This document discusses chemicals used for consumers such as soaps, detergents, food additives, and medicines. It provides details on the preparation and cleansing action of soaps and detergents. Soaps form scum in hard water while detergents do not. Food additives discussed include preservatives, antioxidants, and flavorings. The document also covers traditional and modern medicines, listing examples such as aspirin, paracetamol, penicillin, and psychotherapeutic medicines. Proper management of chemicals is emphasized, including using biodegradable detergents and carefully following instructions for medicines.

1. CHEMICALS FOR
CONSUMERS
FORM 5 CHAPTER 5
By : Iskandar Zulqarnain Mohd Ishak (5B)

2. 5.1 Soaps & Detergent
 Soaps are sodium or potassium
salts of long-chain fatty acid.
 General formula of a soap can be written as 𝑹𝑪𝑶𝑶−
𝑵𝒂+
or 𝑹𝑪𝑶𝑶−
𝑲+
 R is an alkyl group usually contains 12 or 18 carbons atoms. R can be
saturated or unsaturated

3. PREPARATION OF SOAPS
1. Soaps are prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of
vegetable oils and animal fats.
2. When oils or fats is boiled with concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution, soap and glycerol are formed.
3. Sodium chloride is added to the soap mixture to cause precipitation
of soap. The role of this NaCl is to reduce the solubility of soap in
water.

4. DETERGENT
• Detergents are made of synthetic cleansing agents
such as petroleum fractions. E.g. :
PREPARATION OF DETERGENTS
(sulphonation
)

5. The Cleansing Action of Soaps & Detergents
•Both soaps and detergents have an ionic head and tail consisting of
a long hydrocarbon chain.
•The ionic head is negatively-charged. It is hydrophilic which is
soluble in water.
•The long
hydrocarbon
tail is hydrophobic
which is soluble in
oil but insoluble
in water.

6. PROCESS OF CLEANSING

7. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOAPS &
DETERGENTS
Soaps Detergents
Form scum (insoluble precipitate) in
hard water.  reduces amount of soap
for cleaning thus cause wastage
Does not form scum in hard water and
also in acidic water. This means
detergents are more effective than soap
Both soaps and detergents do not form scum in soft water. Soft water is water that
contains little or no 𝑀𝑔+ and 𝐶𝑎+. Hard water is vice verse.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOAPS IN ACIDIC WATER IS REDUCED
SOAPS

8. THE ADDITIVES IN DETERGENT
Amylases,
proteases, lipase
Sodium
tripolyphosphate
Fluorescent dyes
Sodium perborate

9. Cleaning agent Soap Detergent
Effectiveness Effective cleaners in soft
water
Effective cleaners in soft
hard water
Formation of
scum
Yes No
Sources Natural resources
(animals fats or
oils)
Synthetic resources
(petroleum fractions)
Formation of
precipitate
Yes in acidic water No in acidic water
Effect on the
environment
Biodegradable and not
cause pollution
Non-biodegradable and
gives thick foams that can
kill aquatic lives
COMPARISON TABLE BETWEEN
SOAPS & DETERGENTS

12. 5.2 Food Additives

13. Preservatives Example How it works
Salt Salted fish Draws out water
Vinegar Pickled mango Provide acidic condition
Sulphur dioxide Fruit juice Slow down growth of microorganisms
Some food additives can cause high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, asthma, allergies
and hyperactivity.
Antioxidants Example How it works
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHT) Margarine Retards rancidity in oils
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Fruit juice Preserves color
Sodium citrate Cooked cured meat Stop fats turn rancid
Flavorings Example Function
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Frozen foods Bring out the flavor
Aspartame (non-sugar sweetener) Diet drinks Sweeten foods
Synthetic essences Pentyl
ethanoate
(banana flavor)
Produces artificial flavors
which resemble natural
flavors

15. 5.3 Medicine
• A medicine is used to prevent or cure a disease or to
relieve pain.
• Medicines can be classified into traditional and modern
medicines.
TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
Medicinal plant/animal Function
Aloe vera (lidah buaya) To treat skin wounds
Centella asiatica (pegaga) To treat depressions and for longevity
Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali) To increase the male libido
Sea cucumber (gamat) To treat Japanese encephalitis and hole in the heart
Ant To treat hepatitis B

16. modern MEDICINES
ASPIRIN PARACETAMOL CODEINE
for pain relief such as
inflammation and dental
pain
Relieve mild to moderate
pain such as headaches
and period pain
Used in headaches
tablets and cough
medicines
Active ingredient is
acetylsalicylic acid
Does not irritate stomach Most of it are synthesized
from morphine
Can cause blood disorder
and skin rashes if taken
for a long time
May cause drowsiness
Acidic. Cause brain
damage. Never give to
children.
Overdosed paracetamol
can lead to liver damage
Abuse of codeine may
lead to addiction and
nausea

17. Penicillin Streptomycin
Extracted from the fungus,
Penicillium notatum
Produced by soil bacteria,
Streptomyces
To cure bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), whooping cough,
pheumonia
Can be broken down by acid in stomach therefore usually given by
injection
SideEffects of Antibiotics
 Headache
 Allergicreaction
 diarrhoea

18. Psychotherapeutic
medicine
Function Example Side effects
Stimulant Reduce fatigue and
elevate mood
Methylphenidate,
amphetamine
High dose can cause
hallucinations,
anxiety
Antidepressant Reduce tension and
anxiety
Tranquillisers Drowsiness, poor
coordination.
Overdosed intake
cause sleeplessness
Barbiturates Cause addiction
Antipsychotic Treat psychiatric
illness
Chlorpromazine,
haloperidol
Drowsiness, rapid
heartbeats

20. The Existence of Chemicals
Chemical Proper management
Detergents • Use biodegradable detergents
• Wear gloves on strong detergents
Food additives • Read the label to know what you eating
• Avoid rewarding children with junk food
Medicines • No self-medication
• Follows doctor’s instruction
• Do not overdose
• Check for expiry date