1) This document provides information about the digestive system, including the structures, functions, and processes involved in digestion. 2) Key terms are defined related to the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, and large intestine. 3) Multiple choice questions assess understanding of digestion, from ingestion to the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

1. 1) Seizing or grasping food materials and directing A. Mastication
them into the oral cavity. B. Maceration
2) The physical degradation of ingesta within the oral C. Deglutition
cavity. D. Peristalsis
3) The physical act of swallowing. E. Prehension
4) The involuntary propulsion of ingesta along the
alimentary canal.
5) Occurs in the stomach where ingesta is mixed with
gastric secretions to a liquid paste called chyme.

2. 6) Renders lipid materials more soluble to facilitate A. Segmentation
breakdown. Bile salts produced and secreted by the B. Emulsification
liver aid in this process by functioning as biological C. Hydrolysis
detergents. D. Absorption
7) Releases the basic building blocks of lipids,
carbohydrates and proteins.
8) Localized contractions of the small intestine that fragment
small oval masses of digestive materials and further churns
chyme with digestive juices. Occurs more frequently than
peristalsis.
9) Passage of nutrients through the intestinal mucosa into
cardiovascular and lymphatic capillaries.

3. 10) T/F Alexis St. Martin performed digestive
physiology experiments on William Beaumont.

4. 11) Of the following selections, the one that contains only
accessory digestive structures is:
a. pharynx, esophagus, small and large intestine.
b. oral cavity, stomach, pancreas, and liver.
c. salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder.
d. tongue, teeth, stomach, small and large intestine.

5. 12) Liver
13) Large intestine
14) Pharynx
15) Pancreas
16) Esophagus

6. 17) The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral
cavity include:
a. pharyngeal, palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal.
b. lingual, labial, frenulum.
c. uvular, ankyloglossal, hypoglossal.
d. parotid, sublingual, submandibular.

7. 18) The three divisions of the small intestine are:
a. cephalic, gastric, intestinal.
b. buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal.
c. duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
d. fundus, body, pylorus.

8. 19) An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is:
a. carboxypeptidase
b. parotidase
c. chymotrypsin
d. trypsin

9. 20) Undigested food residues are moved through the large
intestine in the following sequence:
a. cecum, colon, and rectum.
b. colon, cecum, and rectum.
c. ileum, colon, and rectum.
d. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

10. 21) Parotid gland
22) Sublingual gland
23) Submandibular gland

11. 24) When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable
membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the:
a. lower concentration of solutes.
b. same osmolarity on each side of the membrane.
c. higher concentration of solutes.
d. proper osmotic equilibrium.

12. 25) The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are
structural features that provide for:
a. increased total surface area for absorption.
b. stabilizing the mesenteries attached to the dorsal body wall.
c. gastric contractions that churn and swirl the gastric contents.
d. initiating enterogastric reflexes that accelerate the digestive process.

13. 26) Dental pulp
27) Enamel
28) Periodontium
29) Gingiva
30) Dentin

14. 31) The external anal sphincter muscle is under
voluntary control?
A) True B) False

15. 32) Most intestinal absorption occurs in the:
a. distal end of the duodenum.
b. body of the stomach.
c. proximal half of the duodenum.
d. proximal half of the jejunum.

16. 33) The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into
their basic building blocks is called:
a. absorption
b. secretion
c. mechanical digestion
d. chemical digestion

17. 34) Which cell of the digestive system is correctly matched with
an exocrine product?
A. Beta cell of pancreatic islet – insulin
B. Parietal cell of stomach – pepsinogen
C. Goblet cell – mucous
D. Hepatocyte – pancreatic juice
E. If more than one of the above satisfy the premise, choose
this response.

18. 35) Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the intestine
would result in:
a. decreased motility. b. decreased secretion.
c. decreased segmentation. d. none of the above.

19. 36) Tooth #1
37) Left inferior first premolar tooth
38) Left superior central incisor tooth
39) Right superior second premolar tooth
40) Left inferior canine tooth
B
D
A
C
E
R L

20. 41) What is the name the enzyme that commences the
breakdown of proteins in the stomach?
A. Protease B. Elastase C. Pepsin
D. Chymotrypsin E. Trypsin

21. 42) Which of the following is not one of the four major parts
of the stomach?
A. Fundus B. Cardiac part C. Body D. Pyloric part
E. Pylorus

22. 43) What is the name of substance that protects the stomach
wall from autodigestion?
A. Vitamin B12 B. Gastric mucous
C. Intrinsic factor D. Pepsin

23. 44) What is the name of the cells that secrete HCl and intrinsic
factor?
A. Parietal cells B. Principle cells C. Goblet cells
D. Chief cells

24. 45) Insulin is secreted into:
a. the pyloric antrum.
b. the duodenum.
c. the jejunum.
d. the bloodstream.

25. 46) The prominent ridges in the lining of the stomach are
called:
a. cardia. b. papillae. c. rugae. d. plicae.
e. villi.

26. 47) The pancreas produces _______-digesting enzymes
in the form of proenzymes (inactive precursors).
a. carbohydrate b. protein c. sugar d. lipid
e. nucleic acid

27. 48) Bile is stored in the:
a. liver b. duodenum c. pancreas d. gallbladder
e. vermiform appendix

28. 49) Quadrate lobe of the liver
50) Caudate lobe of the liver
51) Left lobe of the liver
52) Right lobe of the liver

29. 53) The bile duct and pancreatic duct open on a mucosal
projection termed the:
a. major duodenal papilla
b. minor duodenal papilla
c. sublingual caruncle
d. lacrimal caruncle

30. 54) Primary bile acids are synthesized from:
a. vitamin A.
b. cholesterol.
c. B – vitamins.
d. Vitamin K.

31. 55) Sigmoid colon
56) Transverse colon
57) Cecum
58) Vermiform appendix
59) Ascending colon
60) Descending colon
61) Rectum
62) Anal canal
63) External anal
sphincter m.

32. 64) Which of the following is a type of restrictive
bariatric surgery?
a. Biliopancreatic diversion b. Gastric bypass
c. Band ligature d. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy

33. 65) Complex carbohydrate digestion begins in the:
a. mouth b. esophagus c. stomach d. duodenum
e. ileum

34. 66) Transmission of this disease is via the fecal-oral route. It
is virally caused, clinically mild, and does not progress to
chronicity. There is no development of hepatocellular
carcinoma.
A) Cirrhosis B) Hepatitis A C) Hepatitis B
D) Cholelithiasis E) Peptic Ulcer disease

35. 67) This condition results from disruption of the mucosal
integrity of the stomach and/or duodenum. The result is a
local defect or exacerbation due to active inflammation. H.
pylori and NSAID’s are responsible for a majority of cases.
A) Cirrhosis B) Hepatitis A C) Hepatitis B
D) Cholelithiasis E) Peptic Ulcer disease

36. 68) Transmission of this disease is percutaneous, perinatal, and
sexual. This disease can progress to chronicity and the
development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
A) Cirrhosis B) Hepatitis A C) Hepatitis B
D) Cholelithiasis E) Peptic Ulcer disease

37. 69) This condition is characterized by the presence of calculi in
the gallbladder. Treatments include: laparoscopic
cholecystectomy, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, and
ursodeoxycholic acid. It is most prevalent in multiparous women.
A) Cirrhosis B) Hepatitis A C) Hepatitis B
D) Cholelithiasis E) Peptic Ulcer disease

38. 70) This condition is an irreversible inflammatory disease of the
liver leading to diffuse scarring. Alcoholism is the primary cause
of this in the U.S.
A) Cirrhosis B) Hepatitis A C) Hepatitis B
D) Cholelithiasis E) Peptic Ulcer disease

39. 71) Which organ transports urine to the urinary
bladder?
a. Ureter b. Urethra

40. Matching: Anatomy of the Kidney
72) Renal pyramid
73) Renal pelvis
74) Renal cortex
75) Renal medulla
76) Renal papilla
B
C
E
D
A

41. 77) The kidneys have peritoneum only on their anterior
surface. This means that the peritoneal cavity does not
completely surround each kidney. The kidneys are said
to be _____________________.
A) Anteroperitoneal
B) Retroperitoneal
C) Submucosal
D) Subserosal

42. 78) Which of the following is not a function of the
kidneys?
A) Hydroregulation B) Acid/Base balance
C) Blood pressure regulation
D) Erythropoiesis (formation of red blood cells)

43. 79) The functional units of the kidneys are called
____________.
A) Corpuscles
B) Nephrons
C) Renal tubules
D) Glomeruli

44. 80) What is the name of
this portion of the nephron?
A)Renal corpuscle
B)Proximal convoluted
tubule
C)Loop of Henle
D)Collecting duct

45. 81) What is the name of the “ball” of capillaries
illustrated below?
A)Podocyte B) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
C) Glomerulus D) Renal corpuscle
“ball” of capillaries

46. 82) The Juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes the hormone
_________ and the enzyme ________.
A)Aldosterone, Reductase
B)Renin, Angiotensin
C)Erythropoietin, Renin
D)Estradiol, Aldosterone

47. 83) What is the proper sequence of the three processes involved
in urine formation?
A)Filtration, Secretion, Selective reabsorption
B)Secretion, Filtration, Selective reabsorption
C)Selective reabsorption, Secretion, Filtration
D)Filtration, Selective reabsorption, Secretion

48. 84) Which of the following is not a factor that influences urine
formation?
A)Blood pressure
B)Diuretics
C)Body temperature
D)Body mass index
E)Emotional state

49. 85) The turbidity of urine is typically transparent, but can
become cloudy upon standing or depending of diet.
A) True B) False

50. Matching: Constituents of Urine
86) Albumin (blood protein)
87) Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
88) Leukocytes (white blood cells)
89) Urea
90) Billirubin/Urobilinogen
91) Bacteria
92) Glucose
93) Creatinine
94) Ketone bodies
A) Abnormal Constituent
B) Normal Constituent

51. 95) _____ is the medical term for inflammation
of the urinary bladder.
A)Incontinence
B)Cystitis
C)Nephrolithiasis
D)Glomerulonephritis
E)Renal Failure

52. 96) What is the medical term for the renal
disease characterized by inflammation of the
small blood vessels in the kidneys.
A)Incontinence
B)Cystitis
C)Nephrolithiasis
D)Glomerulonephritis
E)Renal Failure

53. 97) What is the condition of kidney stones
called?
A)Incontinence
B)Cystitis
C)Nephrolithiasis
D)Glomerulonephritis
E)Renal Failure

54. 98) ________is the sudden interruption of
kidney function due to obstruction, reduced
circulation, or kidney disease.
A)Incontinence
B)Cystitis
C)Nephrolithiasis
D)Glomerulonephritis
E)Renal Failure

55. 99) ________is the inability to control
urination.
A)Incontinence
B)Cystitis
C)Nephrolithiasis
D)Glomerulonephritis
E)Renal Failure

56. 100) ________is the inability to control
urination.
A)Incontinence
B)Cystitis
C)Nephrolithiasis
D)Glomerulonephritis
E)Renal Failure