well-known linguists, anthropologists, and
literary critics. He was also one of the architects of phonology as it is
understood and practiced today. Roman Jakobson developed a
communication model, which became a hallmark of his approach.
16.
17. George Lakoff is a professor of cognitive science and linguistics.
During his time at MIT, Lakoff mainly helped develop Chomsky's
ideas on linguistics. In particular, Noam Chomsky's theory of
transformational grammar was a central focus of the early part of
Lakoff's career.
Franz Boas was one of the principal founders of modern American
Anthropology and Ethnology. He developed one of the foremost
departments of anthropology in the United States.
Leonard Bloomfield was an American linguist who led the
development of structural linguistics in the United States during the
1930s and the 1940s. His influential textbook Language presented
a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics.
