Making India Zero Water Waste

© Confederation of Indian Industry
Making India Zero
Water Waste
Jit Kumar Gupta
Chairman, Chandigarh Chapter, Indian Green Building Council

Water-
Relevance for
Human Living

Water- Relevance for Human Living
 Water ;-- Elixir of life,
 Water-- most valuable gift of nature
 Water-- sustainer, protector/ promoter of life
 Water-- vital component of human living, food , processing,
manufacturing
 Average human body- 50-65% water; birth 75-85%
 Water essential for
 Without water- cities cease to exist.
 Water– known to make people-- happy, healthy, more productive.
 Water-- determinant of quality of life.
 Water –at core of sustainable/ socio-economic developmentWater
ecosystems--reduces disease /improves health
 /productivity of people.
 --crucial link between climate system
 -- human society / environment

Water- Relevance for Human Living
 poor quality of water -Cause for pandemics/ disease
 Water misused/abused, traded as commodity
 - Water covering 75% area of planet – potable water for human
consumption --major issue -- fast emerging global threat / challenge
 Water use increasing globally @ about 1% per year since 1980s
 Last 70 years- population X 3 but -water demand x6 times
 900-1100 million lack clean water for drinking
 Over 2 billion people experiencing high water stress,
 2.4 billion lack basic sanitation
 5 billion out of 8 billion live in severe water stressed by 2025
 Managing Water most critical essential
 Save water – save life
 Save Water- Save Energy
 Save Water- Save Money
 Save – Save Nature

Water-Global
Context

The World’s Water

Saltwater
97.5%
Freshwater
2.5%
Total Surface Freshwater : 0.4%
Where is the freshwater?
World’s Freshwater
World’s Water
Groundwater
30.1%
Surfacewater
0.4%
Glaciers
69.5%
Salt Water
97.5%
Fresh Water
2.5%

Water-Indian
Context

Water – Indian Context
 Water – Finite Resource/ Irreplaceable
 Water- Renewable -- only when well managed
 India-- With just 4% of freshwater
 India supports–
 --one-sixth global population-17.5%- 135 crores
 --Largest animal population globally
 - 535.78 million
 Water-- vital for; -- living, working, food, agriculture,
urbanization, industrialization, trade-commerce,
healthcare/ education, flora and fauna
 25% Indians - remain without access to safe drinking
water
 21% diseases --poor quality of water used
 Over 3 lakh children–
--under 5 years, die annually- due to diarrhea

Water--Indian Context
 17.5 % Worlds Population;
 4% water Resources
 535.78 million livestock
 Water Scenario
 12 Major Rivers
 4,000 BCM of water ; 1,123 BCM utilizable
 690 BCM surface water
 433 BCM Ground water
 Glaciers
 34,919 Glaciers
 75,779 sq. km glaciated area
 Coastal ecosystems
 Coastline: 7500 km
 35% of population live within 100 kms of coasts

Water – Indian Context
 Women- major victim of water stress
 Women-- spend 150 million workdays/year
 -- for fetching/ carrying water
 - causing loss of Rs. 10 billion economic terms.
 --The 2030 Water Resources Group estimates
 - at current consumption rate,
 -- India-- to have only half of water needed by 2030.
 India uses –-- 80% freshwater for agriculture- Tube
wells
 For drinking - rural India uses 90% ground water
 -- urban India– 50%

Water –Indian Context
 India -largest user of ground water
 -- drawing -1/4 of global groundwater.
 -- China, draws half of ground water-- compared to India.
 -- 60% districts declared water critical
 -- 70% water remaining contaminated
 -- India ranks 120 out of 122 countries in global water quality index.
 -- More than half of India’s cultivated land remains under water-
intensive crops--rice, paddy, sugarcane etc.
 -- Indian agriculture
 -- highly water inefficient,
 -- consuming twice water for producing same quantity of food/ cereals -
other countries.
 -- 100 million Indians consume drinking water with excessive fluoride
 NITI Ayog estimates –
 - likely loss of 6% in national GDP-- from severe water scarcity , India
likely to face in future
 - 10 Largest cities face acute water stress including Delhi/Bangaluru

Water-Supply
& Demand

Water Demand-Supply
City Demand (MLPD) Supply(MLPD) Shortage(%)
Delhi 3028 2460 18.75
Mumbai 3900 3210 17.47
Chennai 2244 1760 21.58
Kolkata 2036 1593 21.74
Bengaluru 1146 900 21.45
Hyderabad 885 707 20.08

Water-Indian
Context- Issues

Water-Issues
 Large consumption-- Rapid/ massive increase of human
count / animals.
 Rapid urbanization– industrialization/ globalization
 Large Gap between demand/supply-
 --Increased water demand
 -decrease in water supply.
 Water demand increasing- 35 fold during three centuries
 Large scale mismanagement of water resources
 Global warming, climate change/repeated- floods, droughts
/natural disasters.
 Lack of awareness -about rational, efficient, economical
usage of water
 Large scale pollution of fresh water resources
 Rapid growth of water based sanitary systems, water
intensive fixtures .

Water-Issues
 Irrational agricultural/ water intensive cropping pattern
 Absence of waste water management/ management of
rainwater resource. at local/regional level
 Irrational/ unrealistic pricing of fresh water.
 Inefficient/outdated technologies/ management system of
 --water sourcing ,
 --water delivery
 -- large scale leakage, theft, wastage / unaccounted water.
 --Focusing on water supply- rather on water management.
 --Lack of accountability/ transparency
 -- irrational water norms/standards
 -- Inequalities in access to safe drinking water and
sanitation

Water-
Management

How Water can be
made available to
all- Nobody is left
without water

Why Conserve/Manage Water?
 Saving money on your utility bill,
 Prevents greenhouse gas - associated with treating/distributing
water.
 reducing pollution due to leaks.
 Avoiding Overloading municipal sewer systems
 Avoiding untreated sewage to flow to lakes and rivers.- helps
prevent polluting water in lakes/ rivers, /local watersheds.
 Smaller amount of water flowing through these systems,-- smaller
network- Reduced cost of network
 Smaller sewerage to be treated- less recurring life-cycle cost, less
area, less pollution, lesser discharge , lesser energy consumption
 Extend life of septic system-- by reducing soil saturation


Water Management
 Critical issue of water consumption -
- demands on supplying aquifer/sources
exceeding its ability to replenish itself
 Key objectives of water
sustainability-
 i. Protect water
 Ii. Conserve water
 Iii. Protect water quality
 iv. Reduce consumption

SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

Smart City
Mission in India

Smart City Mission in India
 Smart Cities Mission ;
 urban renewal, green field and retrofitting program
 Launched by Government of India to develop 100
cities
 making them
 citizen friendly,
 people centric
 promoting sustainable and inclusive development
 providing basic amenities/ assured quality of life
 Through application of ‘Smart’ Solutions.
 To create a replicable model for other aspiring cities.
 Involving Green Field / Brown field development/ Pan
city approach
 Smart Cities Mission launched in June 2015.[

Smart City Mission in India
 Core infrastructure elements in a smart city include:
 i. Assuring adequate water supply,
 ii. assured electricity supply,
 iii. Promote Saniatation, including solid waste
management,
 iv. Promote efficient urban mobility and public
transport,
 v. Create affordable housing, especially for poor,
 vi. Ensure robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
 vii. Positioning good governance-- e-Governance
&citizen participation,
 viii. Promoting sustainable environment,
 ix. Promoting safety & security of citizens, --
particularly women, children ; elderly,

Strategies for
Water Management

Approach
Reduce
Recycle/
Reuse
Recharge Refuse

Managing Water-Physical Planning
 Making cities spongy -- promoting porosity- open
spaces- creating water bodies- using low lying land
 Adopting Regional Planning approach-- for sourcing,
consumption/ conserving water for urban /rural India.
 Planning cities/large complexes -- to be water
efficient/zero waste water
 Making water conservation/ waste water management
--integral part of urban planning process
 Linking/integrating all human settlements-- with
adjoining peri-urban/ agricultural land, for meeting
water demand for urban /rural
 Rationalizing--open spaces--focus on minimizing use
of fresh water.--

Managing Water-Physical Planning
 -Linking all open spaces with rain water harvesting .
 Using landscaping/ flora and fauna-- minimizing water
consumption.
 Using local/native trees-
 Preserving/protecting/promoting/augmenting all
existing water resources/draining systems .
 Identifying /promoting/protecting all existing areas of
bio-diversity
 Using all existing low-lying areas-- for creating
manmade water bodies/ lakes/ponds for
 - preserving/ collecting/sourcing rain water;
 for promoting ground water recharging;

Managing Water- Management
 Decentralizing waste water collection/recycling at
community/neighborhood level
 Mandating all industries-- to be zero-waste water, by
defining standards /norms for water consumption ,
 Making all Group Housing Societies/healthcare--
consuming large water to be zero- water waste by
incentivizing
 Eliminating single use -promoting multiple use of
water mandatory at all levels of water consumption.
 Setting standards for water consumption for
Indoor/outdoor equipment-.
 Making rainwater harvesting integral part of building
construction/ building operation processes..
 Protecting fresh water resources /defining protected
belts around them

Regional Planning

Making Cities Spongy

Chandigarh Master Plan- Le Corbusier

TIANJIN Eco- City- Master Plan
..
2.

Greening Cities

Greening Cities –
Available open space/person in India-2.7 sqm
Number of available trees/ person- Canada- 10,163
Number of available trees-India- very low-- 28
trees/person
- Need for Creating a network of interconnected Green
parks/ spaces
- 7 Trees / person
-Providing Green Space@ 9 Sqm/ pers
- Compensating all hard surfaces with greens within
buildings roofs/walls
-Greening Roofs/terraces/ Walls
-Preserving all natural areas
-Preserving water channels/ features/ Bio- Diversity
-Protecting existing flora/faun -Creating City Forests
- using derelict areas for greening
- Greening all low lying areas
- Declaring all existing trees as protected tree- Chandigarh
-Using local trees

Open Spaces

Greening Cities

Global- Tree Count

Central Park New York- 700 Acs Vaux and Olmsted'

Hyde Park London- 253 Hectare

PERTH- Australia

Today Curitiba boasts > 50 sq metres of green space per person. Buenos Aires’s
two sq meters / person

Creating City Forests

Managing Water- Agriculture
 Making agriculture zero ground/potable water
dependent.
 Using irrigation/drip irrigation
 Changing cropping pattern-- from water-intensive
commercial crops to water-efficient cropping pattern
 Promoting efficient flood management-- to save
water, save land, save crops for effective utilization
during water deficit period.
 Preserving, promoting /creating -- old and new
source of Water
 Incentivizing-- water efficient cropping pattern .
 Linking human habitation with agriculture– using
household waste water for meeting agriculture
needs

Strategies for Water
Management in Built
Environment

BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal Solid Waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering annual addition of- 700-900msqmts-
•-- energy/ environment implications will be critical.
•Buildings need to be;
•- designed /constructed / operated /maintained
•--with utmost care /considerations for
•-- energy/ sustainability/resources

Changing Construction Perceptions

Designing Built Environment


4 R’s – Approach
 Recharge
 Rainwater harvesting
 Reduce
 Low flow fixtures
 Reuse
 Use of treated Waste water
 Refuse- Use only when
 necessary
 Refuse- Use water only
when necessary

Promoting Water Efficiency
 Adopt Strategies for –
 -- Slow the flow
 -- breaking water
 --Conserving water
 -- Sourcing RW Harvesting
 --Promoting Ground water charging
 -- Promoting multiple use of water
 Design for dual plumbing—
 -- using recycled water for toilet flushing
 -using rainwater/ non-potable water for site
irrigation.
 Minimize wastewater
 -- using ultra low-flush toilets,
 -- using low-flow shower heads

Promoting Water Efficiency
 Adopt Strategies for –
 Use Re-circulating systems-- for
centralized hot water distribution.
 Installing point-of-use hot water--
heating systems-- for more distant
locations.
 Metering water use – both for domestic/
landscape separately
 -- Promote micro-irrigation /sprinklers /
high-pressure sprayer-- to supply water
in non-turf areas.
 Involving communities --Through
education /incentives
 Promoting Green Buildings as a Brand

Optimization of
water demand
Use of water
efficient systems
Use of recycled
water and
rainwater
harvesting
Some
cost
impact
Highest
cost
impact
Least
cost
impact
Cost effective strategy for water efficiency

Defining- Green Buildings

Daylighting
Local materials
Indian Way of approaching design
 Rediscovery of the Indian ethos
 We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
Views
Water body

Green Building – Definition
 A Green Building is one which
Uses less Water
Optimizes Energy
Efficiency
Conserves natural
resources
Generates less
waste
Provides healthier
spaces

Benefits of Green Buildings

Impact of Buildings- minimizing
Building Footprints

Singapore, seven 50-story housing towers connected by 1,600-foot-
recreational “sky garden.”
-- high-density development in compact city-state.

Greening Roof

1. Rain Water Harvesting
 Intent
 Enhance ground water table & reduce municipal
water demand through effective RWH systems.
 Compliance Option
 Design rainwater harvesting system to capture
at least ‘One-day Rainfall’ runoff volume from
roof & non-roof areas.

Rain Water Harvesting- Strategies
Green Schools
Rain Water Harvesting
Collecting Rain Water
Collection Pond
Percolating Rain Water to
Ground
Percolation Pit
Storage Tank Collecting to Bore Well

RWH Harvesting Structures
Connection with the Drain
ONGC, Tel Bhawan, Dehradun
Rain water storage chamber
Dell, Coimbatore
Rain water storage Pond
CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green
Business Centre, Hyderabad

2. Water Efficient Fixtures
 Intent
 Enhance efficiency of plumbing fixtures, thereby
minimising potable water use

Water Efficient Fixtures- Strategies
Green Schools
Water Efficient Fixtures
Low flow fixtures Low Flush Fixtures
Sensor based Urinals
Waterless Urinals
Aerators
Sensor based Fixtures
Dual Flush

Waterless Urinal

Water Consumption
Conventional Buildings Green Buildings
45 Litres/
Person/day
30 Litres/
Person/day
What Green Buildings did differently

Water Efficient Fixtures
Jal
8 LPM
2/4 LPM
46% Water Savings Over Baseline
6/3
LPF
5 LPM

3. Landscape Design
 Intent
 Design landscape to ensure minimum
water consumption

Azadirakta Indica Pinus
Cactus Family
Palm Family
Native
Drought
Tolerant
Adaptive
Landscape Design

XERI-SCAPING

4. Management of Irrigation Systems
 Intent
 Reduce water demand for irrigation through
water efficient management systems and
techniques
 Compliance Options:
 Provide/ install highly efficient irrigation systems
(minimum four features)
 Central shut-off valve
 Soil moisture sensors & Timer based controls
 Segregate landscape areas, based on watering needs
 Drip irrigation system, to reduce evaporation
 Any other innovative methods for watering

Water Efficient Irrigation System -
Strategies
Green Schools
Irrigation System
Sprinkler System
Automatic Spray System
Drip Irrigation
Soaker Hoses
Mechanical Spray System Micro misting

5. Waste Water Treatment & Reuse
 Intent
 Treat waste water generated on-site
 To avoid polluting the receiving streams by safe
disposal
 Use treated waste water
 To reduce dependence on potable water

 Compliance Option
 Install on-site treatment system to
handle 100% of waste water
generated in the building
 Quality standards should comply with CPCB/State
Pollution Control Board norms
Waste Water Treatment & Reuse

Waste Water Treatment- Strategies
Green Schools
Waste Water Treatment
Biological Treatment
Phytoremediation
Mechanical Treatment
Root Zone

Waste Water Reuse
 Use treated waste water for:
 Landscaping
 Flushing
 Cooling tower make-up water
Landscaping
Flushing
Cooling tower make-up

6. Water Metering
 Intent
 Encourage sub-metering to
improve water performance
of the building, and save
potable water

“Centre of Excellence” for Energy, Environment, Green Buildings,
Renewable energy, Water & Climate change activities in India
CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre Hyderabad
A Zero Water Discharge Campus
A unique Public – Private Partnership
( CII, Govt of Andhra Pradesh, USAID and Pirojsha Godrej Foundation )

Water Efficiency
 Zero water discharge
 Recycling of 100 % grey
water reuse for landscaping
 35% reduction on potable
water use
 High efficient fittings
 Installation of waterless
urinals
 Rain water harvesting
 Collection pond at site
 8 Lakh liters capacity

Phytoremediation
 Wastewater treatment system
 Biological mechanism
 Treated water used for irrigation

Rating Green
Buildings-
Indian Green
Building
Council- IGBC

Evaluating Green Buildings:-IGBC 52 -
10+42
I Sustainable Architecture & Design- 5/5
 Integrated design approach, Site preservation, Passive Architecture
 ii Site Selection and Planning - 14/14
basic amenities, proximity to local transport, natural
topography, tree preservation, heat island reduction, low
emitting vehicle, outdoor light pollution, facilities for
construction workers etc
 iii. Water Conservation --18/19
 Rain water harvesting – roof/non-roof, efficient plumbing
fixtures, Sustainable landscape design , waste water
treatment/recycling, water metering
 iv Energy Conservation --28/30
 use of chlorofluorocarbon-free equipment,
 Minimum energy consumption ,
 enhanced energy efficiency,
 On/off site renewable energy generation,
 energy saving measures in appliances other/equipment and
energy metering

Parameters for Evaluating Green Buildings:
 v. Building Materials/Resources– 16/16
 waste segregation- post occupation ;handling of
construction waste materials, ;reuse of salvaged materials, ;
using green building materials, products and equipment
 organic waste management- post occupation,
 vi Indoor Environment Quality- 12/9
 tobacco smoke control, fresh air ventilation ,CO2
monitoring,
 low emitting compound materials, paints and adhesives,
 Day lighting, outdoor view, indoor/outdoor pollution
 Indoor Air Quality management during construction,
 Indoor Air Quality testing after construction/ before
occupation
vii. Innovations and Development -- 7/7
 Innovations in design process; optimisation of
structural design, Waste water reuse during
construction. ; IGBC accredited professional

RATING OF NEW GREEN BUILDINGS

Water Management in
Built Environment-
Prefabrication

Pre- fabrication/Modular
Construction/off-site- Advantages
 Building in Hazardous Area
 Assured Quality Construction
 Material Efficiency
 Cost- Efficiency
 Green Construction- Water Efficiency
 Flexibility
 Reduced Site Disruption
 Time Efficiency
 Safety

Pre- fabrication Construction/Advantage
 Green Construction
 -Modular buildings require less power consumption
compared to traditional constructions,
 ---lower life cycle energy implications as compared to on-
site construction
 -- have minimum requirement of water due to absence of
onsite watering of brick/concrete
 -- Energy efficiency achieved through using recycled
materials
 -- Resource efficient and greener construction process due
to reduced material waste/ pollution --increased use of
recycled materials
 Flexibility
 Flexibility --based on easy dismantling /Relocation of
buildings to different sites,
 being made of numerous individual parts-- also permit
flexibility in building structure/ design by changing design
of specific prefab component.

Crystal Palace London

Quonset huts, pre-fabricated lightweigh

500-room deluxe Hilton Hotel in
San Antonio for Texas

Cruise liner Queen Mary 2

Conclusions

Water Management- Conclusion
 Cities have undertaken strategies;
 by looking at alternative water -sourcing,
/management/ conservation
 -Balancing water supply and demand
 identified ways to infrastructure changes-- with public
education / awareness campaigns
 -- to alter the way residents treat water.
Effective water management involves;
 -- Looking holistic at water supply
 -- not only looking at use of fresh, potable water
 -- but also rain, storm, and wastewater management.

Managing Water- Technology
 Using state of art technologies for treating / managing/ waste water
 Shifting sanitary system from water-based to non- water based
 Using Phyto-remedial instead of STP for treating sullage water
 Designing water fixtures/faucets based on-breaking water .
 Reducing water consumption-- in construction of buildings by
changing methods of construction/using water efficient construction
technologies
 Incentivizing building materials, with minimum water usage.
 Shifting from construction to manufacturing-- through pre-fabrication
 minimizing wastage/ theft/ leakage/ unauthorized use.
 Creating intelligent system of water management at city/local level .
 Treating waste water for reuse as fresh water.
 Creating water Stupas in Cold regions- for use during warm/hot
period
 Minimizing water loss due to evaporation in hot regions- by shading
areas, covering with plastic sheets or by installing solar panels on
sources of water.
 Promoting Technology-GIS- for mapping available sources of water

WATER STUPAS- LEH

Singapore New Water

Floating Solar Plant- Saving Water
from Evaporation

www.igbc.in
Go Green . . .

Making India Zero Water Waste

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