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BARTIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ
BARTIN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF EDUCATION
ULUSLARARASI HAKEMLİ DERGİ /INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL
Cilt/Volume: 4, Sayı/Issue: 1, Haziran/June 2015
Sahibi
Bartı Ü iversitesi Eğiti Fakültesi Adı a
Prof. Dr. Firdevs GÜNEŞ Deka
Editör
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “edat BALYEME)
Ala Editörleri
Prof. Dr. Çeti “EMERCİ
Doç. Dr. Ne ati HIRÇA
Doç. Dr. Nuri e “EMERCİ
Yrd. Doç. Dr. A şe Der a IŞIK
Yrd. Doç. Dr. A la ÇETİN DİNDAR
Yrd. Doç. Dr. F. Gize KARAOĞLAN YILMA)
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülsü ŞAHAN
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Harun ER
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Neslihan USTA
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “i e TARHAN
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “üle a Erka “ULAK
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “üre a GENÇ
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yıl az KARA
Ya a ı Dil “oru lusu
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özge GÜN
Yayı a Hazırlık
Arş. Gör. Arzu ÇEVİK
Arş. Gör. Ö er KEMİK“İ)
Sekretarya
Arş. Gör. Hasa Basri KAN“I)OĞLU
Teknik Sorumlular
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ramazan YILMAZ
Arş. Gör. Barış ÇUKURBAŞI
İletişi
Bartı Ü iversitesi Eğiti Fakültesi
74100 BARTIN – TÜRKİYE
e-posta: buefad@bartin.edu.tr
Tel: +90 378 223 54 59
Bartı Ü iversitesi Eğiti Fakültesi Dergisi BÜEFAD ,
ılda iki kez a ı la a uluslararası hake li ir
dergidir. Yazıları soru luluğu, azarları a aittir.
Owner
On Behalf of Bartin University Faculty of Education
Prof. Firdevs GUNES (Dean)
Editor
Asst. Prof. Sedat BALYEMEZ
Field Editors
Prof. Cetin SEMERCI
Assoc. Prof. Necati HIRCA
Assoc. Prof. Nuriye SEMERCI
Asst. Prof. Ayse Derya ISIK
Asst. Prof. Ayla CETIN DINDAR
Asst. Prof. F. Gizem KARAOGLAN YILMAZ
Asst. Prof. Gulsun SAHAN
Asst. Prof. Harun ER
Asst. Prof. Neslihan USTA
Asst. Prof. Sinem TARHAN
Asst. Prof. Suleyman Erkam SULAK
Asst. Prof. Sureyya GENC
Asst. Prof. Yilmaz KARA
Foreign Language Specialist
Asst. Prof. Ozge GUN
Preparing for Publication
RA. Arzu CEVIK
RA. Omer KEMIKSIZ
Secretary
RA. Hasan Basri KANSIZOGLU
Technical Assistants
Asst. Prof. Ramazan YILMAZ
RA. Baris CUKURBASI
Contact
Bartin University Faculty of Education
74100 BARTIN – TURKEY
e-mail: buefad@bartin.edu.tr
Tel: +90 378 223 54 59
Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education (BUJFED)
is a international refereed journal that is published two
times a year. The responsibility lies with the authors of
papers.
Kapak: Arş. Gör. Barış ÇUKURBAŞI – Öğr. Gör. Hüse i UY“AL
ISSN:1308-7177
Dizin / İ deks
ULAKBİM “os al ve Beşeri Bili ler Veri Ta a ı, EBSCOHOST, Index Copernicus, Proquest Education Journals Database, Modern
Language Association, Citefa tor, The Dire tor of Resear h Jour al I de i g, Ope A ade i Jour al I de , Ulri h’s Periodi als
Directory
Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE
Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY
YAYIN DANIŞMA KURULU / EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Prof. Dr. Hayati AKYOL Gazi Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Hüse i ALKAN Dokuz E lül Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. “e ahatti ARIBAŞ Adı a a Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ahmet ARIKAN Gazi Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Safure BULUT Orta Doğu Tek ik Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Re ai DOĞAN A kara Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Firdevs GÜNEŞ Bartı Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ah et GÜNŞEN Trak a Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Bilgi Ü al İBRET Kasta o u Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ramazan KAPLAN Bartı Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Firdevs KARAHAN “akar a Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Aziz KILINÇ Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ahmet KIRKKILIÇ Atatürk Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Murat Ö)BAY Gazi Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ahmet SABAN Konya Necmettin Er aka Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Çeti “EMERCİ Bartı Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. M. Fatih TAŞAR Gazi Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Yavuz TAŞKE“ENLİGİL Atatürk Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Cemal TOSUN A kara Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Selahattin TURAN Os a gazi Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Mi ar TÜRKKAHRAMAN Akde iz Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Selma YEL Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Bahri ATA Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. E up COŞKUN Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Erol DURAN Uşak Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Tolga GÜYER Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. E i e KOLAÇ A adolu Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Nuri e “EMERCİ Bartı Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. “a ri “İDEKLİ Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Çavuş ŞAHİN Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Neşe TERTEMİ) Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Ku ila YA)ICI Niğde Ü iversitesi
Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE
Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY
BU SAYININ HAKEMLERİ / REFEREES OF THIS ISSUE
Prof. Dr. İ rahi BİLGİN Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Şeref MİRA“YEDİOĞLU Başke t Ü iversitesi
Prof. Dr. Yaşare AKTAŞ ARNA“ Çukurova Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Başara GENÇDOĞAN Atatürk Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Büle t DİLMAÇ Ko a Ne etti Er aka Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Çiğde KAN Fırat Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Fat a Hül a Ö)CAN A adolu Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Ful a YÜK“EL ŞAHİN Yıldız Tek ik Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Gize “AYGILI “üle a De irel Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Haka DÜNDAR Kırıkkale Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. H. Elif DAĞLIOĞLU Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Ka a YILMA) Mar ara Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Kürşat YENİLME) Eskişehir Os a gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. M. E üp “ALLABAŞ Yıldız Tek ik Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Meh et TEMİ)KAN Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Meliha YILMA) Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Melis MİNİ“KER Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Mua er YILMA) Bartı Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Muharre AKTÜMEN Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Murat TUNCER Fırat Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Mutlu TÜRKMEN Bartı Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Ne ati HIRÇA Bartı Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Nurte “ARGIN Ko a Ne etti Er aka Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. “aide Ö)BEY Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. “o er Ö)DEMİR Kırıkkale Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. “üle a CAN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Şebnem KANDİL İNGEÇ Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Şadu a KAPU“U)OĞLU A a t İzzet Ba sal Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Şe a “E)GİN NARTGÜN A a t İzzet Ba sal Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Şe dil CAN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Tahsi İLHAN Gazios a paşa Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Tu er BÜLBÜL Trak a Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Yasi UY“AL Gazi Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Yü el ÖK“Ü) O dokuz Ma ıs Ü iversitesi
Doç. Dr. Yüksel GÖĞEBAKAN İ ö ü Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. A durrahi Ca ELDEMİR Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. A ur PALA Celal Ba ar Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. A şe ELİÜŞÜK Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. A şe GÜLER Kırıkkale Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Begü YALÇINKAYA Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Burçi GÖKKURT Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. De et )AFER GÜNEŞ İsta ul “a ahatti )ai Ü iversitesi
Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE
Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY
Yrd. Doç. Dr. E rullah YILMA) Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erol BARIN Gazi Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fat a YAŞAR EKİCİ İsta ul “a ahatti )ai Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fu da NALBANTOĞLU YILMA) Nevşehir Ha ı Bektaş Veli Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Güliz AYDIN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hati e “ezgi “ARAÇ Akde iz Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hi ra ÇETİN GÜNDÜ) Nevşehir Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hül a BAYBEK Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ke al )eki )ORBA) Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meh et MUTLU Niğde Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Me deres ÜNAL Kırşehir Ahi Evra Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meti DENİ) Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nala OKAN Niğde Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nihat BAYAT Akde iz Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özle TAGAY Meh et Akif Erso Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “edat BALYEME) Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “eçil Eda KARTAL Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “e ra KIRANLI GÜNGÖR Eskişehir Os a gazi Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. “i e TARHAN Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Şa a ÇETİN Gazi Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ta er BO)KUŞ Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Teki ÇELİKKAYA Ahi Evra Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Uğur DOĞAN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yakup DOĞAN Kilis 7 Aralık Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yıl az KARA Bartı Ü iversitesi
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yüksel GÜNDÜ) Artvi Çoruh Ü iversitesi
Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE
Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY
İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS
Prof. Dr. Firdevs GÜNEŞ
Eğiti ve Zihi sel Değişi
Education and Mental Change
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111011
1 - 20
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hi ra ÇETİN GÜNDÜZ – Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sinem TARHAN – Zey ep KILIÇ
Toplu sal Ci siyete Dayalı Meslek “eçi leri e Yö elik Tutu Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güve irlik Çalış ası
Attitude Towards Gender-Based Career Choices Scale Validity and Relability Study
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111012
21 - 33
Doç. Dr. Fatma E ru İKİZ – Arş. Gör. Esra ASICI – Arş. Gör. Mustafa SAVCI – Arş. Gör. Ca a YÖRÜK
Pro le li İ ter et Kulla ı ı İle Ü iversite Yaşa ı a Uyu İlişkisi
Relations between Problematic Internet Usage and Adaptation to College Life
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111013
34 - 50
Arş. Gör. Zakir ELÇİÇEK – Arş. Gör. İs ail KİNAY – Prof. Dr. Behçet ORAL
Öğret e Adayları ı “ı ıf Yö eti i Yeterlik Ölçeği i Geliştiril esi: Geçerlik ve Güve irlik Çalış ası
Developing Teacher Candidates' Classroom Management Competency Scale: Validity and Reliability Study
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111014
51 - 63
Doç. Dr. Fahri TEMİZYÜREK – Okt. Niha Ayli ÜNLÜ
Dil Öğreti i de Tek oloji i Materyal Olarak Kulla ı ı a Bir Ör ek: Flipped Classroo
The Use of Technology in Language Teaching Material as an Example: "Flipped Classroom"
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111015
64 - 72
Doç. Dr. Gizem SAYGILI – Öğr. Gör. Halit KIRIKTAŞ – Arş. Gör. Hüseyi Talha GÜL“OY
Bazı Değişke lere Göre Öğret e leri E patik Eğili Düzeyleri
The Level of Empathic Tendencies of Teachers According to Different Varibles
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111016
73 – 82
Doç. Dr. Hülya GÜR – Arş. Gör. Mevhi e KOBAK DEMİR
7. “ı ıf Mate atik Ders Kitapları Ce ir Kaza ı ları ı Ö Örgütleyi iler Açısı da İ ele esi
The Investigation of the Algebra Learning Outcomes in 7. Grade Mathematics Textbooks in Terms of Advance
Organizers
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111017
83 - 100
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Şakir “ERBE“ – Yrd. Doç. Dr. Cevdet CENGİZ
“ı ıf Öğret e i ve Bede Eğiti i Öğret e i Adayları ı Ter ih Ettikleri Öğreti “tilleri ve “tillere
İlişki Değer Algıları
Pre-Service Classroom and Physical Education Teachers’ Teaching Styles Preferences and Perceptions of
Teaching Styles
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111018
101 - 114
Yrd. Doç. Dr. De et GİRGİN
Bireysel Çalgı Dersi Tüke işlik Ölçeği Geliştir e Çalış ası: Geçerlik ve Güve irlik A alizi
Developing a Burnout Scale for Individual Instrument Courses: Validity and Reliability Analyses
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111019
115 - 126
Doç. Dr. Mua er YILMAZ – Dr. Hüseyi ÖZÇAKMAK
Öğret e Adayları ı Öğret e lik Uygula ası Dersleriyle İlgili Görüşleri i Değerle diril esi
Assessment of Prospective Teachers’ Views on Teaching Practice Courses
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111020
127 - 136
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal DEMİR
Ortaokul ve Liselerde Görev Yapa Bra ş Öğret e leri i Kişilik Özellikleri i Değerle diril esi
Assessment of Personality Traits of Branch Teachers Working in Secondary Schools and High Schools
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2016111021
137 - 150
Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE
Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY
İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS
Arş. Gör. Mustafa FİDAN
Akade isye leri “ı ıfları da Örgütsel Değer Yö eti i Düzeyleri ve Öğreti “üre i de İ ovatif
Uygula aları
Organizational Value Management Levels in Classroom and Innovative Practices in Teaching Processes
of Academics
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111022
151 - 162
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nuray MAMUR – Prof. Dr. Vedat ÖZ“OY
Görsel “a atlar Eğiti i de Portfolyo Değerle dir e
Portfolio Assessment in Visual Art Education
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111023
163 - 177
Dr. Serap ERGİN – Prof. Dr. Musa SARI
4MAT Öğreti Yö te i ve “u uş Yoluyla Öğreti Yö te i e Göre Öğre ileri Öğre e “tilleri i
Başarıya Etkisi i Araştırıl ası
The Research of the Effect of Stude ts’ Lear i g Styles o Their Achieve e ts Accordi g to the 4MAT (4
Mode Application Techniques) and Expository Instruction Methods
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111024
178 - 203
Doç. Dr. Ah et AKIN – Oğuz AKKAYA
“osyal Yeterlik ve “osyal “o uç Bekle tileri Ölçeği i Türkçeye Uyarla ası
The Validity and Reliability Study for the Turkish Version of the Social Efficacy and Social Outcome
Expectations Scale
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111025
204 - 213
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meriç ERA“LAN
Ü iversite “por Bölü ü Öğre ileri i Atılga lık ve Karar Ver e “tilleri i Çeşitli Değişke lere Göre
İ ele esi
The Analysis of Impulsivity and the Decision Making Styles of Sports Students of the University According
to Various Variables
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111026
214 - 223
Çı ar KAYA
Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers
Bir Öğret e Adayı Ör ekle i de Profesyo el Psikolojik Yardı Al aya İlişki Tutu
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111027
224 - 234
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Has i A“LAN
“osyalizasyo u Bir Bileşe i Olarak “a at ve “a at Eğiti i i Rasyo ellik Görü ü ü
Rational View of the Arts and Arts Education as a Component of Socialization
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111028
235 - 248
Doç. Dr. Nurhayat ÇELEBİ – Arş. Gör. Hali GÜNER – Veysel YILDIZ
Toksik Liderlik Ölçeği i Geliştiril esi
Developing Toxic Leadership Scale
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111056
249 - 268
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal TAŞLIDERE – Doç. Dr. Ali ERYILMAZ
Assessment of Pre-Service Tea hers’ Mis o eptio s i Geo etri al Opti s via a Three-Tier
Misconception
Öğret e Adayları ı Geo etrik Optik Ko usu daki Kavra Ya ılgıları ı Üç-Aşa alı Kavra Ya ılgısı
Testi ile Değerle diril esi
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111057
269 - 289
Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a
Sample of Pre-service Teachers
Çı ar KAYA, Marmara Ü iversitesi, cinar.kaya@yahoo.com
Abstract: The attitude toward seeking professional psychological help is an important concept in the
literature related to psychological help-seeking behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the attitudes of
pre-service teachers toward seeking psychological help. Data was collected from 143 university students from the
Faculty of Education. Construct was assessed using the abbreviated Turkish form of the s ale Attitudes To ard
Seeking Psychological Help (ASPH-“) and a personal information form created by the researcher was utilized in
order to obtain demographic and personal data. A general pattern of reluctance for help seeking was illustrated in
the descriptive statistical results. No gender difference was found with respect to Attitude towards seeking
psychological help. Attitude towards seeking psychological help had a significant correlation with age in the
negative direction. Age correlated positively with actual history of professional psychological help and presence of
educational experience about psychological help. Presence of educational experience about psychological help
correlated positively with history of professional psychological help. Year in university correlated positively with
presence of educational experience about psychological help. Income level correlated negatively with history of
professional psychological help. The results and future implications are discussed.
Key Words: Attitude towards seeking professional psychological help, preservice teachers.
Bir Öğret e Adayı Ör ekle i de Profesyonel Psikolojik
Yardı Al aya İlişki Tutu
Öz: Profes o el psikolojik ardı al a a ö elik tutu kavra ı psikolojik ardı ara a davra ışları ile
ilgili ala azı da ö e li ir ko u a sahiptir. Bu çalış ada öğret e ada ları ı profes o el psikolojik ardı
al a a ilişki tutu ları ı i ele esi a açla ıştır. Veriler Eğiti Fakültesi öğre isi de topla ıştır.
Ölç e ara ı olarak Psikolojik Yardı Al a a İlişki Tutu Ölçeği-Kısa For u PYTÖ-K) Türkçe for u ve de ografik
ve kişisel verileri topla ak içi araştır a ı tarafı da geliştirile ir kişisel ilgi for u kulla ıl ıştır. Beti sel
istatistik so uçları a göre öğret e ada ları da psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki ge el olarak elirsiz tutu ve
isteksizlik olduğu görül üştür. Psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu düze leri açısı da i si etler arası da a la lı ir
farklılık ulu a ıştır. Psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu düze leri ile aş arası da egatif ö de a la lı ir ilişki
ulu uştur. Yaş ile psikolojik ardı geç işi ve psikolojik ardı ile ilişkili eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif
ö de a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur. Ü iversitede geçe ıl ile eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif ö de a la lı
ir ilişki ulu uştur. Gelir düze i ile psikolojik ardı geç işi arası da a la lı düze de egatif ilişki ulu uştur.
“o uçlar ala azı kapsa ı da tartışıl ış ve gele ek araştır alar içi ö eriler apıl ıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Profes o el psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki tutu , öğret e ada ları.
Bartın Üniversitesi
Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi
Cilt 4, Sayı 1, s. 224 - 234, Haziran 2015
BARTIN – TÜRKİYE
ISSN: 1308-7177
Bartin University
Journal of Faculty of Education
Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 224 - 234, June 2015
BARTIN – TURKEY
Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111027
Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 4(1), s. 224 – 234, Haziran 2015
Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education 4(1) p. 224 – 234, June 2015
225
1. INTRODUCTION
Mental problems are found to be quite prevalent across different populations all over
the world; approximately 30-50% of people are likely to experience a mental disorder at least
once in their lifetimes and 15-30% are prone to experience a mental disorder within a
particular year (Mackenzie, Gekoski, & Knox, 2006). Although there are signs of increase in the
rates of mental health-services utilization, a majority of individuals with psychological
problems; even those with severe disorders do not receive professional psychological help
(Bebbington et al, 2000; Kessler et al., 2005). These facts hold true only for mental disorder
diagnoses based on formal manuals such as DSM and ICD (Kessler et al., 2005). Help seeking
attitudes contribute to the predisposition for actual help seeking behaviors.
The influence of demographic characteristics on the help-seeking attitudes is
manifested by several studies (Lin et al., 1982; Fischer & Cohen, 1972). Ethno racial
background, socioeconomic status, the subject area (major) -if the population is consisting of
students- seem to have significant relationships with the attitude towards seeking
psychological professional help. For instance the attitude of working class people towards
psychological help is lower than those from higher classes even the therapy would be cost free
(Fischer & Cohen, 1972).
Gonzalez et al. (2005) found that age, gender, and race differences were significant
predictors in the attitudes of the population toward professional psychological help. El-Khoury
et al. (2004) has shown the differences in the mental help seeking attitudes between
Caucasian (white) woman and African American woman who were exposed to IPV (intimate
partner violence). Calliess et al. (2007) illustrated the differences between the Turkish
immigrants and the Germans with regard to their attitudes toward professional mental help.
Turkish immigrants seemed to have more negative attitudes towards psychotherapy when
compared to the German sample.
Panganamala and Plummer (1998) conclude that the Asian Indians do not perceive
counseling and professional mental help as helpful coping styles. Vogel et al shows a
correlational link between television watching habits and the willingness to take therapy as a
mental help activity (2008). Lewis et al, in their study with nearly four thousand women, have
fou d out that oth for al a d i for al help seeki g attitudes have ea i gful
relatio ships ith: ou ger age, histor of se ual assault, a d past-year diagnoses of
posttraumatic stress disorder PT“D a d ajor depressive episode MDE .
Redmond et al. found out a relationship between some demographic variables and the
tendency of psychological support seeking. In this study the help seeking attitude was defined
i t o ategories: i for al a d for al help seeki g . The disti tio et ee the
forms of help seeking seems to be very helpful, but since the present study elaborates on the
attitude towards the formal forms of psychological support. Gilgen et al (2005), as another
example, investigated into the differences of patients towards seeking help and its possible
relations with the migration experiences of Turkish and Bosnian patients. Another interesting
contribution by Albert et al. (1998) about the help seeking behavior for medical symptoms,
suggests that the edu atio al level a d the proto-professio alizatio the pro ess i hi h
lay people adopt insights, beliefs, and the accompanying behavioral standards from the
professio of edi i e have sig ifi a t i pa t o the help seeking attitude of patients
regardi g their ph si al s pto s p., . The o ept of proto-professio alizatio see s
to e ver rese la t to hat is ea t the phrase edu atio al e perie es a out
ps hologi al help . I the prese t study, it is hypothesized that the educational experience
Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers
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regarding psychological help would have an influence on the attitudes of subjects towards
professio al ps hologi al help. The differe es of these t o o epts edu atio al
experiences about psychologi al help a d proto-professio alizatio see to e si ilar i
principle, yet defined for different contexts (former is mental; whereas the latter is
physiological symptoms).
1.1. Present study
Ma studies o du ted regardi g the o stru t of attitude to ards seeking
ps hologi al help see to e phasize o the fa tors that are ai l related ith the
perso al histor of the su je ts a d other ps hologi al o stru ts like ge der roles as i the
stud o du ted Türkü i . Ma others e phasize the cultural background of the
su je ts. Türkü has fou d sig ifi a t relatio ships et ee ps hologi al help
seeking attitudes and the gender, gender roles, and the earlier experience of psychological
help is in a sample of Turkish University students studying in a faculty of education.
A substantial amount of research mainly stresses personal variables, yet the present
study intends to take into account both ecological variables (such as development level of the
province) and the educational history about professional mental help and actual help taking
history. The provincial background is taken as operationally defined from a multitude of 58
social and economic variables such as (education, health, rural infrastructure, industry,
construction, agriculture, fi a e a d a ki g… to a s ore fro -5 with a study in State
Pla i g Orga izatio of Turke Di er, Özasla , & Kavasoğlu, , p. . The provi es are
classified according to their socioeconomic development level in five groups; 1: first degree, 2:
se o d degree….. : fifth degree of develop e t. This a e o sidered as a i pli atio of
Maslo ’s theor , Hierar h of Needs Maslow, 1943), in a way the present study hypothesizes
that there is a correlation between the facilities around the subjects and the attitude of
seeking psychological help, which may be considered as a higher order need. Or alternatively,
this may also mean that the availability of resources may also limit the incentive to take
psychological help.
Edu atio al e perie es , orrespo d to the edu atio al histor of the e posure of
the subject related to psychological help, counseling, or psychology in general. Educational
history regarding psychological help was quantified as two categories: 0: no educational
experience (seminar, course etc.) regarding psychological help; 1: subject has participated in at
least a ourse, a se i ar or a o fere e related to ps hologi al help. Ho eto
ategories de ote the status hether the su je t has gro up i ur a or rural setti gs.
Depending on the literature, the present study was carried out in order to understand the
general level and attitude of university students regarding help-seeking, and to investigate
possible relationships between actual help history, gender, age, and demographic variables. It
is also anticipated that there may be statistically significant correlational links between these
variables (income status, hometown categories, and educational experiences about
counseling, or mental health in general).
2. METHOD
The research has a quantitative and cross-sectional design the measurement procedures
relied on self-reported data from the subjects. It was made sure that all the instructions
necessary for the process of responding to the instrument, namely the questionnaire had been
provided. Informed verbal consent of the individuals to take part in the study was obtained.
.
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2.1. Participants
The universe of the study was 1350 (approximately) students studying in nine different
u dergraduate progra s i Boğaziçi University Faculty of Education. The convenience
sampling method was utilized. Individual consents of the 145 students were taken before
participating in the study by responding to the questionnaire. Two of the participants lived in a
foreign country, thus they had to be omitted, because the hypotheses of the study was related
to only those people who have lived in a province in Turkey. Consequently the number of valid
participants decreased into 143. The sample consisted of 70 male (49 %) and 73 female
respo de ts % . The average of the ti e spa that the respo de ts have ee i Boğaziçi
University was 3.36 (in terms of year) (SD= 1,65) and the ages of the respondents ranged from
17 to 29 with an average of 21,78 (in terms of years) and a standard deviation of 2,253. Other
demographics are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
Variable Frequency Percent
Gender
Male 70 49.0
Female 73 51.0
Professional Help Status
No 114 79.7
Yes 29 20.3
Educational Experiences about Psychological Help
Yes 46 32.2
No 97 67.8
Hometown Status
Rural 45 31.5
Urban 98 68.5
Total 143 100
2.2. Instruments
The questionnaire package of the study consisted of two parts. The first part in which
the respondents reported their gender, age, psychological help history, year in the university
and demographic qualities was the personal information form. Attitude-toward professional
psychological help was measured by The Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help (ASPH-S)
hi h is a shorte ed for of Fis her a d Tur er 7 Türkü . Turkish a e of the
i stru e t is Psikolojik Yardı Al a a İlişki Tutu Ölçeği-K PYTÖ-K). The measure is a 18-
item Likert scale (5 pointed) each item is evaluated by the correspondents from 1 (strongly
disagree) to 5, (strongly agree). The instrument had high internal consistency α= . ; and the
test-retest reliability in 10 week interval is .77.
3. RESULTS
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normality Test result indicated that the data was not normally
distri uted p< . . Yet, a Leve e’s statisti s verified that the data had ho oge ous
distribution (p> .05). Considering these results, respective non-parametric analyses were
utilized in the present study.
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
The o stru t attitude to ard seeki g ps hologi al help , as easured the s ale A“PH-S
which had a score interval with a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 90. The mean of the
Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers
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228
scores in the sample is 53,61 with a standard deviation of 18,55. Table 2. Contains some
sample responses and the mean of responses to ASPH-S items.
Table 2: Sample responses
Items Translation Χ Mode Std.
Deviation
Sd.
. Ke di i çok rahatsız hissederse
psikolojik ardı iste e iliri .
If I feel very uncomfortable I can seek
psychological help.
3,11 4 1,47
. Gerektiği de, du gusal soru ları
çözü ü e ardı ı ol ası içi , kişisel
sırları ı ir uz a a aça iliri .
If necessary, I can open my personal
secrets to an expert to assist the
resolution of my emotional
problems.
3,10 4 1,36
. Ruhsal soru ları ı olduğu u
du ul ası e i uta dırır.
I would be embarrassed if it was
heard that I had mental problems.
2,97 4 1,21
. Psikolojik ardı , kişi i soru larla aşa
çık a gü ü ü ükseltir.
Psychological help increases the
power of person to cope with their
problems.
2,80 1 1,35
. Psikolojik ardı , kişi i ke di e
sa gısı ı azaltır.
Psychological help reduces a person's
self-respect.
3,13 5 1,58
. Eğer ir ruhsal ozukluğu olduğu u
düşü ürse , ilk apa ağı şe ,
profes o el ardı al ak ola aktır.
If I think, I have a mental disorder,
First thing to do would be to get
professional help.
2,95 2 1,25
Note: The translations belong to the present author. Reverse coded items are not coded reversely here.
The ea of the s ores for the ite If I feel ver u o forta le I a seek
ps hologi al help. as , which was relatively higher and the mode for this item was 4 (24
% of respo de ts hi h orrespo ds to Agree .. Respo ses to ite If e essar , I a
ope perso al se rets to a e pert to assist the resolutio of e otio al pro le s. as
also si ilar ith a ea of , a d a ode of % . A d for the ite Ps hologi al help
i reases the po er of perso to ope ith their pro le s. , the ea as elo the average
, ith a ode of % hi h orrespo ds to Totall Disagree .
Items corresponding to stigmatic attitudes have yielded interesting results. The mean
for the ite I ould e e arrassed if it as heard that I had e tal pro le s. as , 7
ith a ode of % . The ost striki g ite as the ite Ps hologi al help reduces a
person's self-respe t. hi h had a ea of , a d a ode of % hi h orrespo ds to
Totall Disagree . Respo ses to ite If I thi k, I have a e tal disorder, first thi g to do
ould e to get professio al help. also sig aled a relatively negative attitude with a mean of
2,95 and a mode of 2 (27 %).
3.2. Inferential Statistics
In order to test whether there was a significant difference between males and females
with respect to the levels of attitude towards seeking psychological help; Mann-Whitney U
Test was utilized. Results are presented in Table 3. When the Table 3. is examined, it can be
seen that though there was an arithmetic difference between males (M= 67.20) and females
(M= 76.60) in their levels of ASPH; this difference was not statistically significant (p> .05).
Table 3: Mann-Whitney U Test: Difference in ASPH levels with
respect to gender
Gender N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
U p
M 70 67.20 4704.00 2219.00 .175
F 73 76.60 5592.00
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229
Table 4 shows the inter-correlations of the variables under investigation. Attitude
towards seeking psychological help had a significant correlation with age in the negative
direction (r= -,17, p< .05). Age correlated positively with actual history of professional
psychological help (r= ,17, p< .05); and presence of educational experience about psychological
help (r= .20, p< .001). Presence of educational experience about psychological help correlated
positively with history of professional psychological help (r= .24, p< .001). Year in university
correlated positively with presence of educational experience about psychological help (r= .20,
p< .001). Income level correlated negatively with history of professional psychological help (r=
- .18, p< .05). And there were no significant relation between the hometown indicators,
namely SPO ranks, hometown category with any of the other variables.
Table 4. Spearman's rho Correlations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. ASPH 1
2. Hist. of Pro. Psy. Help .03 1
3. Age -.17* .17* 1
4. Educational Experience .01 .24** .20* 1
5. Year in university -.04 .06 .79** .20* 1
6. Income level -.10 -.18* .03 -.10 .08 1
7. SPO Rank .08 .04 .03 .11 .08 .04 1
8. Hometown Category -.10 -.03 -.06 -.14 -.11 .03 -.13 1
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
4. DISCUSSION
As the related literature sho s, attitude to ards seeki g ps hologi al help is
related with personal variables such as political ideology (Hatzidimitriadou, 2002) and
television watching habits (Vogel et al, 2008)). Vogel et al (2007) argues that the factors that
ake people avoid taki g ps hologi al help are ai l ps hologi al, that is, the are
mainly originating from their personal perception of the psychological help. The present study,
alternatively focused on the ecological variables and educational experiences.
In the present study the gender difference in the related literature in positive help
seeki g attitudes e.g. Çe i, ; Kessler, Brown, & Broman, 1981; Kuhl, Jarkon-Horlick, L., &
Morrissey, 1997; Oliver, Pearson, & Coe, 2005) was not verified in a University sample,
although visible as an arithmetic difference in favor of females. As for age, although the range
was narrow, there was a significant negative correlation with age and attitude towards
psychological help. This finding was contradictory with the results of other studies with larger
age groups that found positive correlations (see Oliver, 2005). This difference may be due to
the specific culture of the university or identity formation processes, in this case the
transformation from adolescence to young adulthood. Social desirability bias may also be a
possible factor at play. On the other hand actual history of taking professional help was
positively related to the help-seeking attitude, which is not counterintuitive. Educational
experiences correlated positively with history of psychological help which is in line with the
findings of at least one study (Goh, 2007). Income was not related with ASPH similar to Kuhl et
al. study (1997), yet it was negatively related to help history. This finding can be
understandable in a way that income may decrease the incidence of psychological problems or
increase well-being in general (Cramm, Van Dijk, & Nieboer, 2013; Diener, 2000; Myers, 2005).
Educational experiences related to psychological help related to history of psychological help
positively. Educational experiences may increase the likelihood of receiving psychological help,
or help process may facilitate educational experiences.
Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers
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230
What is also inferred from the present study is that the construct attitude towards
seeking psychological help does not show a significant relation with the development levels of
the provinces of the university students nor the SPO rankings (Di er, Özasla , & Kavasoğlu,
2003) i Boğaziçi U iversit . The literature o the effe t of geographi al areas o help seeki g
behavior has mixed findings, some studies has found an effect (Oliver et al., 2005) whereas
some did not (Kuhl et al., 1997). This lack of effect may be due to the long interval between the
measurement time and the possible impact of the influence of the physical facilities of the
region as well as the standard environment offered by the university and the surrounding city.
When the descriptive data for separate items were taken into consideration, a general
reluctance and confused attitude towards psychological help seeking in the study group
consisting of students was visible. These findings are remarkable for the fact that it shows a
general confused attitude even in the students of a high-ranking urban university with a rank
of 4 in Turkey and 708 in the world (Webometrics.info, 2014). This can be regarded as a
warning for the mental health and general well-being of the university students in the study
group.
Since the present study has a sample of students in a particular university, and are pre-
service teachers, all of the respondents share the subculture of a faculty. This fact may be
i terpreted as the softe i g effe t of the u iversit e viro e t o the possi le orrelatio
et ee the provi ial a kgrou d a d the edu atio al e perie es varia le as defi ed
a ove ith the o stru t attitude to ards seeki g ps hologi al help . A possi le desig to
see whether this kind of an effect is present would be to administer a similar research design
on a wide sample consisting of people with different cultural, occupational and socioeconomic
backgrounds and in a sample consisting of university students, and investigate the differences
in the general inclinations.
Another suggestion would be to work on variables like the public stigma, TV
preferences, cognitive schemas regarding psychological help would be comparatively
investigated together with ecological variables like (perceived) available mental health service
opportunities and provincial indicators (as in the present study). This would be helpful in
u dersta di g the predi tors of attitude to ards seeki g ps hologi al help especially in the
context of Turkey.
Acknowledgements
Author is tha kful to Dr. Be gü Börka , for her alua le feed a k o the earlier drafts
of this paper.
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233
GENİŞ ÖZET
Ruhsal pro le ler ütü dü adaki topluluklarda oldukça a gı ol ası a Ma ke zie,
Gekoski, & K o , rağ e , u pro le leri aşa a ire leri çoğu luğu profes o el psikolojik
ardı al a aktadır Be i gto ve diğerleri, ; Kessler ve diğerleri, . Psikolojik ardı a ilişki
tutu , psikolojik ardı ara a davra ışları a ö ülük et esi açısı da ö e li ir değişke dir.
Bire leri ardı ara a tutu ları ile kişisel ve de ografik özellikleri i ilişkisi çeşitli çalış alarda
i ele iştir ör . Li ve diğerleri, ; Fis her & Cohe , 7 . İlgili ala azı da et ik köke ,
sos oeko o ik duru , öğre i görüle ala gi i irçok değişke ile profes o el psikolojik ardı a
ilişki tutu arası da a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur. Ör eği psikolojik ardı ü retsiz olsa ile işçi
sı ıfı da ola ire leri psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu ları daha üst gelir grupları a ora la daha düşük
düze lerde olduğu sapta ıştır (Fischer & Cohe , 7 . Bu çalış ada ise öğret e ada ları ı
profes o el psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki tutu düze leri i ve u değişke le irlikte psikolojik
ardı geç işi, psikolojik ardı a ilişki eğiti sel de e i ler, i si et, aş ve de ografik değişke ler
arası daki ilişkileri i i ele esi a açla ıştır. Yaşa a şehir özellikleri, Devlet Pla la a Teşkilatı DPT
ü esi de apıla ir çalış ada eğiti , sağlık, kırsal alt apı, sa a i, i şaat, tarı , fi a s ve a ka ılık
gi i toplu sal ve eko o ik değişke lere da alı olarak işevuruk olarak hesapla ış ir geliş işlik
skoru üzeri de i ele iştir Di er, Özasla , & Kavasoğlu, , p. ..
Psikolojik ardı ara a davra ışları ve tutu ları ile ilgili araştır aları ö e li ir ölü ü
çoğu lukla kişisel değişke leri vurgula aktadır; u araştır ada ise he profes o el psikolojik ardı
ko usu daki eğiti geç işi ve gerçek ardı al a geç işi gi i kişisel değişke leri , he de aşa ı
ö e li ir kıs ı da aşa a eri geliş işlik düze i ve türü gi i çevresel değişke leri ilişkileri i
i ele esi a açla ıştır.
Araştır a ı ö te i kesitsel ve i el araştır a özellikleri i taşı aktadır. Araştır a ı verileri
7 erkek % ve 7 kadı % topla Eğiti Fakültesi öğre isi de topla ıştır. Topla
ulaşıla öğre i sa ısı ol ası a rağ e iki öğre i aşa ı ı ö e li ir ölü ü de urtdışı da
aşadığı içi araştır a a dahil edil e iştir. Ölç e ara ı olarak Psikolojik Yardı Al a a İlişki Tutu
Ölçeği-Kısa For u PYTÖ-K Türkçe versi o u, de ografik ve kişisel verileri topla ak içi araştır a ı
tarafı da geliştirile ir kişisel ilgi for u kulla ıl ıştır. PYTÖ-K, Fis her ve Tur er 7 tarafı da
geliştiril iş ola oriji al for u Türkü tarafı da kısaltılarak Türkçe e u arla ış halidir. Ölçek
addede oluşa ’li Likert dere ele dir e e : Kesi likle katılıyoru , 5: Kesi likle katıl ıyoru )
sahip ir ölçektir. Cro a h alfa iç tutarlık güve irlik katsa ısı . ve hafta aralıklı ölçü lerde test-
tekrar test güve ilirliği .77 olarak ulu uştur.
Kolmogorov-“ ir ov Nor allik Testi so uçları a göre verileri or al dağılı a u adığı p<
. ; u u la irlikte Leve e Testi e göre ho oje dağılı özellikleri gösterdiği ulu uştur p> . .
Bu ede le para etrik ol a a a aliz ö te leri kulla ıl ıştır. Beti sel istatistik so uçları a göre
öğret e ada ları da psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki ge el olarak elirsiz tutu ve isteksizlik olduğu
görül üştür. Psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu pua ları ı ortala ası ila arası da değerler
ala il ektedir. PYTÖ-K pua ları ı ortala ası , ve sta dart sap a , olarak ulu uştur.
Gerek ir ütü olarak, gerek addelere verile tepkiler tek tek i ele diği de psikolojik ardı a ilişki
stig atik aklaşı lara ilişki addelere göre e üksek tepkiler verildiği görül üştür. Bu ulgular
özelikle, Türki e’de i i sırala a a sahip ir ü iversite i (Webometrics.info, 2014) öğre ileri de
elde edil iş olduğu dikkate alı dığı da öğre ileri ge el ruh sağlığı ve i i ol a düze leri açısı da
ö e li ir risk faktörü olarak göze çarp aktadır.
Mann-Whit e U Testi so uçları a göre psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu düze leri açısı da
erkek (M= 7. ve kadı öğre iler arası da M= 76.60) i si etler arası da a la lı ir farklılık
ulu a ıştır p> . . “pear a Rho Korelas o A alizi so uçları a göre psikolojik ardı a karşı
tutu düze leri ile aş arası da egatif ö de a la lı ir ilişki ulu uştur r= -, 7, p< . . Yaş ile
psikolojik ardı geç işi r= , 7, p< . ve psikolojik ardı ile ilişkili eğiti sel de e i ler arası da
pozitif ö de a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur r= . , p< . . Psikolojik ardı geç işi ile eğiti sel
de e i ler arası da pozitif düze de a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur r= . , p< . . Ü iversitede geçe
ıl ile eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif ö de a la lı ir ilişki ulu uştur r= .20, p< .001). Gelir
düze i ile psikolojik ardı geç işi arası da a la lı düze de egatif ilişki ulu uştur r= - .18, p< .05).
Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers
Çınar KAYA
234
Psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu ile DPT sırala aları ve aşa ı ö e li ir kıs ı ı geçirildiği şehir
özellikleri arası da a la lı ilişkiler ulu a ıştır. İlgili ala azı da oğrafi ölgeleri ardı ara a
davra ışları a etkisi e ilişki ulgular çeşitlidir; azı araştır alarda u etki ulu urke Oliver et al.,
azıları da ise ulu a a ıştır Kuhl et al., 7 . Türki e’de psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu u
elirle i ileri ve ilişkili olduğu değişke ler üzeri de çeşitli gelişi sel dö e lerdeki ire ler üzeri de ve
daha ü ük ör ekle lerde apıla ak araştır alar ilgili ala azı a ö e li katkılar sağla a aktır.

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Attitude Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help In A Sample Of Pre-Service Teachers

  • 1.
  • 2. BARTIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ BARTIN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF EDUCATION ULUSLARARASI HAKEMLİ DERGİ /INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Cilt/Volume: 4, Sayı/Issue: 1, Haziran/June 2015 Sahibi Bartı Ü iversitesi Eğiti Fakültesi Adı a Prof. Dr. Firdevs GÜNEŞ Deka Editör Yrd. Doç. Dr. “edat BALYEME) Ala Editörleri Prof. Dr. Çeti “EMERCİ Doç. Dr. Ne ati HIRÇA Doç. Dr. Nuri e “EMERCİ Yrd. Doç. Dr. A şe Der a IŞIK Yrd. Doç. Dr. A la ÇETİN DİNDAR Yrd. Doç. Dr. F. Gize KARAOĞLAN YILMA) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülsü ŞAHAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Harun ER Yrd. Doç. Dr. Neslihan USTA Yrd. Doç. Dr. “i e TARHAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. “üle a Erka “ULAK Yrd. Doç. Dr. “üre a GENÇ Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yıl az KARA Ya a ı Dil “oru lusu Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özge GÜN Yayı a Hazırlık Arş. Gör. Arzu ÇEVİK Arş. Gör. Ö er KEMİK“İ) Sekretarya Arş. Gör. Hasa Basri KAN“I)OĞLU Teknik Sorumlular Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ramazan YILMAZ Arş. Gör. Barış ÇUKURBAŞI İletişi Bartı Ü iversitesi Eğiti Fakültesi 74100 BARTIN – TÜRKİYE e-posta: buefad@bartin.edu.tr Tel: +90 378 223 54 59 Bartı Ü iversitesi Eğiti Fakültesi Dergisi BÜEFAD , ılda iki kez a ı la a uluslararası hake li ir dergidir. Yazıları soru luluğu, azarları a aittir. Owner On Behalf of Bartin University Faculty of Education Prof. Firdevs GUNES (Dean) Editor Asst. Prof. Sedat BALYEMEZ Field Editors Prof. Cetin SEMERCI Assoc. Prof. Necati HIRCA Assoc. Prof. Nuriye SEMERCI Asst. Prof. Ayse Derya ISIK Asst. Prof. Ayla CETIN DINDAR Asst. Prof. F. Gizem KARAOGLAN YILMAZ Asst. Prof. Gulsun SAHAN Asst. Prof. Harun ER Asst. Prof. Neslihan USTA Asst. Prof. Sinem TARHAN Asst. Prof. Suleyman Erkam SULAK Asst. Prof. Sureyya GENC Asst. Prof. Yilmaz KARA Foreign Language Specialist Asst. Prof. Ozge GUN Preparing for Publication RA. Arzu CEVIK RA. Omer KEMIKSIZ Secretary RA. Hasan Basri KANSIZOGLU Technical Assistants Asst. Prof. Ramazan YILMAZ RA. Baris CUKURBASI Contact Bartin University Faculty of Education 74100 BARTIN – TURKEY e-mail: buefad@bartin.edu.tr Tel: +90 378 223 54 59 Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education (BUJFED) is a international refereed journal that is published two times a year. The responsibility lies with the authors of papers. Kapak: Arş. Gör. Barış ÇUKURBAŞI – Öğr. Gör. Hüse i UY“AL ISSN:1308-7177 Dizin / İ deks ULAKBİM “os al ve Beşeri Bili ler Veri Ta a ı, EBSCOHOST, Index Copernicus, Proquest Education Journals Database, Modern Language Association, Citefa tor, The Dire tor of Resear h Jour al I de i g, Ope A ade i Jour al I de , Ulri h’s Periodi als Directory
  • 3. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY YAYIN DANIŞMA KURULU / EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Dr. Hayati AKYOL Gazi Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Hüse i ALKAN Dokuz E lül Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. “e ahatti ARIBAŞ Adı a a Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Ahmet ARIKAN Gazi Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Safure BULUT Orta Doğu Tek ik Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Re ai DOĞAN A kara Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Firdevs GÜNEŞ Bartı Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Ah et GÜNŞEN Trak a Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Bilgi Ü al İBRET Kasta o u Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Ramazan KAPLAN Bartı Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Firdevs KARAHAN “akar a Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Aziz KILINÇ Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Ahmet KIRKKILIÇ Atatürk Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Murat Ö)BAY Gazi Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Ahmet SABAN Konya Necmettin Er aka Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Çeti “EMERCİ Bartı Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. M. Fatih TAŞAR Gazi Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Yavuz TAŞKE“ENLİGİL Atatürk Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Cemal TOSUN A kara Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Selahattin TURAN Os a gazi Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Mi ar TÜRKKAHRAMAN Akde iz Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Selma YEL Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Bahri ATA Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. E up COŞKUN Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Erol DURAN Uşak Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Tolga GÜYER Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. E i e KOLAÇ A adolu Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Nuri e “EMERCİ Bartı Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. “a ri “İDEKLİ Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Çavuş ŞAHİN Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Neşe TERTEMİ) Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Ku ila YA)ICI Niğde Ü iversitesi
  • 4. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY BU SAYININ HAKEMLERİ / REFEREES OF THIS ISSUE Prof. Dr. İ rahi BİLGİN Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Şeref MİRA“YEDİOĞLU Başke t Ü iversitesi Prof. Dr. Yaşare AKTAŞ ARNA“ Çukurova Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Başara GENÇDOĞAN Atatürk Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Büle t DİLMAÇ Ko a Ne etti Er aka Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Çiğde KAN Fırat Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Fat a Hül a Ö)CAN A adolu Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Ful a YÜK“EL ŞAHİN Yıldız Tek ik Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Gize “AYGILI “üle a De irel Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Haka DÜNDAR Kırıkkale Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. H. Elif DAĞLIOĞLU Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Ka a YILMA) Mar ara Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Kürşat YENİLME) Eskişehir Os a gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. M. E üp “ALLABAŞ Yıldız Tek ik Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Meh et TEMİ)KAN Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Meliha YILMA) Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Melis MİNİ“KER Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Mua er YILMA) Bartı Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Muharre AKTÜMEN Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Murat TUNCER Fırat Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Mutlu TÜRKMEN Bartı Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Ne ati HIRÇA Bartı Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Nurte “ARGIN Ko a Ne etti Er aka Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. “aide Ö)BEY Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. “o er Ö)DEMİR Kırıkkale Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. “üle a CAN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Şebnem KANDİL İNGEÇ Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Şadu a KAPU“U)OĞLU A a t İzzet Ba sal Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Şe a “E)GİN NARTGÜN A a t İzzet Ba sal Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Şe dil CAN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Tahsi İLHAN Gazios a paşa Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Tu er BÜLBÜL Trak a Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Yasi UY“AL Gazi Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Yü el ÖK“Ü) O dokuz Ma ıs Ü iversitesi Doç. Dr. Yüksel GÖĞEBAKAN İ ö ü Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. A durrahi Ca ELDEMİR Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. A ur PALA Celal Ba ar Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. A şe ELİÜŞÜK Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. A şe GÜLER Kırıkkale Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Begü YALÇINKAYA Ça akkale O sekiz Mart Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Burçi GÖKKURT Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. De et )AFER GÜNEŞ İsta ul “a ahatti )ai Ü iversitesi
  • 5. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY Yrd. Doç. Dr. E rullah YILMA) Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erol BARIN Gazi Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fat a YAŞAR EKİCİ İsta ul “a ahatti )ai Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fu da NALBANTOĞLU YILMA) Nevşehir Ha ı Bektaş Veli Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Güliz AYDIN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hati e “ezgi “ARAÇ Akde iz Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hi ra ÇETİN GÜNDÜ) Nevşehir Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hül a BAYBEK Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ke al )eki )ORBA) Mustafa Ke al Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meh et MUTLU Niğde Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Me deres ÜNAL Kırşehir Ahi Evra Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meti DENİ) Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nala OKAN Niğde Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nihat BAYAT Akde iz Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özle TAGAY Meh et Akif Erso Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. “edat BALYEME) Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. “eçil Eda KARTAL Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. “e ra KIRANLI GÜNGÖR Eskişehir Os a gazi Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. “i e TARHAN Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Şa a ÇETİN Gazi Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ta er BO)KUŞ Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Teki ÇELİKKAYA Ahi Evra Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Uğur DOĞAN Muğla “ıtkı Koç a Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yakup DOĞAN Kilis 7 Aralık Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yıl az KARA Bartı Ü iversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yüksel GÜNDÜ) Artvi Çoruh Ü iversitesi
  • 6. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS Prof. Dr. Firdevs GÜNEŞ Eğiti ve Zihi sel Değişi Education and Mental Change Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111011 1 - 20 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hi ra ÇETİN GÜNDÜZ – Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sinem TARHAN – Zey ep KILIÇ Toplu sal Ci siyete Dayalı Meslek “eçi leri e Yö elik Tutu Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güve irlik Çalış ası Attitude Towards Gender-Based Career Choices Scale Validity and Relability Study Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111012 21 - 33 Doç. Dr. Fatma E ru İKİZ – Arş. Gör. Esra ASICI – Arş. Gör. Mustafa SAVCI – Arş. Gör. Ca a YÖRÜK Pro le li İ ter et Kulla ı ı İle Ü iversite Yaşa ı a Uyu İlişkisi Relations between Problematic Internet Usage and Adaptation to College Life Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111013 34 - 50 Arş. Gör. Zakir ELÇİÇEK – Arş. Gör. İs ail KİNAY – Prof. Dr. Behçet ORAL Öğret e Adayları ı “ı ıf Yö eti i Yeterlik Ölçeği i Geliştiril esi: Geçerlik ve Güve irlik Çalış ası Developing Teacher Candidates' Classroom Management Competency Scale: Validity and Reliability Study Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111014 51 - 63 Doç. Dr. Fahri TEMİZYÜREK – Okt. Niha Ayli ÜNLÜ Dil Öğreti i de Tek oloji i Materyal Olarak Kulla ı ı a Bir Ör ek: Flipped Classroo The Use of Technology in Language Teaching Material as an Example: "Flipped Classroom" Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111015 64 - 72 Doç. Dr. Gizem SAYGILI – Öğr. Gör. Halit KIRIKTAŞ – Arş. Gör. Hüseyi Talha GÜL“OY Bazı Değişke lere Göre Öğret e leri E patik Eğili Düzeyleri The Level of Empathic Tendencies of Teachers According to Different Varibles Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111016 73 – 82 Doç. Dr. Hülya GÜR – Arş. Gör. Mevhi e KOBAK DEMİR 7. “ı ıf Mate atik Ders Kitapları Ce ir Kaza ı ları ı Ö Örgütleyi iler Açısı da İ ele esi The Investigation of the Algebra Learning Outcomes in 7. Grade Mathematics Textbooks in Terms of Advance Organizers Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111017 83 - 100 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Şakir “ERBE“ – Yrd. Doç. Dr. Cevdet CENGİZ “ı ıf Öğret e i ve Bede Eğiti i Öğret e i Adayları ı Ter ih Ettikleri Öğreti “tilleri ve “tillere İlişki Değer Algıları Pre-Service Classroom and Physical Education Teachers’ Teaching Styles Preferences and Perceptions of Teaching Styles Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111018 101 - 114 Yrd. Doç. Dr. De et GİRGİN Bireysel Çalgı Dersi Tüke işlik Ölçeği Geliştir e Çalış ası: Geçerlik ve Güve irlik A alizi Developing a Burnout Scale for Individual Instrument Courses: Validity and Reliability Analyses Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111019 115 - 126 Doç. Dr. Mua er YILMAZ – Dr. Hüseyi ÖZÇAKMAK Öğret e Adayları ı Öğret e lik Uygula ası Dersleriyle İlgili Görüşleri i Değerle diril esi Assessment of Prospective Teachers’ Views on Teaching Practice Courses Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111020 127 - 136 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal DEMİR Ortaokul ve Liselerde Görev Yapa Bra ş Öğret e leri i Kişilik Özellikleri i Değerle diril esi Assessment of Personality Traits of Branch Teachers Working in Secondary Schools and High Schools Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2016111021 137 - 150
  • 7. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Haziran 2015, BARTIN-TÜRKİYE Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2015, BARTIN-TURKEY İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS Arş. Gör. Mustafa FİDAN Akade isye leri “ı ıfları da Örgütsel Değer Yö eti i Düzeyleri ve Öğreti “üre i de İ ovatif Uygula aları Organizational Value Management Levels in Classroom and Innovative Practices in Teaching Processes of Academics Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111022 151 - 162 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nuray MAMUR – Prof. Dr. Vedat ÖZ“OY Görsel “a atlar Eğiti i de Portfolyo Değerle dir e Portfolio Assessment in Visual Art Education Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111023 163 - 177 Dr. Serap ERGİN – Prof. Dr. Musa SARI 4MAT Öğreti Yö te i ve “u uş Yoluyla Öğreti Yö te i e Göre Öğre ileri Öğre e “tilleri i Başarıya Etkisi i Araştırıl ası The Research of the Effect of Stude ts’ Lear i g Styles o Their Achieve e ts Accordi g to the 4MAT (4 Mode Application Techniques) and Expository Instruction Methods Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111024 178 - 203 Doç. Dr. Ah et AKIN – Oğuz AKKAYA “osyal Yeterlik ve “osyal “o uç Bekle tileri Ölçeği i Türkçeye Uyarla ası The Validity and Reliability Study for the Turkish Version of the Social Efficacy and Social Outcome Expectations Scale Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111025 204 - 213 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meriç ERA“LAN Ü iversite “por Bölü ü Öğre ileri i Atılga lık ve Karar Ver e “tilleri i Çeşitli Değişke lere Göre İ ele esi The Analysis of Impulsivity and the Decision Making Styles of Sports Students of the University According to Various Variables Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111026 214 - 223 Çı ar KAYA Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers Bir Öğret e Adayı Ör ekle i de Profesyo el Psikolojik Yardı Al aya İlişki Tutu Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111027 224 - 234 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Has i A“LAN “osyalizasyo u Bir Bileşe i Olarak “a at ve “a at Eğiti i i Rasyo ellik Görü ü ü Rational View of the Arts and Arts Education as a Component of Socialization Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111028 235 - 248 Doç. Dr. Nurhayat ÇELEBİ – Arş. Gör. Hali GÜNER – Veysel YILDIZ Toksik Liderlik Ölçeği i Geliştiril esi Developing Toxic Leadership Scale Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111056 249 - 268 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal TAŞLIDERE – Doç. Dr. Ali ERYILMAZ Assessment of Pre-Service Tea hers’ Mis o eptio s i Geo etri al Opti s via a Three-Tier Misconception Öğret e Adayları ı Geo etrik Optik Ko usu daki Kavra Ya ılgıları ı Üç-Aşa alı Kavra Ya ılgısı Testi ile Değerle diril esi Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111057 269 - 289
  • 8. Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers Çı ar KAYA, Marmara Ü iversitesi, cinar.kaya@yahoo.com Abstract: The attitude toward seeking professional psychological help is an important concept in the literature related to psychological help-seeking behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the attitudes of pre-service teachers toward seeking psychological help. Data was collected from 143 university students from the Faculty of Education. Construct was assessed using the abbreviated Turkish form of the s ale Attitudes To ard Seeking Psychological Help (ASPH-“) and a personal information form created by the researcher was utilized in order to obtain demographic and personal data. A general pattern of reluctance for help seeking was illustrated in the descriptive statistical results. No gender difference was found with respect to Attitude towards seeking psychological help. Attitude towards seeking psychological help had a significant correlation with age in the negative direction. Age correlated positively with actual history of professional psychological help and presence of educational experience about psychological help. Presence of educational experience about psychological help correlated positively with history of professional psychological help. Year in university correlated positively with presence of educational experience about psychological help. Income level correlated negatively with history of professional psychological help. The results and future implications are discussed. Key Words: Attitude towards seeking professional psychological help, preservice teachers. Bir Öğret e Adayı Ör ekle i de Profesyonel Psikolojik Yardı Al aya İlişki Tutu Öz: Profes o el psikolojik ardı al a a ö elik tutu kavra ı psikolojik ardı ara a davra ışları ile ilgili ala azı da ö e li ir ko u a sahiptir. Bu çalış ada öğret e ada ları ı profes o el psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki tutu ları ı i ele esi a açla ıştır. Veriler Eğiti Fakültesi öğre isi de topla ıştır. Ölç e ara ı olarak Psikolojik Yardı Al a a İlişki Tutu Ölçeği-Kısa For u PYTÖ-K) Türkçe for u ve de ografik ve kişisel verileri topla ak içi araştır a ı tarafı da geliştirile ir kişisel ilgi for u kulla ıl ıştır. Beti sel istatistik so uçları a göre öğret e ada ları da psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki ge el olarak elirsiz tutu ve isteksizlik olduğu görül üştür. Psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu düze leri açısı da i si etler arası da a la lı ir farklılık ulu a ıştır. Psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu düze leri ile aş arası da egatif ö de a la lı ir ilişki ulu uştur. Yaş ile psikolojik ardı geç işi ve psikolojik ardı ile ilişkili eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif ö de a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur. Ü iversitede geçe ıl ile eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif ö de a la lı ir ilişki ulu uştur. Gelir düze i ile psikolojik ardı geç işi arası da a la lı düze de egatif ilişki ulu uştur. “o uçlar ala azı kapsa ı da tartışıl ış ve gele ek araştır alar içi ö eriler apıl ıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Profes o el psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki tutu , öğret e ada ları. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 4, Sayı 1, s. 224 - 234, Haziran 2015 BARTIN – TÜRKİYE ISSN: 1308-7177 Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 224 - 234, June 2015 BARTIN – TURKEY Doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111027
  • 9. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 4(1), s. 224 – 234, Haziran 2015 Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education 4(1) p. 224 – 234, June 2015 225 1. INTRODUCTION Mental problems are found to be quite prevalent across different populations all over the world; approximately 30-50% of people are likely to experience a mental disorder at least once in their lifetimes and 15-30% are prone to experience a mental disorder within a particular year (Mackenzie, Gekoski, & Knox, 2006). Although there are signs of increase in the rates of mental health-services utilization, a majority of individuals with psychological problems; even those with severe disorders do not receive professional psychological help (Bebbington et al, 2000; Kessler et al., 2005). These facts hold true only for mental disorder diagnoses based on formal manuals such as DSM and ICD (Kessler et al., 2005). Help seeking attitudes contribute to the predisposition for actual help seeking behaviors. The influence of demographic characteristics on the help-seeking attitudes is manifested by several studies (Lin et al., 1982; Fischer & Cohen, 1972). Ethno racial background, socioeconomic status, the subject area (major) -if the population is consisting of students- seem to have significant relationships with the attitude towards seeking psychological professional help. For instance the attitude of working class people towards psychological help is lower than those from higher classes even the therapy would be cost free (Fischer & Cohen, 1972). Gonzalez et al. (2005) found that age, gender, and race differences were significant predictors in the attitudes of the population toward professional psychological help. El-Khoury et al. (2004) has shown the differences in the mental help seeking attitudes between Caucasian (white) woman and African American woman who were exposed to IPV (intimate partner violence). Calliess et al. (2007) illustrated the differences between the Turkish immigrants and the Germans with regard to their attitudes toward professional mental help. Turkish immigrants seemed to have more negative attitudes towards psychotherapy when compared to the German sample. Panganamala and Plummer (1998) conclude that the Asian Indians do not perceive counseling and professional mental help as helpful coping styles. Vogel et al shows a correlational link between television watching habits and the willingness to take therapy as a mental help activity (2008). Lewis et al, in their study with nearly four thousand women, have fou d out that oth for al a d i for al help seeki g attitudes have ea i gful relatio ships ith: ou ger age, histor of se ual assault, a d past-year diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder PT“D a d ajor depressive episode MDE . Redmond et al. found out a relationship between some demographic variables and the tendency of psychological support seeking. In this study the help seeking attitude was defined i t o ategories: i for al a d for al help seeki g . The disti tio et ee the forms of help seeking seems to be very helpful, but since the present study elaborates on the attitude towards the formal forms of psychological support. Gilgen et al (2005), as another example, investigated into the differences of patients towards seeking help and its possible relations with the migration experiences of Turkish and Bosnian patients. Another interesting contribution by Albert et al. (1998) about the help seeking behavior for medical symptoms, suggests that the edu atio al level a d the proto-professio alizatio the pro ess i hi h lay people adopt insights, beliefs, and the accompanying behavioral standards from the professio of edi i e have sig ifi a t i pa t o the help seeking attitude of patients regardi g their ph si al s pto s p., . The o ept of proto-professio alizatio see s to e ver rese la t to hat is ea t the phrase edu atio al e perie es a out ps hologi al help . I the prese t study, it is hypothesized that the educational experience
  • 10. Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers Çınar KAYA 226 regarding psychological help would have an influence on the attitudes of subjects towards professio al ps hologi al help. The differe es of these t o o epts edu atio al experiences about psychologi al help a d proto-professio alizatio see to e si ilar i principle, yet defined for different contexts (former is mental; whereas the latter is physiological symptoms). 1.1. Present study Ma studies o du ted regardi g the o stru t of attitude to ards seeking ps hologi al help see to e phasize o the fa tors that are ai l related ith the perso al histor of the su je ts a d other ps hologi al o stru ts like ge der roles as i the stud o du ted Türkü i . Ma others e phasize the cultural background of the su je ts. Türkü has fou d sig ifi a t relatio ships et ee ps hologi al help seeking attitudes and the gender, gender roles, and the earlier experience of psychological help is in a sample of Turkish University students studying in a faculty of education. A substantial amount of research mainly stresses personal variables, yet the present study intends to take into account both ecological variables (such as development level of the province) and the educational history about professional mental help and actual help taking history. The provincial background is taken as operationally defined from a multitude of 58 social and economic variables such as (education, health, rural infrastructure, industry, construction, agriculture, fi a e a d a ki g… to a s ore fro -5 with a study in State Pla i g Orga izatio of Turke Di er, Özasla , & Kavasoğlu, , p. . The provi es are classified according to their socioeconomic development level in five groups; 1: first degree, 2: se o d degree….. : fifth degree of develop e t. This a e o sidered as a i pli atio of Maslo ’s theor , Hierar h of Needs Maslow, 1943), in a way the present study hypothesizes that there is a correlation between the facilities around the subjects and the attitude of seeking psychological help, which may be considered as a higher order need. Or alternatively, this may also mean that the availability of resources may also limit the incentive to take psychological help. Edu atio al e perie es , orrespo d to the edu atio al histor of the e posure of the subject related to psychological help, counseling, or psychology in general. Educational history regarding psychological help was quantified as two categories: 0: no educational experience (seminar, course etc.) regarding psychological help; 1: subject has participated in at least a ourse, a se i ar or a o fere e related to ps hologi al help. Ho eto ategories de ote the status hether the su je t has gro up i ur a or rural setti gs. Depending on the literature, the present study was carried out in order to understand the general level and attitude of university students regarding help-seeking, and to investigate possible relationships between actual help history, gender, age, and demographic variables. It is also anticipated that there may be statistically significant correlational links between these variables (income status, hometown categories, and educational experiences about counseling, or mental health in general). 2. METHOD The research has a quantitative and cross-sectional design the measurement procedures relied on self-reported data from the subjects. It was made sure that all the instructions necessary for the process of responding to the instrument, namely the questionnaire had been provided. Informed verbal consent of the individuals to take part in the study was obtained. .
  • 11. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 4(1), s. 224 – 234, Haziran 2015 Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education 4(1) p. 224 – 234, June 2015 227 2.1. Participants The universe of the study was 1350 (approximately) students studying in nine different u dergraduate progra s i Boğaziçi University Faculty of Education. The convenience sampling method was utilized. Individual consents of the 145 students were taken before participating in the study by responding to the questionnaire. Two of the participants lived in a foreign country, thus they had to be omitted, because the hypotheses of the study was related to only those people who have lived in a province in Turkey. Consequently the number of valid participants decreased into 143. The sample consisted of 70 male (49 %) and 73 female respo de ts % . The average of the ti e spa that the respo de ts have ee i Boğaziçi University was 3.36 (in terms of year) (SD= 1,65) and the ages of the respondents ranged from 17 to 29 with an average of 21,78 (in terms of years) and a standard deviation of 2,253. Other demographics are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics Variable Frequency Percent Gender Male 70 49.0 Female 73 51.0 Professional Help Status No 114 79.7 Yes 29 20.3 Educational Experiences about Psychological Help Yes 46 32.2 No 97 67.8 Hometown Status Rural 45 31.5 Urban 98 68.5 Total 143 100 2.2. Instruments The questionnaire package of the study consisted of two parts. The first part in which the respondents reported their gender, age, psychological help history, year in the university and demographic qualities was the personal information form. Attitude-toward professional psychological help was measured by The Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help (ASPH-S) hi h is a shorte ed for of Fis her a d Tur er 7 Türkü . Turkish a e of the i stru e t is Psikolojik Yardı Al a a İlişki Tutu Ölçeği-K PYTÖ-K). The measure is a 18- item Likert scale (5 pointed) each item is evaluated by the correspondents from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5, (strongly agree). The instrument had high internal consistency α= . ; and the test-retest reliability in 10 week interval is .77. 3. RESULTS Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normality Test result indicated that the data was not normally distri uted p< . . Yet, a Leve e’s statisti s verified that the data had ho oge ous distribution (p> .05). Considering these results, respective non-parametric analyses were utilized in the present study. 3.1. Descriptive Statistics The o stru t attitude to ard seeki g ps hologi al help , as easured the s ale A“PH-S which had a score interval with a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 90. The mean of the
  • 12. Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers Çınar KAYA 228 scores in the sample is 53,61 with a standard deviation of 18,55. Table 2. Contains some sample responses and the mean of responses to ASPH-S items. Table 2: Sample responses Items Translation Χ Mode Std. Deviation Sd. . Ke di i çok rahatsız hissederse psikolojik ardı iste e iliri . If I feel very uncomfortable I can seek psychological help. 3,11 4 1,47 . Gerektiği de, du gusal soru ları çözü ü e ardı ı ol ası içi , kişisel sırları ı ir uz a a aça iliri . If necessary, I can open my personal secrets to an expert to assist the resolution of my emotional problems. 3,10 4 1,36 . Ruhsal soru ları ı olduğu u du ul ası e i uta dırır. I would be embarrassed if it was heard that I had mental problems. 2,97 4 1,21 . Psikolojik ardı , kişi i soru larla aşa çık a gü ü ü ükseltir. Psychological help increases the power of person to cope with their problems. 2,80 1 1,35 . Psikolojik ardı , kişi i ke di e sa gısı ı azaltır. Psychological help reduces a person's self-respect. 3,13 5 1,58 . Eğer ir ruhsal ozukluğu olduğu u düşü ürse , ilk apa ağı şe , profes o el ardı al ak ola aktır. If I think, I have a mental disorder, First thing to do would be to get professional help. 2,95 2 1,25 Note: The translations belong to the present author. Reverse coded items are not coded reversely here. The ea of the s ores for the ite If I feel ver u o forta le I a seek ps hologi al help. as , which was relatively higher and the mode for this item was 4 (24 % of respo de ts hi h orrespo ds to Agree .. Respo ses to ite If e essar , I a ope perso al se rets to a e pert to assist the resolutio of e otio al pro le s. as also si ilar ith a ea of , a d a ode of % . A d for the ite Ps hologi al help i reases the po er of perso to ope ith their pro le s. , the ea as elo the average , ith a ode of % hi h orrespo ds to Totall Disagree . Items corresponding to stigmatic attitudes have yielded interesting results. The mean for the ite I ould e e arrassed if it as heard that I had e tal pro le s. as , 7 ith a ode of % . The ost striki g ite as the ite Ps hologi al help reduces a person's self-respe t. hi h had a ea of , a d a ode of % hi h orrespo ds to Totall Disagree . Respo ses to ite If I thi k, I have a e tal disorder, first thi g to do ould e to get professio al help. also sig aled a relatively negative attitude with a mean of 2,95 and a mode of 2 (27 %). 3.2. Inferential Statistics In order to test whether there was a significant difference between males and females with respect to the levels of attitude towards seeking psychological help; Mann-Whitney U Test was utilized. Results are presented in Table 3. When the Table 3. is examined, it can be seen that though there was an arithmetic difference between males (M= 67.20) and females (M= 76.60) in their levels of ASPH; this difference was not statistically significant (p> .05). Table 3: Mann-Whitney U Test: Difference in ASPH levels with respect to gender Gender N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks U p M 70 67.20 4704.00 2219.00 .175 F 73 76.60 5592.00
  • 13. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 4(1), s. 224 – 234, Haziran 2015 Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education 4(1) p. 224 – 234, June 2015 229 Table 4 shows the inter-correlations of the variables under investigation. Attitude towards seeking psychological help had a significant correlation with age in the negative direction (r= -,17, p< .05). Age correlated positively with actual history of professional psychological help (r= ,17, p< .05); and presence of educational experience about psychological help (r= .20, p< .001). Presence of educational experience about psychological help correlated positively with history of professional psychological help (r= .24, p< .001). Year in university correlated positively with presence of educational experience about psychological help (r= .20, p< .001). Income level correlated negatively with history of professional psychological help (r= - .18, p< .05). And there were no significant relation between the hometown indicators, namely SPO ranks, hometown category with any of the other variables. Table 4. Spearman's rho Correlations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. ASPH 1 2. Hist. of Pro. Psy. Help .03 1 3. Age -.17* .17* 1 4. Educational Experience .01 .24** .20* 1 5. Year in university -.04 .06 .79** .20* 1 6. Income level -.10 -.18* .03 -.10 .08 1 7. SPO Rank .08 .04 .03 .11 .08 .04 1 8. Hometown Category -.10 -.03 -.06 -.14 -.11 .03 -.13 1 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 4. DISCUSSION As the related literature sho s, attitude to ards seeki g ps hologi al help is related with personal variables such as political ideology (Hatzidimitriadou, 2002) and television watching habits (Vogel et al, 2008)). Vogel et al (2007) argues that the factors that ake people avoid taki g ps hologi al help are ai l ps hologi al, that is, the are mainly originating from their personal perception of the psychological help. The present study, alternatively focused on the ecological variables and educational experiences. In the present study the gender difference in the related literature in positive help seeki g attitudes e.g. Çe i, ; Kessler, Brown, & Broman, 1981; Kuhl, Jarkon-Horlick, L., & Morrissey, 1997; Oliver, Pearson, & Coe, 2005) was not verified in a University sample, although visible as an arithmetic difference in favor of females. As for age, although the range was narrow, there was a significant negative correlation with age and attitude towards psychological help. This finding was contradictory with the results of other studies with larger age groups that found positive correlations (see Oliver, 2005). This difference may be due to the specific culture of the university or identity formation processes, in this case the transformation from adolescence to young adulthood. Social desirability bias may also be a possible factor at play. On the other hand actual history of taking professional help was positively related to the help-seeking attitude, which is not counterintuitive. Educational experiences correlated positively with history of psychological help which is in line with the findings of at least one study (Goh, 2007). Income was not related with ASPH similar to Kuhl et al. study (1997), yet it was negatively related to help history. This finding can be understandable in a way that income may decrease the incidence of psychological problems or increase well-being in general (Cramm, Van Dijk, & Nieboer, 2013; Diener, 2000; Myers, 2005). Educational experiences related to psychological help related to history of psychological help positively. Educational experiences may increase the likelihood of receiving psychological help, or help process may facilitate educational experiences.
  • 14. Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers Çınar KAYA 230 What is also inferred from the present study is that the construct attitude towards seeking psychological help does not show a significant relation with the development levels of the provinces of the university students nor the SPO rankings (Di er, Özasla , & Kavasoğlu, 2003) i Boğaziçi U iversit . The literature o the effe t of geographi al areas o help seeki g behavior has mixed findings, some studies has found an effect (Oliver et al., 2005) whereas some did not (Kuhl et al., 1997). This lack of effect may be due to the long interval between the measurement time and the possible impact of the influence of the physical facilities of the region as well as the standard environment offered by the university and the surrounding city. When the descriptive data for separate items were taken into consideration, a general reluctance and confused attitude towards psychological help seeking in the study group consisting of students was visible. These findings are remarkable for the fact that it shows a general confused attitude even in the students of a high-ranking urban university with a rank of 4 in Turkey and 708 in the world (Webometrics.info, 2014). This can be regarded as a warning for the mental health and general well-being of the university students in the study group. Since the present study has a sample of students in a particular university, and are pre- service teachers, all of the respondents share the subculture of a faculty. This fact may be i terpreted as the softe i g effe t of the u iversit e viro e t o the possi le orrelatio et ee the provi ial a kgrou d a d the edu atio al e perie es varia le as defi ed a ove ith the o stru t attitude to ards seeki g ps hologi al help . A possi le desig to see whether this kind of an effect is present would be to administer a similar research design on a wide sample consisting of people with different cultural, occupational and socioeconomic backgrounds and in a sample consisting of university students, and investigate the differences in the general inclinations. Another suggestion would be to work on variables like the public stigma, TV preferences, cognitive schemas regarding psychological help would be comparatively investigated together with ecological variables like (perceived) available mental health service opportunities and provincial indicators (as in the present study). This would be helpful in u dersta di g the predi tors of attitude to ards seeki g ps hologi al help especially in the context of Turkey. Acknowledgements Author is tha kful to Dr. Be gü Börka , for her alua le feed a k o the earlier drafts of this paper. REFERENCES Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R.., Dean, Y. Z. ., & Eltaiba, N. (2004). Cross-national study of attitudes towards seeking professional help: Jordan, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Arabs in Israel. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 50, 102-114 Retrieved February, 28, 2008 from Sage Bebbington, P. E., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P. E., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T. S., et al. (2000). Unequal access and unmet need: neurotic Unequal access and unmet need: neurotic disorders and use of primary care services. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1359- 1367. Calliess, I. T., Schmid-Ott, G., Akguel, G., Jaeger, B., & Ziegenbein, M. (2007). Attitudes towards psychotherapy of young second-generation Turkish immigrants living in Germany. Psychiatrische Praxis, 34(7), 343-348.
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  • 16. Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers Çınar KAYA 232 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. Myers, D. G. (2005). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55(1), 56-67. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.55,1.56 Oliver, M. I., Pearson, N., & Coe, N. (2005). Help-seeking behaviour in men and women with common mental health problems: cross-sectional study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 297-301. Panganamala, N. R., & Plummer, D. L. (1998) Attitudes toward counseling among Asian Indians in the United States. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 4(1), 55-63. Türkü , A. “. Who Seeks Help? Examining the differences in attitude of Turkish university students toward seeking psychological help by gender, gender roles, and help- seeking experiences. The Jour al of Me ’s “tudies,13(3), 389-401. Vogel, D. L., Gentile D.A., & Kaplan, S. A. (2008). The influence of television on willingness to seek therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 64(3), 276-295. Vogel, D. L., & Wester, S. R., & Larson, L. M. (2007). Avoidance of Counseling: Psychological Factors That Inhibit Seeking Help. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85, 410-422. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00609.x.
  • 17. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 4(1), s. 224 – 234, Haziran 2015 Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education 4(1) p. 224 – 234, June 2015 233 GENİŞ ÖZET Ruhsal pro le ler ütü dü adaki topluluklarda oldukça a gı ol ası a Ma ke zie, Gekoski, & K o , rağ e , u pro le leri aşa a ire leri çoğu luğu profes o el psikolojik ardı al a aktadır Be i gto ve diğerleri, ; Kessler ve diğerleri, . Psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu , psikolojik ardı ara a davra ışları a ö ülük et esi açısı da ö e li ir değişke dir. Bire leri ardı ara a tutu ları ile kişisel ve de ografik özellikleri i ilişkisi çeşitli çalış alarda i ele iştir ör . Li ve diğerleri, ; Fis her & Cohe , 7 . İlgili ala azı da et ik köke , sos oeko o ik duru , öğre i görüle ala gi i irçok değişke ile profes o el psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu arası da a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur. Ör eği psikolojik ardı ü retsiz olsa ile işçi sı ıfı da ola ire leri psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu ları daha üst gelir grupları a ora la daha düşük düze lerde olduğu sapta ıştır (Fischer & Cohe , 7 . Bu çalış ada ise öğret e ada ları ı profes o el psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki tutu düze leri i ve u değişke le irlikte psikolojik ardı geç işi, psikolojik ardı a ilişki eğiti sel de e i ler, i si et, aş ve de ografik değişke ler arası daki ilişkileri i i ele esi a açla ıştır. Yaşa a şehir özellikleri, Devlet Pla la a Teşkilatı DPT ü esi de apıla ir çalış ada eğiti , sağlık, kırsal alt apı, sa a i, i şaat, tarı , fi a s ve a ka ılık gi i toplu sal ve eko o ik değişke lere da alı olarak işevuruk olarak hesapla ış ir geliş işlik skoru üzeri de i ele iştir Di er, Özasla , & Kavasoğlu, , p. .. Psikolojik ardı ara a davra ışları ve tutu ları ile ilgili araştır aları ö e li ir ölü ü çoğu lukla kişisel değişke leri vurgula aktadır; u araştır ada ise he profes o el psikolojik ardı ko usu daki eğiti geç işi ve gerçek ardı al a geç işi gi i kişisel değişke leri , he de aşa ı ö e li ir kıs ı da aşa a eri geliş işlik düze i ve türü gi i çevresel değişke leri ilişkileri i i ele esi a açla ıştır. Araştır a ı ö te i kesitsel ve i el araştır a özellikleri i taşı aktadır. Araştır a ı verileri 7 erkek % ve 7 kadı % topla Eğiti Fakültesi öğre isi de topla ıştır. Topla ulaşıla öğre i sa ısı ol ası a rağ e iki öğre i aşa ı ı ö e li ir ölü ü de urtdışı da aşadığı içi araştır a a dahil edil e iştir. Ölç e ara ı olarak Psikolojik Yardı Al a a İlişki Tutu Ölçeği-Kısa For u PYTÖ-K Türkçe versi o u, de ografik ve kişisel verileri topla ak içi araştır a ı tarafı da geliştirile ir kişisel ilgi for u kulla ıl ıştır. PYTÖ-K, Fis her ve Tur er 7 tarafı da geliştiril iş ola oriji al for u Türkü tarafı da kısaltılarak Türkçe e u arla ış halidir. Ölçek addede oluşa ’li Likert dere ele dir e e : Kesi likle katılıyoru , 5: Kesi likle katıl ıyoru ) sahip ir ölçektir. Cro a h alfa iç tutarlık güve irlik katsa ısı . ve hafta aralıklı ölçü lerde test- tekrar test güve ilirliği .77 olarak ulu uştur. Kolmogorov-“ ir ov Nor allik Testi so uçları a göre verileri or al dağılı a u adığı p< . ; u u la irlikte Leve e Testi e göre ho oje dağılı özellikleri gösterdiği ulu uştur p> . . Bu ede le para etrik ol a a a aliz ö te leri kulla ıl ıştır. Beti sel istatistik so uçları a göre öğret e ada ları da psikolojik ardı al a a ilişki ge el olarak elirsiz tutu ve isteksizlik olduğu görül üştür. Psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu pua ları ı ortala ası ila arası da değerler ala il ektedir. PYTÖ-K pua ları ı ortala ası , ve sta dart sap a , olarak ulu uştur. Gerek ir ütü olarak, gerek addelere verile tepkiler tek tek i ele diği de psikolojik ardı a ilişki stig atik aklaşı lara ilişki addelere göre e üksek tepkiler verildiği görül üştür. Bu ulgular özelikle, Türki e’de i i sırala a a sahip ir ü iversite i (Webometrics.info, 2014) öğre ileri de elde edil iş olduğu dikkate alı dığı da öğre ileri ge el ruh sağlığı ve i i ol a düze leri açısı da ö e li ir risk faktörü olarak göze çarp aktadır. Mann-Whit e U Testi so uçları a göre psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu düze leri açısı da erkek (M= 7. ve kadı öğre iler arası da M= 76.60) i si etler arası da a la lı ir farklılık ulu a ıştır p> . . “pear a Rho Korelas o A alizi so uçları a göre psikolojik ardı a karşı tutu düze leri ile aş arası da egatif ö de a la lı ir ilişki ulu uştur r= -, 7, p< . . Yaş ile psikolojik ardı geç işi r= , 7, p< . ve psikolojik ardı ile ilişkili eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif ö de a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur r= . , p< . . Psikolojik ardı geç işi ile eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif düze de a la lı ilişkiler ulu uştur r= . , p< . . Ü iversitede geçe ıl ile eğiti sel de e i ler arası da pozitif ö de a la lı ir ilişki ulu uştur r= .20, p< .001). Gelir düze i ile psikolojik ardı geç işi arası da a la lı düze de egatif ilişki ulu uştur r= - .18, p< .05).
  • 18. Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Sample of Pre-service Teachers Çınar KAYA 234 Psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu ile DPT sırala aları ve aşa ı ö e li ir kıs ı ı geçirildiği şehir özellikleri arası da a la lı ilişkiler ulu a ıştır. İlgili ala azı da oğrafi ölgeleri ardı ara a davra ışları a etkisi e ilişki ulgular çeşitlidir; azı araştır alarda u etki ulu urke Oliver et al., azıları da ise ulu a a ıştır Kuhl et al., 7 . Türki e’de psikolojik ardı a ilişki tutu u elirle i ileri ve ilişkili olduğu değişke ler üzeri de çeşitli gelişi sel dö e lerdeki ire ler üzeri de ve daha ü ük ör ekle lerde apıla ak araştır alar ilgili ala azı a ö e li katkılar sağla a aktır.