PRACTICAL RESEARCH

1. HYPOTHESIS
• A hypothesis states your predictions about
what your research will find. It is a tentative
answer to your research question that has
not yet been tested.
• an idea or explanation for something that
is based on known facts but has
not yet been proved. (Cambridge)
• a supposition or proposed explanation
made on the basis of limited evidence as a
starting point for further investigation.
(Oxford)

2. HYPOTHESIS
In simple meaning:
• It is an Assumption
Things to remember:
• A hypothesis is not just a
guess-it should be based on
existing theories and
knowledge.

3. HYPOTHESIS
A Hypothesis should always:
 Explain what you expect to
happen
 Be clear and understandable
 Be tested
 Be measurable
 Contain an independent and
dependent variable.

4. PURPOSE OF
HYPOTHESIS
A Hypothesis is used in an
experiment to define the
relationship between two
variables; Independent Variable is
the part of the experiment that
can be changed and tested, the
outcome is called the Dependent
Variable.

5. PURPOSE OF
HYPOTHESIS
They guide you on which aspect of the
research to focus on.
They provide opportunities to prove the
relationship between variables.
They give the right direction of the
research.
Tell the students that some researchers
find hypotheses essential because of
these reasons.

6. PURPOSE OF
HYPOTHESIS
They outline your thoughts on your
manner of summarizing the results and
of explaining the conclusions.
They push for an empirical study to
prove the existence of relationship of
variables and the effects of independent
variable on the dependent variable.

7. PURPOSE OF
HYPOTHESIS
The main purpose of a hypothesis
is to find an answer to the
question, a formalized experiment
will force us to think of what result
we should look for in an
experiment.

8. RESEARCH QUESTION
VS. HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION
Definition is a tentative prediction about
the relationship between two or
more variables.
is the question a research study
sets to answer.
Nature is predictive in nature. is inquisitive in nature.
Existing
Research
can be used if there is significant
knowledge or previous research
on this subject.
can be used if there is little
previous research on the subject.

9. RESEARCH QUESTION
VS. HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION
Quantitative
vs Qualitative
is mainly used in experimental
quantitative studies.
can be used in both quantitative
and qualitative studies.
Outcomes doesn’t allow a wide range of
outcomes.
allows a wide range of outcomes.

10. CATEGORIES OF
HYPOTHESIS

11. CATEGORIES OF
HYPOTHESIS
1. Null hypothesis
A null hypothesis proposes no
relationship between two variables.
Denoted by H0,

12. CATEGORIES OF
HYPOTHESIS
1. Null hypothesis
it is a negative statement like “Attending
physiotherapy sessions does not affect athletes'
on-field performance.” Here, the author claims
physiotherapy sessions have no effect on on-
field performances. Even if there is, it's only a
coincidence.

13. CATEGORIES OF
HYPOTHESIS
2. Alternative hypothesis
Considered to be the opposite of a null
hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis is
donated as H1 or Ha. It explicitly states
that the dependent variable affects the
independent variable.

14. CATEGORIES OF
HYPOTHESIS
2. Alternative hypothesis
A good alternative hypothesis example is
“Attending physiotherapy sessions
improves athletes' on-field performance.”
or “Water evaporates at 100°C.”

15. TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS

16. TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
1. Theory-driven vs.
Data-driven hypothesis
A hypothesis that is based on existing theory to
explain the relationship of variables and the
effects of one variable on the other variables is
theory-driven. But if it is based on the findings
of previous research studies, it is a data-driven
hypothesis.

17. TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
Tell the students that choosing which type of
hypothesis to use depends solely on the
researcher. It does not mean, however, that
choosing one of the following types of
hypotheses makes him or her come out with the
best hypothesis because no type of hypotheses is
superior to any hypothesis. (Badke 2012; Morgan
2014)

18. TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
2. Directions (one-tailed) vs.
Non-directional (two-tailed)
hypothesis
Directional hypotheses state the relationship of two variables as
well as of the relationship of these variables. Non-directional
hypotheses, on the other hand, Non-directional, state the
relationship of variables but not on the direction of the
relationship.

19. TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
3. Descriptive vs. Casual
hypothesis
A statement specifying the relationship between two
variables due to the influence of something is a
descriptive hypothesis; due to cause-effect relationship, it
is a causal hypothesis. True experimental or quasi-
experimental research such as a correlation study uses
causal hypotheses; non-experimental research uses
descriptive hypotheses.

20. GUIDELINES IN
FORMULATING
HYPOTHESIS

21. GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
HYPOTHESIS
1. Express your hypotheses in a declarative
sentence
2. Support your hypotheses with ideas based on
theories, known facts, previous studies, or your
own experience and wisdom.
3. Establish a logical relationship between the
hypotheses and the research problem. The craft
in hypotheses formulation requires the
researcher to think of the following pointers (Mc
Bride 2013; Lapan 2012):

22. GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
HYPOTHESIS
4. Have your hypotheses predict the nature of
relationship between or among variables.
5. Ascertain the possibility of having some means
of testing, analyzing, and investigating your
hypotheses.
6. Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact, or specific
language in stating the hypotheses.

23. Gratias Tibi!