Explain Unicast, Multicast &Broadcast address Explain IPv6 Basic Structure. Explain the Address syntax of IPv6. Implementing IPv6 Explain the Features of IPv6. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

1. Explain Unicast, Multicast
&Broadcast address
Assi. Prof. Sejal Jadav

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3. 1)Unicast
● Unicast is the term used to describe communication
where a piece of information is sent from one point to
another point.
● In this case there is just one sender, and one receiver.
● Class A,B,C, IP is used for unicast.
● Each host present on network has at least one unicast
Address.
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4. 2) Broadcast
● Broadcast is the term used to describe communication
where a piece of information is sent from one point to all
other points.
● In this case there is just one sender, but the information is
sent to all connected receivers, so IP address that allows a
data packet that can be send to all machine on a given
network.
● Class A,B,C address are used for it.
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5. 3) Multicast
● Multicast is the term used to describe communication
where a piece of information is sent from one or more
points to a set of other points.
● In this case there is may be one or more senders, and
the information is distributed to a set of receivers.
● Class D address is used for multicasting.
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6. Explain IPv6 Basic
Structure.
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7. ● Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest
version of the Internet Protocol (IP),
the communications protocol that provides an
identification and location system for computers on
networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
● IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4.
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8. ● Every device on the Internet is assigned an IP address
for identification and location definition.
● With the rapid(speed) growth of the Internet after
commercialization in the 1990s,
it became evident that far more addresses than the IPv4
address space has available were necessary to connect
new devices in the future.
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9. ● By 1998, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
had formalized the successor protocol.
● IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing approximately
3.4×1038 addresses, or more than 7.9×1028 times as
many as IPv4,
which uses 32-bit addresses and provides approximately
4.3 billion addresses.
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10. ● The two protocols are not designed to be
interoperable, complicating the transition to IPv6.
● However, several IPv6 transition mechanisms have
been devised to permit communication between IPv4
and IPv6 hosts.
● IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a
larger addressing space.
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IPV6 =128 bit
16 bit is add = 16+32+48+64+80+96+112+128

12. Q: Explain the Address syntax of IPv6.
● An IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal
digits, each group representing 16 bits (two octets).
● The groups are separated by colons (:).
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IPV6 =128 bit -> 16 bit is add = 16+32+48+64+80+96+112+128

13. ● An example of an IPv6 address is:
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
● The hexadecimal digits are case-insensitive, but
IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force )
recommendations suggest the use of lower case
letters.
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14. ● The full representation of eight 4-digit groups may be simplified by
several techniques.
● Leading zeroes in a group may be omitted. Thus, the example
address may be written as:
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2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334

15. ● One or more consecutive groups of zero value may be replaced with
a single empty group using two consecutive colons (::).
Thus, the example address can be further simplified:
2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
● The localhost (loopback) address, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, and the IPv6
unspecified address, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0, are reduced to ::1 and ::,
respectively.
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16. Implementing IPv6
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17. Q: Explain the Features of IPv6.
1) Larger Address Space
● In contrast to IPv4, IPv6 uses 4 times more bits to address
a device on the Internet.
● This much of extra bits can provide approximately
3.4×1038 different combinations of addresses.
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18. 2.Simplified Header
● IPv6 header is only twice as bigger than IPv4, provided the
fact that IPv6 address is four times longer.
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Network address translation

20. 3.End-to-end Connectivity
● Every system now has unique IP address and can traverse
through the Internet without using NAT(Network address
translation) or other translating components.
● After IPv6 is fully implemented, every host can directly
reach other hosts on the Internet, with some limitations
involved like Firewall, organization policies, etc.
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21. 4.Auto-configuration
5. IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
● Initially it was decided that IPv6 must have IPSec security, making it
more secure than IPv4.
6. No Broadcast:
● IPv6 does not have any broadcast support any more. It uses
multicast to communicate with multiple hosts.
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22. 7. Anycast Support
● This is another characteristic of IPv6.
● IPv6 has introduced Anycast mode of packet routing.
● In this mode, multiple interfaces over the Internet are
assigned same Anycast IP address.
● Routers, while routing, send the packet to the nearest
destination.
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23. 8. Mobility
● IPv6 was designed keeping mobility in mind.
● This feature enables hosts (such as mobile phone) to
roam around in different geographical area and
remain connected with the same IP address.
● The mobility feature of IPv6 takes advantage of auto IP
configuration.
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24. DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol)
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25. ● DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a
network management protocol used to dynamically
assign an Internet Protocol (IP) address to any
device, or node, on a network, so they can
communicate using IP.
● DHCP automates and centrally manages these
configurations rather than requiring network
administrators to manually assign IP addresses to
all network devices.
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26. ● DHCP can be implemented on small local networks as
well as large enterprise networks.
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28. ● DHCP will assign new IP addresses in each location
when devices are moved from place to place,
which means network administrators do not have to
manually initially configure each device with a valid IP
address
or reconfigure the device with a new IP address if it
moves to a new location on the network.
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30. Static IP Address
And
Dynamic IP Address
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31. ● An IP address is an address assigned to a device on the
Internet.
● It is analogous to postal address where a letter is delivered,
and an IP address is computer's address where internet
traffic is delivered.
● An IP address is assigned to you by your Internet Service
Provider (ISP). When you signup with your ISP, your ISP
either assigns you a static IP address or a dynamic IP
address depending on the contract.
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35. Web hosting service ?
● A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting
service that allows individuals and organizations to
make their website accessible via the World Wide Web.
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36. What is a static IP address?
● A static IP address is an address that is permanently
assigned to you by your ISP (as long as your contract is in
good standing), and does not change even if your computer
reboots.
● A static IP address is usually assigned to a server hosting
websites, and providing email, database and FTP services.
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37. ● A static IP address is also assigned to a commercial leased
line, or public organization requiring same IP address
each and every time.
● Since static IP address is assigned to you, you'll have to
manually configure your machine (router or server) to
use the static IP address assigned to you.
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38. Static IP address Advantages
● Address does not change - good for web servers, email
servers and other Internet servers.
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39. Static IP address Disadvantages
● Expensive than dynamic IP address - ISPs generally
charge additional fee for static IP addresses.
● Need additional security - Since same IP is assigned to a
machine, hackers try brute force attack on the machine
over period of time.
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40. What is a dynamic IP address?
● A dynamic IP address is an IP address dynamically
assigned to your computer by your ISP.
● Each time your computer (or router) is rebooted, your ISP
dynamically assigns an IP address to your networking
device using DHCP protocol.
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41. ● Since your ISP dynamically assigns an IP address to a
computing device on reboot, your device may not always
receive the same IP address previous assigned to it.
● Even if your machine is always on and permanently
connected.
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42. Advantages
● Cheaper than static IP address.
● Changing IP address gives more privacy.
Disadvantages
● Requires DHCP server to obtain an IP address.
● Non-static. Each time IP address changes, you may have to
find you IP address again.
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