Module 06/Module6 Content2.htmlModule 6 Lecture Notes The Silent Epidemic: Stress •    Policing linked to high rates of depression, PTSD, substance abuse, sleeplessness, diabetes, sudden cardiac death •    Suicide Nature and Types •    Eustress: Positive stress •    Distress: Negative stress •    Traumatic stress •    Chronic stress Sources of Stress •    Organizational and administrative practices •    The criminal justice system •    The public Employee Assistance and Health and Wellness Programs •    Elements of comprehensive wellness program: Physical fitness, Stress management, Psychological/mental health, Nutrition/dietary-related behaviors, Alcohol/chemical dependency •    An employee assistance program should be available to help officers cope with alcohol and substance abuse, psychological problems, family management problems What Cities are Doing: Three Case Studies •    Fort Worth: Alcohol Awareness •    Las Vegas; Substance Abuse and Suicide Prevention •    Sacramento Police: Focus on Health and Wellness Labor Relations: Officers’ Rights, Unionization, and Collective Bargaining •    Provisions of Peace Officer Bill of Rights •    History of unionization •    Majority of officers today belong to some form of association •    Three models of collective bargaining: Binding arbitration, Meet and confer, Bargaining not required  •    Methods of impasse resolution: Mediation, Fact-finding, Arbitration The Contract         •    Major provisions of a contract •    Grievances handled by a formal grievance procedure spelled out within the collective-bargaining agreement •    Types of job actions: Vote of confidence, Work slowdown, Work speedup, Work stoppage •    Fair Labor Standards Act Higher Education Lagging Behind •    Policing lags behind society in terms of emphasis on educational attainment •    A relatively small proportion of police officers have or are required to have a college degree Why Higher Education for Police? •    Numerous studies, courts, and national commissions have concluded that higher education is essential for police officers •    From 1967 to 1986, every national commission on crime concluded that college education could help officers do their jobs better •    The Supreme Court has upheld higher education requirements for police •    Empirical evidence suggests college-educated officers are better officers On Guard: The Private Police Extent, Nature, and Types •    Since 9/11, the United States has become highly security minded •    Today there are more private security officers than police officers and detectives •    Two main types: proprietary (in-house) services and contract services Authority and Functions •    Duties similar to those of public police •    Overall powers entirely different •    Key concern is whether private police should be armed Public–Private Police Relations •    Relationship between public and private police is improving •    Private Security Officer Employment Authorization Act Polic ...

1. Module 06/Module6 Content2.htmlModule 6 Lecture Notes
The Silent Epidemic: Stress
• Policing linked to high rates of depression, PTSD, substance
abuse, sleeplessness, diabetes, sudden cardiac death
• Suicide
Nature and Types
• Eustress: Positive stress
• Distress: Negative stress
• Traumatic stress
• Chronic stress
Sources of Stress
• Organizational and administrative practices
• The criminal justice system
• The public
Employee Assistance and Health and Wellness Programs
• Elements of comprehensive wellness program: Physical
fitness, Stress management, Psychological/mental health,
Nutrition/dietary-related behaviors, Alcohol/chemical
dependency
• An employee assistance program should be available to help
officers cope with alcohol and substance abuse, psychological
problems, family management problems
What Cities are Doing: Three Case Studies
• Fort Worth: Alcohol Awareness
• Las Vegas; Substance Abuse and Suicide Prevention
• Sacramento Police: Focus on Health and Wellness
Labor Relations: Officers’ Rights, Unionization, and Collective
Bargaining
• Provisions of Peace Officer Bill of Rights
• History of unionization
• Majority of officers today belong to some form of
association
• Three models of collective bargaining: Binding arbitration,

2. Meet and confer, Bargaining not required
• Methods of impasse resolution: Mediation, Fact-finding,
Arbitration
The Contract
• Major provisions of a contract
• Grievances handled by a formal grievance procedure spelled
out within the collective-bargaining agreement
• Types of job actions: Vote of confidence, Work slowdown,
Work speedup, Work stoppage
• Fair Labor Standards Act
Higher Education
Lagging Behind
• Policing lags behind society in terms of emphasis on
educational attainment
• A relatively small proportion of police officers have or are
required to have a college degree
Why Higher Education for Police?
• Numerous studies, courts, and national commissions have
concluded that higher education is essential for police officers
• From 1967 to 1986, every national commission on crime
concluded that college education could help officers do their
jobs better
• The Supreme Court has upheld higher education
requirements for police
• Empirical evidence suggests college-educated officers are
better officers
On Guard: The Private Police
Extent, Nature, and Types
• Since 9/11, the United States has become highly security
minded
• Today there are more private security officers than police
officers and detectives
• Two main types: proprietary (in-house) services and
contract services
Authority and Functions
• Duties similar to those of public police

3. • Overall powers entirely different
• Key concern is whether private police should be armed
Public–Private Police Relations
• Relationship between public and private police is improving
• Private Security Officer Employment Authorization Act
Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices
Tenth Edition
Chapter 6
Personnel Issues and Practices: Stress, Labor Relations, Higher
Education, and Private Police
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical
equations, you may need to check that your computer has the
following installed:
1) MathType Plugin
2) Math Player (free versions available)
3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)
1
The Silent Epidemic: Stress
Policing has been linked to high rates of depression, PTSD,
substance abuse
Stress can lead to many problems on the job
Officer death by suicide outnumbers those who die in the line of
duty
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

4. Nature and Types of Stress (1 of 2)
Stress: a force that is external in nature that causes both
physical and emotional strain upon the body
Eustress
Positive stress
Distress
Negative stress
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nature and Types of Stress (2 of 2)
Traumatic stress
Results from a single stressful event
Chronic stress
The accumulation of the effects of many stressful events over
time
Homeostasis
Normal state of body
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Sources of Stress
Danger inherent in policing
Organizational and administrative practices
The criminal justice system
The public
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Organizational/Administrative Practices
Police organization creates stress for individual officers
Departments follow strict rules and regulations
Rules dictate how officers perform duties and responsibilities

5. Female officers face additional problems
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Criminal Justice System
Each C J S component affects the others
Judges may display hostile attitudes towards police
Prosecutors may not display respect for police
Parole/probation officers may not supervise offenders
adequately
Courts are probably the greatest source of stress from C J S
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Public
When resolving situations in the community, police make some
people happy, others unhappy
Need to keep relationship with citizens in proper perspective
Open discussions of public attitudes and encounters with
citizens
Managers must emphasize importance of good police-public
relations
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Employee Assistance and Health and Wellness Programs
Elements of comprehensive wellness program
Physical fitness
Stress management
Psychological/mental health
Nutrition/dietary-related behaviors
Alcohol/chemical dependency
EAP should also be available to help officers cope with

6. problems
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
What Cities are Doing: Three Case Studies
Forth Worth: Alcohol Awareness
Las Vegas: Substance Abuse and Suicide Prevention
Sacramento Police: Focus on Health and Wellness
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Labor Relations
Courts have established that public employees have a property
interest in their employment
Labor relations
Broad term including officers’ employment rights and the
related concepts of unionization and collective bargaining
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Police Officers’ Rights (1 of 2)
Peace Officer Bill of Rights
Mandates due process rights for peace officers who are the
subject of internal investigations
Key provisions include:
Written notice
Right to representation
Polygraph examination
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Police Officers’ Rights (2 of 2)

7. Officers today are more likely to file a grievance when they
believe their rights have been violated
Preferred method for settling grievance is through informal
discussion
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Unionization (1 of 2)
History of police unions
A F L charters issued to police unions after W W I
Boston police strike (Sept. 9, 1919)
Formation of police benevolent and fraternal organizations in
early 1950s
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Unionization (2 of 2)
Majority of officers today belong to unions
Represent police employees at different levels (management,
supervisory, non-supervisory)
Two largest unions have combined membership of over 550,000
Fraternal Order of Police
National Association of Police Organizations
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Collective Bargaining (1 of 2)
Collective bargaining: the process of negotiations between
employer and employee
Three models
Binding arbitration
Meet and confer (rare)
Bargaining not required

8. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Collective Bargaining (2 of 2)
Negotiations generally involve union and management
bargaining teams
Impasse may result if parties cannot resolve differences
Three major forms of impasse resolution
Mediation
Fact-finding
Arbitration
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Contract
Union membership votes on contract as a whole
If approved, contract then goes to government officials for
approval
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Grievances
Grievances
Complaints or expressions of dissatisfaction by an employee
concerning some aspect of employment
Grievance procedure
Formal process that involves seeking of redress of complaints
through progressively higher channels within organization
Spelled out in collective-bargaining agreement
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

9. Job Actions(3 of 3)
Job actions
Employee activities expressing dissatisfaction or attempting to
influence outcome of pending issue
Four types of job actions
Vote of confidence
Work slowdown
Work speedup
Work stoppage
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
Labor law that brought major changes to American policing
Originally passed to protect private sector employees
Government employees brought under FLSA coverage by
Supreme Court in 1985
Requires overtime pay for public-safety employees
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Higher Education
Policing lags behind society in terms of emphasis on
educational attainment
Only a relatively small proportion of police officers have or are
required to have a college degree
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Why Higher Education for Police? (1 of 3)

10. Numerous studies, courts, commissions have concluded higher
education is essential for police officers
August Vollmer first attempted to involve college educated
personnel in police work in 1917
L E E P provided tuition assistance for in-service officers and
pre-service students
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Why Higher Education for Police? (2 of 3)
From 1967–1986, every national commission on crime
concluded college education could help officers do their jobs
better
Advocates maintain it will improve quality of policing
Court upheld mandatory educational requirement for individuals
applying for police officer positions
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Why Higher Education for Police? (3 of 3)
Empirical evidence suggests college-educated officers are better
officers
Fewer citizen complaints; better peer relationships; more
flexible; take fewer sick days; more likely to take a leadership
role
Degree programs train police to think more critically
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Private Police: Extent, Nature and Types

11. Pinkerton National Detective Agency (1851)
First private security contract operation in U.S.
U.S. has become highly security-minded, especially since 9/11
Main types of private security
Proprietary/in-house security services
Contract services
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Authority and Functions
Some duties similar to public police
Overall powers very different
Security officers not bound by Miranda decision
Generally have only those arrest powers granted to common
citizens
Key concerns about field
Minimal education, training of recruits
Low pay creates recruitment concerns
Should private police be armed?
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Public-Private Police Relations
Public/private police relationships have improved recently
Reasons for change
Gains in certification, standards, higher education programs for
private security
Greater partnerships
Improved background screening for hiring security personnel
Mandated by Private Security Officer Employment
Authorization Act (2004)
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

12. Copyright
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is
provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sal e of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by
these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical
purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these
materials.
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
29
.MsftOfcThm_Text1_Fill {
fill:#000000;
}
.MsftOfcThm_MainDark1_Stroke {
stroke:#000000;
}