Business In Ethics – Final paper and presentation Instructor Li.docx

Business In Ethics – Final paper and presentation
Instructor: Lisa Lewin
Interview a professional who has faced an ethical dilemma in
his/her workplace. A professional, for this assignment, is
anyone who has worked full-time, at the same organization for
at least 3 years. You may not interview yourself. Your goal in
this assignment is to analyze the case from an Ethics in
Business perspective. While you may certainly talk to your
interviewee about his/her perspective on the ethics of the case,
the goal is to write your own objective analysis, including your
arguments as to whether or not this individual made the best
decision. HINT: the strongest arguments include anticipating
likely counter-arguments and refuting them. Choose an ethical
situation that is rich enough to provide you with enough content
for a thorough analysis. E.g., a situation in which there is only
one clear ethical option (should I steal from the company?) does
not make for a strong or solid analysis.
Paper Details:
1. Writing counts. A portion of your grade will be based on
your ability to write clearly, language, grammar and spelling. If
this is a problem area for you, consider using The Learning
Center at Rutgers.
2. Length: 3-4 pages, 12 point Times New Roman (or similar)
font, 1 inch margins with double spacing. Because this is a short
paper, use your space efficiently. One mistake students often
make is spending too much time/space describing the details of
the situation, and not enough concentration on the analysis of
the situation. HINT: Remember, this paper is like a “final
exam” – i.e., I expect you to actively demonstrate that you have
mastered the core concepts from the class and can apply some
of the articles and theories we have discussed into your
arguments. Make that your focus.

3. Caution: While this is not a research paper, and you are not
required to use outside sources, you must properly cite any
material you reference, including assigned course readings, any
other material I have provided you, and any information that
you find on your own (e.g., if you look up a definition, a
statistic or a fact online). Failure to cite = plagiarism.
Plagiarism is a violation of the academic integrity policy, and
all violations will be reported to the Dean of Student Affairs.
Consequences for first-time violations can range from a 0 on the
paper to an F for the class.
4. Due: Must be uploaded to BB by 6:00 p.m. on Wed, July 3
Presentation Details:
1. Presentation must be between 5 and 10 minutes in length, and
should approximately follow the written paper in structure.
You may use slides, but they are not required. If you do use
slides, no more than 5 content slides. You may not read directly
from your paper. The goal for this portion of the assignment is
to express your ideas verbally, and therefore the presentation
should contain a brief description of events and a stronger focus
on your analysis and application of course readings and
theories.
Law, Liability, & Ethics
For Medical Office Professionals
Sixth Edition
Chapter 1
The Big Business of Health Care and You
Copyright © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.

Objectives
Recognize importance of business aspect of health care industry
Recognize importance of your role on frontlines of health care
industry
Identify different types of legal entities
Identify types of managed care delivery systems
Explain benefits of telemedicine
Introduction to the Business of Health Care (1 of 2)
In 2015, the health care industry accounted for almost 18
percent of all U.S. goods and services.
Know risks that can result in lawsuit or other unwanted action
Introduction to the Business of Health Care (2 of 2)
Industry controls health care costs with competition and
regulation
Competition has:
Led employers, governments, and health insurance companies to
control escalating costs through regulation
Given rise to managed care organizations

The Frontline Is You
Frontline professionals communicate most frequently with
patients
What you know and how you conduct yourself can influence
patient’s experience
The Importance of Legal Knowledge (1 of 3 )
Understand legal issues to avoid lawsuits and other risks
The Importance of Legal Knowledge (2 of 3)
Medical office professionals held to higher standard of care
than laypersons
Physicians and nurses held to standard of care established by:
State law
State licensing organizations
Registration boards at national or state level
The Importance of Legal Knowledge (3 of 3)
Know the scope within which you can practice
Most medical office employees:
Are not licensed to practice medicine
Must carry out responsibilities without making medical

decisions or acting outside area of expertise
Personal Protection (1 of 3)
Ignorance of a law/regulation does not excuse violation
Know laws and regulations that govern profession
Understand basic principles of law to protect from:
Needless litigation
Loss of reputation, personal wealth, or earning power
Reasonable standard of care is conducting ourselves in a
responsible manner that will not cause harm
Physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals held to
higher standard of care
Violations can lead to:
Medical malpractice lawsuits
Certificate or license revocations
Criminal charges (extreme cases)
For medical assistants, required standard of care is difficult to
predict
Medical office professionals are link between patient and
physician

Positive patient interactions minimize nonmedical and nonlegal
variables
May prevent legitimate complaint from developing into lawsuit
Patient Protection (1 of 2)
Patients trust they are being treated by qualified health care
professionals
State licensure laws define education and experience required to
perform certain procedures
A license indicates that holder has basic minimum
qualifications required by state for the occupation
Patient Protection (2 of 2)
Privacy and confidentiality have ethical and legal bases
Requirements of privacy and respect for confidentiality must be
met
HIPAA
Federal law
Requires every health plan and provider maintain “reasonable
and appropriate” safeguards to ensure health information
confidentiality

Patient Bill of Rights (1 of 2)
Patient Bill of Rights:
Conveys patients’ legal and ethical rights
Includes acknowledgment of patient’s right to choose treatment,
to consent to treatment, and to refuse treatment
Not always required by law
Establishes standards, including ethical standards, for patient
care
Patient Bill of Rights (2 of 2)
Some rights that may be included:
To be treated with courtesy and respect in an environment free
from discrimination
To be treated confidentially, with access to your records limited
to those involved in your care or otherwise authorized by you
To be informed by your health care provider about your
diagnosis, scheduled course of treatment, alternative treatment,
risks, and prognosis
To refuse medical treatment, even if your physician
recommends it
To be informed about the outcomes of care, treatment, and
services that have been provided, including unanticipated
outcomes
To be informed if medical treatment is for experimental
research and to give your consent or refusal to participate

Respondeat Superior
Physicians and corporate employers are liable for their own
conduct
Physicians and corporate employers are vicariously liable for
their employees’ conduct while working within scope of
employment
The Business Structure: Legal Entities
A business is a commercial/industrial establishment
Sole Proprietorship: Single physician, therapist, other licensed
health care professional
Partnership: Two or more people who combine their work,
money, and talents
Corporation: Group of people band together and create an
artificial being/entity
Health Care Delivery and Compensation Systems
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
With prepaid group practice (PGP) and individual practice
association (IPA)
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
Associations of physicians and hospitals (providers) that
contract with employers, insurance companies, or third-party
administrators to provide comprehensive medical services on a
fee-for-service basis to subscribers

Managed Care
Term describes system of integration of financing and delivery
of health care to provide comprehensive services to an
identified segment of the population
Types of Managed Care Organizations
HMO
POS
EPO
PPO
Telemedicine
Patient is in one location and the treating physician is in
another
Use of video and transmission of data to the remote physician
from the patient

Sixth Edition
Chapter 3
From the Constitution to the Courtroom
Objectives (1 of 2)
Differentiate between federal and state law
Differentiate between origins of statutory, administrative, and
common law
Understand what makes up a federalist government
Identify steps necessary for passage of federal and state
legislation
Distinguish between appellate paths of federal judicial system
and state judicial system
Objectives (2 of 2)
Identify three administrative law agencies involved in
regulation of medical office
Identify parties to a lawsuit
Explain basic trial procedures
Identify stages of an appeal
Demonstrate techniques that aid in being a good witness

It All Starts with the Constitution
Constitution determines if state or federal law is applicable
Constitution is comprised of:
Preamble
The Articles
The Amendments
Amendments 1–10 = The Bill of Rights
The Constitution
Supremacy Clause
Supreme law of the land
Enumerated Powers
Federal government’s powers
The Interstate Commerce Clause
Act of commerce involves more than one state
Three Branches of Government
Executive Branch
President
Congress
435 Representatives
100 Senators
The Judiciary

Health Care: Federal or State Law?
Mix of federal and state law
Federalism and federal government’s role in health care
regulation
Now federal and state law intertwined
Administrative Law
Administrative agencies perform:
Rule making
Adjudication
Prosecution
Advising
Supervision
Investigation
Common Law
Distinguished from statutory law in that it is made up of a body
of principles and rules that are common to entire population
The Distinction Between Criminal and Civil Law
Criminal

State or federal government is plaintiff
Person charged with crime is defendant
Civil
Typically plaintiffs and defendants are private citizens or
companies
Into the Courtroom
What might happen if :
You are named as a party in a lawsuit
Called as a witness at trial
Medical Malpractice Phases
Phase I is the time period when the alleged negligence occurs
Phase II begins when patient seeks advice of an attorney
concerning harm allegedly done
Phase III is a means of settling a dispute between two parties
before a judge or a jury
Phase IV is when either side has right to appeal decision
Medical Malpractice: Phase I
Patient becomes aware of injury or that something is not quite
right and complains to provider
Insurance companies require filing of an incident report
Anger becomes a problem

If physician is unable to smooth over incident, a medical
assistant or other member of office staff may be able to
dissipate anger and head off litigation
Medical Malpractice: Phase II
Attorney will attempt to obtain a copy of medical records
Insurance company, doctor, and attorney for patient may
negotiate a settlement
If negotiations break down, patient’s attorney files a complaint
End of second phase of lawsuit comes when a pretrial
conference is held
Medical Malpractice: Phase III
Plaintiff presents facts
Witnesses are ordinary people interested in telling their story
Members of jury listen and make a fair decision
Bench trials (—) judge serves as both judge and jury
Medical Malpractice: Phase IV
Losing party pursues an appeal
A decision can be appealed only on matters of law
Means that legal principles of lower court’s decision are
challenged, not facts of case

You as a Witness
Pay attention
Behave in a professional manner
Answer question
Cooperate with your attorney
Honesty is the best policy
Art of Examination (1 of 2)
Both plaintiff and defendant try to win case by interviewing
own witnesses and cross-examining witnesses from opposing
side
A witness should be prepared for both direct examination and
cross-examination
Art of Examination (2 of 2)
In direct examination, questions are open-ended and witness is
able to answer freely and in own words
Burden of proof is beyond a reasonable doubt in a criminal
lawsuit

STUDENT’S POST
FROM MY CLASS HAVE POSTED SO FAR. (PLEASE BE
CAREFUL WHICH ONE YOU CHOOSE TO COMPLETE MY
ASSIGNMENT SINCE I WON’T KNOW IF THEY ARE
DOING IT RIGHT OR NOT. PLEASE BASED ON THE
INSTRUCTIONS FROM MY PROFESSOR GO OVER
EVERYTHING AND ALL POSTS AND CHOOSE THE ONE
YOU THINK IT IS BEST AND DONE CORRECTLY)
ORDER FOR YOU TO CHOOSE ONLY ONE AND
COMPLETE
MY POST 2. (As per my professor instructions he is asking to
choose a fellow student’s post and ask to provide
an example along with other things the professor is requesting
me to do. Please read the Discussion Board
Instructions attachment)
Student Name: Yesenia Castro
Post 1: The Patients’ Bill of Rights

For many years different laws in health care have been created
to protect us as patients. The Patient’s Bill of Rights which
sets certain ethical standards and provides proper knowledge to
patients receiving medical care was initially adopted by the
American Hospital Association in 1973 and revised in October
1992. For many it carries diverse expectations of the care that
should
be provided in a respectful and dignified manner.
Setting different guarantees for patients for example: to be
treated in and environment free from discrimination, to be
provided an estimate of charges for medical care, a reasonably
clear itemized bill, and, if needed, an explanation of the charge
(Myrtle and Pardew, 2018), the patient has the right to make
decisions about the plan of care before and during the course of
treatment and to refuse a recommended treatment or plan of care
if it is permitted by law and hospital policy. The patient also
has
the right to be informed of the medical consequences of this
action. In case of such refusal, the patient is still entitled to
appropriate
care and services that the hospital provides or to be transferred
to another hospital (Pecorino 2002).
In conclusion all these rights have given patients the correct
resources to make educated decisions about their health
care needs like designating a health care surrogate or end of life

care choices. Lastly providing accurate information and
explaining
all rights to patients equals better care in healthcare.
References:
Flight, M.R., & Pardew, W. M. (2018). Law, Liability, and
Ethics for Medical Office Professionals. Boston, MA: Cengage
Learning.
Pecorino, P.A. (2002). The Patient’s Bill of Rights AHA.
Retrieved
fromhttp://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/MEDIC
AL_ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_6_Patient_Rights/Readings_The%
20P
atient_Bill_of_Rights.htm
Student Name: Glenda Betancourt
Post 1: Business of Health Care

The Health Care providers will support their patients and family
too. This place is committed to providing quality healthcare
services
for patients with HIV. The services are provided without
discrimination because, raze, age, religion, nationality, sex,
gender identity
or economic status. When the patients come to Care Resource
strives to expand and help the community. We obtain care from
other clinicians with primary care medical homes to seek a
second opinion and specialty care. The patient gets coordinators
to
assist when are diagnosed with HIV, the doctor and Medical
Case identify treatment supporting goals, skills with assistance,
medical
documentation, provide home visits to locate patient and
treatment. if the patient felling sick he/she has urgent medical
assistance,
sometimes the patients need medicine for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis
C, or another infectious disease Care Resource helps with health
care services. the most important Health care department is
through education, prevention, research, treatment and support
services and also the patient take a better quality of life.
Student Name: Leyanis Lopez Iglesias
Post 1: Benefits of Telemedicine
When the inevitable happens and someone in your family get
sick, there is probably as aggravating as being forced to sit for
hours
in an emergency room or doctor's office, then you only see
him/her for a few minutes before you are hustled out the door to
deal
with insurance and paper work. Doctor visits are expensive,
time consuming and frustrating. But if you and other colleague

at your
company could have Internet access to a nation-wide network of
licensed doctors any day and save on health insurance costs.
Telemedicine is a monthly subscription for medical services
that would not be consistently availably in distant rural
communities, it is
used to save lives in critical care and emergency situations. It is
a monthly subscription for routine health care services, not only
does it save time and frustration waiting for a doctor in an
emergency room or clinic, there is not deductible and no co-
insurance
which saves individuals n business lost income due to
employees being away from work.
Sixth Edition
Chapter 2
Laws and Regulations You Will Encounter
Objectives (1 of 2)
Recognize complexity of government influence on practice and
licensing of medicine

Describe importance of understanding basic employment,
discrimination, and harassment laws when hiring, promoting,
and terminating employees
Identify provisions of Family and Medical Leave Act
Recognize situations affected by Americans with Disabilities
Act (ADA)
Identify four social security benefits
Objectives (2 of 2)
Recognize differences between Medicare and Medicaid
Define Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
Recognize importance of Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA) regulations
Define job descriptions, procedures, manuals, and employee
handbooks
Describe basic collection protocol
Introduction to Health Care Laws, Regulations, and Business
Protocols
As a medical office professional, you will want to be aware of:
Medical practice laws and regulations
The nature of your employment
Discrimination
Sexual harassment
Health care laws and regulations
Union membership and collective bargaining.

Government Regulation of Health Care Providers (1 of 2)
Medical practice laws control practice of medicine
State legislatures establish state medical boards with authority
to control health care provider licensing
Government Regulation of Health Care Providers (2 of 2)
Licensing boards grant, renew, and revoke licenses
Physicians to submit reports under certain circumstances.
Child and elder abuse
Controlled substances acts restrict distribution, classification,
sale, and use of certain drugs
Employment Law (1 of 3)
Discrimination law does not allow employers to ask questions
concerning, race, religion, age, or whether a woman is pregnant
Pre employment testing ensures that tests will only measure
skills and abilities necessary to do job
Drug testing is necessary to ensure public’s safety
Equal Opportunity Employment prohibits employment based on
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Drug Testing
Employers allowed to test potential employees as part of hiring
process
EEOC administers and enforces Title VII of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964
Disparate Treatment does not allow employers to treat
employees differently because of their race, sex, religion, or
national origin
Disparate Impact ensures that employers do not treat employees
differently in an “adverse” manner on a particular protected
group
For example, a minimum height requirement may discriminate
against women
FMLA
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) requires
employers of 50 or more to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid
leave each year for “serious health condition” of an employee or
member of employee’s immediate family or for birth or
adoption of a child

ADA
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) covers physical as
well as mental disabilities in employment, public services,
public accommodations, and telecommunications
Federal Age Discrimination Act
The Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
(FADA) covers age discrimination and protects rights of older
workers
Equal Pay Act
The Act was passed in 1963 to end the practice of paying
women less than men for the same job
Fair Labor Standards Act
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes federal
minimum wage, mandates extra pay for overtime work, and
regulates the employment of children
Workers’ Compensation

Workers’ compensation laws are administered by state
governments and create a mandatory insurance system that
reimburses employees for losses sustained because of work-
related injury or disease, regardless of fault.
Social Security (1 of 2)
Social security (Ss) include several different but related
programs:
Retirement
An individual becomes eligible for retirement benefits at the
age 62
Retirement benefits require a total of 40 quarters or 10 years of
work credit from covered employment
Disability
Benefits are paid to individuals who are disabled
Any medical condition that prevents an individual from being
gainfully employed may be considered a disability
Social Security (2 of 2)
Dependent’s/Survivor’s Benefits
Certain dependents of a retired or disabled worker are eligible
for monthly benefits if worker is eligible for retirement or
disability benefits
Surviving family members of a deceased worker may be entitled
to survivor’s benefits

Medicare
Medicare is a federal insurance program for people who are
entitled to Medicare from their social security contributions and
payment of premiums
Medicaid
Medicaid is a program jointly administered by federal
government and state government for low-income individuals
obtainable through social services or welfare departments
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
Protects and regulates pensions
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
(HIPAA)
Guarantees renewal and transferability of health insurance
coverage to those already with coverage and to their dependents

HITECH Act
The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical
Health Act (HITECH) encourages and requires use of various
methods of health care technology with improved health care as
objective
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
OSHA rules and regulations are intended to prevent injuries and
promote job safety
OSHA is authorized to enforce standards through:
Complaint
Inspection
Investigation
Unions and Health Care Workers
In 1919, American Federation of Labor organized engine room,
laundry, and dietary employees; nurse’s aides; and orderlies in
three San Francisco hospitals
American Nurses’ Association (ANA) supports collective
bargaining
Working Conditions
Every position in an office should have a job description
divided into two parts:

Responsibilities of each employee
Listing of tasks to be performed by each employee
Procedure Manuals and Handbooks
Procedures Manual describe in detail the manner in which a task
in job description should be carried out
Handbooks provide personnel policies and related instructions
Collections
Steps
Notification
Contact individual
Determine if there is a valid reason for failure to pay
Discuss alternative payment schedule
PLEASE SEE BELOW THE UNIT I OVERVIEW THAT MY
PROFESSOR SENT TO ME.
THIS MAYBE MIGHT BE USEFUL FOR YOU

Chapter 1
Chapter 1 covers a lot of ground and sets the stage for the rest
of the text. The premise of this text is that
the health care industry is a big business and what medical
office professionals do on the frontline
matters. This chapter also features discussion of the standard of
care for medical professionals and
laypersons and what it means to be a medical assistant.
Technical aspects of the law are useful for
medical office professionals so they can understand the business
aspects of working in a medical office.
That is why this chapter includes discussion of the several types
of legal entities, such as corporations,
limited liability companies, and sole proprietorships, among
others. Another foundational issue is
managed care organizations (MCOs), including HMOs, PPOs,
and ACOs. It will be necessary for you to
be familiar with the many facets of MCOs, including the
focused objectives of reducing costs and
delivering quality health care. And, finally, this chapter features
a discussion about telemedicine as an
alternative health care delivery system that has become
increasingly commonplace. The use of

telemedicine is still in its infancy, but it has the potential to
dramatically change the practice of
medicine.
These resources are provided for additional information about
select topics:
• Legal entities: U.S. Small Business Administration. (n.d.).
Choosing your business structure. In
Starting & managing. Retrieved from
33TUhttps://www.sba.gov/starting-business/choose-your-
business-structureU33T
• Managed care organizations: U.S. Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services. (n.d.). Health insurance
plan & network types: HMOs, PPOs, and more. In How to pick a
health insurance plan. Retrieved from
33Thttps://www.healthcare.gov/choose-a-plan/plan-types/33T
American Telemedicine Association. Retrieved from
33Thttp://www.americantelemed.org/home33T
Chapter 2
This chapter also addresses sexual harassment, a serious
problem in the workforce. Other issues
discussed in this chapter are workers’ compensation and social
security, which affect every employer
and employee. The chapter also explains that Medicare and

Medicaid are government-sponsored health
care delivery and compensation systems. And, finally, this
chapter makes clear that procedures manuals,
job descriptions, and employee handbooks are all part of the
business side of a medical practice, as are
laws affecting collection procedures.
select topics:
• Sexual harassment: U.S. Equal Opportunity Employment
Commission. (n.d.). Sexual harassment. In
Laws, rules, & regulations. Retrieved from
33Thttps://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm33T
• ADA Amendments Act of 2008. Retrieved from
33Thttps://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/adaaa.cfm33T
• OSHA. Retrieved from 33Thttps://www.osha.gov/33T
• Social Security. Retrieved from 33Thttps://www.ssa.gov/33T
• Medicare. Retrieved from 33Thttps://www.medicare.gov/
• Medicaid. Retrieved from 33Thttps://www.medicaid.gov/

Chapter 3
All laws in the United States flow from the Constitution. This
chapter explains the basis for a federalist
system of government: the federal government concurrently
existing with state government. The
discussion of the Constitution includes the Supremacy Clause,
which tells us that federal law will govern
if there is a conflict between federal and state law. Also
explained in this chapter is the federal
government’s division into three branches: the executive, the
legislative, and the judiciary. The judicial
branch of law, both in the federal and state governments, is
responsible for settling legal disputes. Each
lawsuit that does go to trial follows certain phases of
development. From the time the alleged negligence
occurs to the time the case goes to trial, both sides are involved
in discovery, which is a form of legal
investigation. You will learn that the outcome of the
investigation may be to decide that there is no case,
to settle, or to take the matter to a judge or a judge and jury.
This chapter discusses that, after a case has
been tried, either side may appeal. And, finally, this chapter
discusses that an individual who is a party
or a witness in a trial undertakes extensive preparation.

select topics:
• Constitution. Retrieved from
33Thttps://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution33T
• Supreme Court. Retrieved from
33Thttps://www.supremecourt.gov/33T
*** PLEASE SEE BELOW EMAIL MY PROFESSOR SENT TO
ALL OF US SPECIFIYING AND WITH MORE
INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW HE WANTS THE DISCUSSIONS
TO BE COMPLETED
*****Please DO NOT post attachments on the discussion
boards. *******
If your posts & papers look like this you are on the way to
success on all assignments. If they don’t that is the reasoning
behind lost
points. SAMPLE PAPER/Discussion POST with CITATIONS
and REFERENCES (3-4 paragraphs recommended for initial
post
and second/follow ups) 1-2 sentence posts would not qualify.
ease DO NOT pchments on the discussion boards.

Post in depth (3-4 paragraph) APA cited posts with in
text/reference list (Quality is key); vs. avoid posting five (5) or
six (6)
one sentence posts without APA format/citing (Quantity is bad)
(APPLY THE BOOK, CITING (IN TEXT AND REFERENCE
LIST) AND PARAPHRASES AS WELL AS THE RESEARCH)
For help
with citing use www.citationmachine.net
AND
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
NOTE I ONLY LOOK FOR 4 APA Items with DB's
1) In text citing, 2) Headings, 3) Reference list 4) Indenting
paragraphs and expand in depth
http://www.citationmachine.net/
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
EXAMPLE Discussion POST BELOW: (For format and depth)
Criminology
Throughout time, criminologists began to ask complex social
questions about the nature of crime and criminals. Many of

the queries centered around the behavior of criminals, rather
than on the criminality of behavior. There has been interest
generated
which has focused more upon accounting for the factors and
influences which lead to criminal law violations and the
behavior of
offenders rather than it has upon the lawmaking processes
through which criminal prohibitions are produced.
Contemporary views
There is no single theoretical position on crime causation that
can be identified as the liberal perspective. There are many
ways in which contemporary criminological theories can be
classified. Contemporary views regarding deviance represent
distinctive
studies from Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). French sociologist
Emile Durkheim was responsible for two seminal themes on
crime
and deviance. According to Goode (2005), he was one of the
first to insist on the “normality” of criminality. Durkheim
maintained that
the “normal” and “pathological” are not intrinsically different
forms of behavior. Durkheim asserted that it is neither possible
nor
desirable for a society to repress criminality completely. His
second and possibly most important contribution to the study of
deviant

behavior is in the theory of anomie, which was originally
developed as an explanation of suicide (Vold, Bernard and
Snipes, 2002).
When traditional rules have lost their authority over behavior, a
state of deregulation, normalness, or anomie may exist.
Signs of violence
The criminal serves as an identifying sign of the limits of
permissible behavior. If these violations of normative
sentiments
could be repressed, both men and women would become
sensitive to the less marked deviations which are now
overlooked, and
these acts would then be regarded as crimes (Schmalleger,
2007). These increasingly intolerable demands for conformity,
which
would then possibly be imposed on individuals, not thought of
as criminals, would be detrimental to social progress.
References
Goode, E. (2005). Deviant behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Schmalleger, F. (2007). Criminal justice today: An introductory
text for the 21

st
century. (9
th
Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Prentice Hall.
Vold, G., Bernard, T., & Snipes, J.B. (2002). Theoretical
criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.
EXAMPLE/SAMPLE POST: How should my posts/papers look?
DISCUSSION BOARD INSTRUCTIONS
Discussion Board Posts
Two posts due per week, for a total of FOUR posts per unit.
Very important component of our course and worth 50% of your
final grade. That's right,
HALF of your final grade will come from the discussion board
activity, so do not
disregard the importance of this assignment.
Our units are two weeks long. You must log in and participate
at least twice per week
(i.e. four times per unit). This is how your attendance and
participation will be measured.

Weeks start on Sunday and end on the following Sunday.
Assignment Requirements:
Discuss it thoroughly.
It must be between 150 to 250 words. Do not exceed the word
count, but do not
fall short of the 150 word requirement.This post must be in your
own words. Any
instances of copied material from ANY source will result in an
automatic zero for
the offense and an F in the course for the second one, plus a
permanent notation
in your academic record, which will seriously affect any future
employment
prospects where background checks are conducted (which in
today's job market,
includes every single employer). These posts are due by
Sundays of Weeks I, 3,
5, and 7.
example (i.e. create a
"story" that applies the concept). For example, if a students
discussed the rules
of searching a vehicle trunk, you are to provide an example (i.e.
a little story) of a
police office conducting either an illegal or a legal search of a
vehicle trunk. This
learning process is called "application" and will enhance your
critical thinking
skills. This forces you to "think", not just to memorize and
regurgitate material,
which any circus-trained monkey can do. The goal is to prepare
you for the real

world, which will expect you to think independently. If you are
ready to submit
your second post, but there are insufficient initial posts for you
to choose one,
then you can pick a topic from the reading assignments and
simply provide an
example (i.e. an example/story) for that topic. There is no word
count for these
posts. These posts are due by Sundays of weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8
(Week 8 ends on
a Wednesday, not on Sunday)
assignment and explain
it thoroughly, the same as "Post 1"
Let me further clarify: you will repeat the process twice during
the two-week unit. Posts
1 and 2 are during the first week of the unit and posts three and
four are due during the
second week of the unit. However, I will not be deducting
points for failing to meet these
deadlines during Unit I, as I understand there are textbook
issues and scheduling issues
which can cause delays. As long as you submit four posts by the
end of Unit I, then you
will be fine. However, all deadlines will be strictly enforced for
Units II, III, and IV.
Grading Criteria:

Detail of discussion.
Accuracy of content. Label the subject line of your post: Post 1
or Post 3
content application.
Label the subject line of your post: Post 2 or Post 4.
Due Dates:
3, 5, and 7
Posts 2 and 4: Sundays of Weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8

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