3. “ Exodontia is the
painless removal of the whole tooth or root,
with minimal trauma to the investing tissues,
so that the wound heals uneventfully &
no post-operative prosthetic problem is created”
~ Geffory L. Howe
4. “7 Minimum Essentials”
• Radiograph
• Anesthetic
• Forceps & elevators
• Flap tray
• Light
• Efficient assistance
• Suction apparatus
Raffles founded modern Singapore
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
(1781 – 1826)
6. Clinical Evaluation of teeth for removal
• assess difficulty of extraction.
• Access to tooth: if mouth opening of PT is
compromised-surgical extraction.
• Mobility of tooth: teeth with less than
normal mobility should be assessed for
hypercementosis and ankylosis----surgical
removal
6
8. • If adjacent tooth has amalgam
restoration or undergone endodontic
therapy, care must be taken while using
elevators.
8
9. Radiographic Examination of tooth for removal
• If it is a I° tooth, its relationship with a
succedaneous tooth should be visible
• Configuration of roots- If excess curvature
surgical extraction
• Length of roots
• Hypercementosis
9
10. • Relationship of associated vital structures
– For Max. teeth relation with max. sinus.
– For Mand. Molars inferior alveolar canal
– For Mand premolars relation with mental
foramen 10
11. Patient & surgeon Preparation
• All patients should be considered as having
blood born disease.
• Surgeon should wear surgical gloves, mask,
eyewear with side shield, long sleaving gowns.
• If surgeon has long hair it should be covered
with surgical CAP. 11
12. Order of extraction
Lower teeth are removed before the upper &
posteriors are removed before anteriors to
prevent bleeding from socket obscuring field
of operation (prof.J.Moore)
12
14. •Over retained deciduous teeth
•Teeth involved in significant infection
•Patients inability to afford more optimal treatment
because of limited finances or time.
•teeth in the line of #
16. Contraindications
Local :
H/o radiation therapy in the area
Acute pericoronal infection
Teeth involved with central hemangioma/vascular
malformation
Teeth associated with a tumor
17. Contraindic atr io n s : -
Systemic : -
Uncontrolled metabolic diseases
Malignant diseases
Uncontrolled Cardiac conditions
Pregnancy
Sever blood dyscrasias
20. • Pain and anxiety control
•Position of the patient
•Position of the operator
•Clear access to and vision of the surgical field
•Use of controlled force- elevators & forceps
•Unimpeded path of removal
PRINCIPLES OF EXODONTIA
22. PRINCIPLES OF ELEVATION
1. Lever principle:
Fulcrum is between the load & the effort arm. For mechanical
advantage the effort arm must be longer than the load or
resistance arm.
36. FORCEP EXTRACTION OF DECIDUOUS
TEETH
• Upper & lower anteriors & canines-Extracted similar to the
permanent tooth
• Care should b taken with the extraction of the primary molars due
to the developing permanent premolars underneath them
• Broken primary molar teeth can be elevated using the right angled
Warwick James elevator.
37.
38. INTRA ALVEOLAR EXTRACTION
• It means direct access is gained on the tooth to be extracted.
• It is carried out with the help of dental forceps and elevators.
39. Forceps Technique
Indications
• Fairly mobile teeth,
• Extraction of single tooth,
• Extraction of multiple teeth which are scattered.
Contraindications
• In complicated extractions,
• Deformed roots,
• Hard tissue pathology of roots like hyper-cementosis etc.
• Badly destroyed teeth.
40. Advantages –
• It causes the least amount of trauma.
• Promotes retention of a satisfactory blood clot.
• Favours rapid healing.
41. Various movement for extraction of individual
tooth
Upper central, lateral,
canine, first pre-molar,
second pre-molar
First apical slight labial/buccal
slight palatal rotation with
traction
Upper molars First apical buccal palatal
deliver the tooth buccaly
Lower central, lateral,
canine, first pre-molar,
second pre-molar
First apical slight labial/buccal
slight lingual rotation with
traction
Lower molars First apical buccal lingual
deliver the tooth buccaly
42. Elevator technique
Indications
• To luxate teeth which cannot be engaged by beaks
of forceps
eg: impacted, malposed or grossly destructed teeth.
• To remove roots
43. DISADV
• Fracture of maxilla or mandible.
• Fracture of the alveolar process.
• Injuring the soft tissue if proper care is not taken.
• Penetrating into the maxillary sinus, during extraction of
maxillary posterior teeth.
• Forcing a maxillary root into the maxillary sinus or forcing the
apical third of the root of the lower third molar into the
mandibular canal or into submaxillary or pterygomandibular
space depending upon the position of the impacted third
molar.
44. Rules to be followed when using an Elevator –
• Never use an adjacent tooth as a fulcrum unless
that tooth is also to be removed.
• Never use the buccal plate at the gingival line as
fulcrum except in third molars.
• Always use finger guards to protect the patient in
case the elevator slips.
• Use interseptal bone as fulcrum.
• Avoid using an elevator to luxate a tooth which has
a tooth distal to it.
56. OPEN METHOD/
TRANS-ALVEOLAR EXTRACTION
Consists of dissecting the tooth or root from bony
attachments by removal of some bone investing the
tooth/roots, which are then delivered by use of elevators
and/or forceps
57. Ind ications : -
Root # during forcep extraction
Need for excessive force that may lead to # root, bone
or both
Dilacerated roots
Ankylosed tooth
Impacted/submerged tooth
Endanger to anatomical structures
58. Advantages:
• Removal of teeth lying in difficult position without damaging the
neuro-vascular bundle.
• Fracture of bone avoided.
• Less danger of creating an oro-antral fistula.
• Less chance of tearing of soft tissues & fracture of large pieces
of alveolar bone.
59. Steps in Trans-alveolar extraction:
• Local anesthesia.
• Incision and reflection of mucoperiosteal flap.
• Removal of bone/ bone cutting.
• Sectioning of tooth, if required.
• Elevation of the tooth.
60. • Smoothening of sharp edges of bone.
• Control of bleeding.
• Debridement of the socket.
• Suturing the flap.
• Suture removal & post-operative follow up.
62. Firm, continuous stroke, deep to the bone
Avoid vital adjacent structures
Base should be wider than the apex of the flap
Flap should either include or exclude a papila
Relieving incisions should cross the mucogingival junction
so that flap can be reflected well
healing takes place across and not on the incision line
(so length does not affect the healing time)
63. Bone removal:
• Either with a dental bur or by the use of a chisel. (hand or mallet pressure).
Using Chisel & mallet
is usually used for removal of bone in maxilla because the bone is soft.
• Adv: - post operative edema will be less
- less time consuming.
• Disadv: - in conscious patient, the sensation produced by chisel &
mallet is objectionable.
- problem to TMJ.
- chances of slippage of instrument.
- chances of fracture of jaw.
• Contraindications: -if the bone surrounding the tooth is very hard & sclerotic
- if the mandible is thin.
- if the root is brittle.
64. Using bur:
• Bone may be removed with bur either by simply cutting it using a No.8 or 10
round bur or flat fissure pattern or by using the ‘postage stamp method.’
• The bur must never be allowed to over-heat during bone removal. Constant
irrigation should be done with sterile normal saline.
Postage stamp method
• In this technique, rows of small holes is made with a small round bur & then
they are joined together with either bur or chisel cuts.
• This simple procedure will minimize the risk of damage to the surrounding
tissues & limits the cutting.
• Disadv: - post operative pain & edema
- delayed wound healing
65. Chisel vs Bur technique
Criteria Chisel & mallet Bur
Technique Difficult Easy
Patient
acceptance
Not tolerated Well tolerated
Chance of # bone High Less
Healing of bone Good Delayed
Post op edema Less More
Dry socket Less More
Post op infection Less More
71. Stobie technique – extraction of
multiple mandibular anteriors by
using elevators b/w teeth
72. Policy for leaving root fragments
• 3 conditions must exist for a tooth to be left in
the alveolar process
• Root fragment must be small
• Root deeply embedded in bone
• Root must not be infected
73. POST OPERATIVE CARE
• Care of the empty socket
• Post operative instructions
• Prescription of antibiotics and analgesics
74. REFEREENCES
• THE EXTRAACTION OF TEETH, SECOND EDITION
-GEOFFREY L. HOWE
• PRINCIPLES OF ORAL SURGERY, FOURTH EDITION
-J.R. MOORE
• ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, VOL-2
-DANIEL M. LASKIN
• TEXTBOOK OF ORALMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
-NEELIMA MALIK
• TEXTBOOK OF ORAL SURGERY
-F. D. Fragiskos
Editor's Notes
Coz xtractn is a surgical procedure so thorugh medical history on general health, existing illness, medications, allergies, vital signs, any existing cvs, pulmonary, hematological or immunocompromised conditions is a must.
31
Other indications: Pre-radiation therapy, pre-prosthetic x’n, economics, supernumerary teeth
Maxillary- 60 degree, 8cm below (3inches) below the shoulder level
Mandibular- parallel , 16 cm (6 inches) below the elbow level
Bone removal is guttering so that we can get a purchase point for the application of the elevators. Describe about cuts using chisel…. Also postage stamp method.