For All Moonkind Presentation to the Galaxy Forum July 4 2019

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Michelle L.D. Hanlon
July 4, 2019
Protecting Tranquility Base,
the Cradle of Our Spacefaring Future
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Apollo 11
July 20, 1969
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Apollo 12
November 19, 1969
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Apollo 14
February 5, 1971
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Apollo 15
July 29, 1971
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Apollo 16
April 20, 1972
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Apollo 17
December 11, 1972
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International Law
• Outer Space Treaty
• Liability Convention
• Registration Convention
• Rescue and Return Agreement
• All are silent with respect to the
preservation and protection of human
cultural heritage.
• But they do affirm the concept that no
nation may claim sovereignty over any
territory in space.
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Article VIII
• “State Party . . . on whose registry an
object launched into outer space is carried
shall retain jurisdiction and control over
such object.”
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Liability for Damage
to a Space Object
• Entities can be liable “in the event of
damage being caused” to a “space object.”
• What is considered damage is a space
object is already nonoperational?
• Does this mean objects cannot be moved?
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Distinction Between Sites and Artifacts
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Due Regard?
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UNESCO?
• Recall Article II of the Outer Space Treaty: “outer space, including the Moon and other
celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of
use or occupation, or by any other means.”
• UNESCO World Heritage Convention seeks to protect sites of “cultural significance” which
are so exceptional as to transcend boundaries and to be “of common importance for present
and future generations of all humanity.”
• Regardless of sovereignty, the Convention emphasizes “the importance, for all the peoples
of the world, of safeguarding this unique and irreplaceable property, to whatever people it
may belong.”
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Our Goal:
Create a Convention on
the Preservation and Management of
Human Heritage in Outer Space
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For All
Moonkind
Moon
Registry
Powered by
TODA
Protocol
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S.1694
One Small Step to Protect Human
Heritage in Space Act.
A bill to require any Federal
agency that issues licenses to
conduct activities in outer space
to include in the requirements
for such licenses an agreement
relating to the preservation and
protection of the Apollo 11
landing site, and for other
purposes.
Senator Peters, Senator Cruz
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"We are like dwarves
sitting on the shoulders of giants.
We see more, and things that are
more distant, than they did, not because
our sight is superior or because
we are taller than they, but because
they raise us up, and by their
great stature add to ours."

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