This document discusses smoking among pregnant women aged 18-24 years. It notes that tobacco smoking causes many deaths globally each year. For pregnant women, smoking increases risks of miscarriage, premature birth, and long-term disabilities for the baby. Several behavioral change models are examined for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy, including the health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and self-determination theory. Interventions should involve education, counseling, community support, and policies like smoking bans and taxes. Nurse play an important role in educating and motivating pregnant smokers to quit.

1. HEALTH PROMOTION AND
WELLBEING (CASE STUDY)
Smoking among pregnant women aged between 18-24 years
Company Name: Home Of Dissertations
Website: https://www.dissertationhomework.com
Contact Number:+44 7842798340
Connect Now

2. INTRODUCTION
 Tobacco smoking caused 6.4 million death in 2015 globally (Choi,
et al., 2017).
 Consequently 1 in every 10 death in the world is smoking-related ().
 The prevalence of women indulging in smoking has risen recently,
with majority being young generation.
 In the UK, Health and social care information centre (2016) found
11.4% of pregnant women smoke.
Health concerns
 Smoking is the single largest preventable cause of foetal and
infant morbidity in UK including miscarriage
 The baby can incur long-term disability as a result or born
prematurely.
 Other health related on the mother include lung cancer and heart
disease

3. CONT.

4. HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
Theorem
strategies that initiate, instil and foster a
healthy living and minding personal
wellbeing.
Number of theorem exist on the health
behaviour change, including
1. Behavioural change theories
2. environmental theories
3. Beattie model

5. BEHAVIOURAL MODELS
• Strategies of achieving healthy living
through self-efficacy and motivation.
• Comprises of several models including
 Health belief
 Theory of Reasoned action
 Social cognitive theory
 Self-determination

6. CONT.

7. CONT.
1. Health belief model
• View the outcome risks
• cancer,
• miscarriage,
• disable child
• heart diseases.
• Also focuses on the barriers encountered in
attempt to adopt a new lifestyle (after quitting
smoking) and cost of intervention
2. Theory of Reasoned Action
• Proposes a in depth consideration of
consequences before engaging in harmful
behaviours.
• Some of the questions
 What are the side effects of smoking?
 Is smoking helpful to me?
 What are effects of this habit on the unborn?
 Does it enhances my life?
• Its based on three pillars
 1. individual attitude
 2. behavioural intension
 3. subjective norms

8. CONT.
Social cognitive theory
• Smoking habit is acquired through
observation, positive reinforcement and
peer influence.
• Views social setting, environment and
individual traits as determinants of health

9. CONT.
Self-Determination Theory
• Focuses on the factors behind smoking
 Why do people smoke tobacco? Is it
stress? Leisure?
 How was the behaviour obtained?
 What influences people to smoke?
• Postulates that an effective mitigation
calls for long-term life goals
• Yeah I can do it - motto

10. OTHER THEOREM ON HEALTH
Tannahill intervention Model
• Incorporates health education to inform
the side effects smoking behaviour
• Promote educating the pregnant women
on the dangers she and the baby are
faced with while smoking.
Ecological models
• Perceive health as an interaction
between a society and individual
Does smoking parents encourage the
child to the same in future?
• Smoking dealt with through intervening
social and environmental attributes.

11. BEATTIE MODEL
Source: Forslin et al., 2013
• 1. Legislative action
• Taxes on Tobacco products
• Smoking zones
• Selling and distribution
• Availing the cessation amenities and
necessities.

12. CONT.
2. Health counselling
• Comprises
• Advice by GP or counsellor on quitting
smoking
• Individual programmes on cessation for
quitting motivation
3. Health persuasion
• It covers
• Campaigns against smoking and encourage
quitting
• Calls for an interactive schedule for cessation
programme
• Also, for increase the number of GP and
councillors
4. Community development
• A mentorship programme from former smokers
through support groups.
• Designated areas for smoking and non-smoking
zones in public areas

13. HEALTH INEQUALITY
Limited engagement and adequate services from antenatal care
Negative attitude from maternity and General Practitioners.
Foetal-centric theories and programmes with less concern on the mother’s
wellbeing on pre- and post-pregnancy.

14. NATIONAL POLICY ON TOBACCO
• Ban on TV and Press advert
• High taxes
• Anti-smoking campaigns
• E-cigarettes

15. ADDRESSING THE ISSUES (INEQUALITY)
• Advocate for inclusivity from general public and GP
• Campaign to reduce judgemental perception from both social and GP
• Increase training and education on ways to tackle smoking during pregnancy (both
practitioners and women).
• Using specialist services to curb the effects of cessation and health issues.

16. ROLE OF NURSES
• Offering effective education and information on the health problems associated with
smoking
• Provide a motivating initiative and encouragements.
• Create an initiative among GP to encourage, motivate and foster smoking awareness

17. MITIGATION APPROACH
• An interactive and comprehensive
method required
• including
 Peer-led education
 Community mobilization
 Motivational approach
 Use of media

18. CONCLUSION
• Smoking is leading cause of preventable death in the world. Including lung cancer, heart disease etc
• Recently, the prevalence of women smoking has risen especially those aged between 18-24 years
• Its causes the highest number of infant mortality death, and also permanent disabilities.
• For effective mitigation: a collective measures from GP, the patient and social members. eg equity is
accessing maternity services, social judgemental perception
• Nurses’ role in intervention
• Educating and informing the patient the side consequences of their action,
• Encourage and motivate them to stop the habit,
• Provide a support and motivating aspects during cessation and follow up on process,
• initiate an awareness program to both GP and public.

19. RECOMMENDATION
• Incorporate the public on the effects of smoking especially on side effects.
• Educating and fostering awareness of the health problems on the child.
• Formulating an initiative that includes the government, society members and GP

20. REFERENCES
• Andrews, J. O., Newman, S. D., Heath, J., Williams, L. B., & Tingen, M. S. (2012). Community-based participatory research
and smoking cessation interventions: a review of the evidence. Nursing Clinics of North America, 47(1), 81-96.
• Bell, R., Glinianaia, S. V., van der Waal, Z., Close, A., Moloney, E., Jones, S., ... & Vale, L. (2017). Evaluation of a complex
healthcare intervention to increase smoking cessation in pregnant women: interrupted time series analysis with economic
evaluation. Tobacco Control, tobaccocontrol-2016.
• Carroll, A. J., Labarthe, D. R., Huffman, M. D., & Hitsman, B. (2016). Global tobacco prevention and control in relation to a
cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention framework: A narrative review. Preventive Medicine, 93, 189-197.
• Choi, S., Krishnan, J., & Ruckmani, K. (2017). Cigarette smoke and related risk factors in neurological disorders: An
update. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 85, 79-86.
• de Graaf, J. P., Steegers, E. A., & Bonsel, G. J. (2013). Inequalities in perinatal and maternal health. Current Opinion in
Obstetrics and Gynecology, 25(2), 98-108.
• Denford, S., Abraham, C., Smith, J. R., Morgan-Trimmer, S., Lloyd, J., & Wyatt, K. (2016). Intervention design and evaluation:
behaviour change imperatives. Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions,
49.
• Doward, J., & Simpson, D. (2012). Why pregnant teenagers are happy to carry on smoking. the Guardian. Retrieved 20 April
2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/10/smoking-pregnant-teenagers

21. CONT.
• Duaso, M. J., & Duncan, D. (2012). Health impact of smoking and smoking cessation strategies: current evidence. British
journal of community nursing, 17(8).
• Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Kok, G., Ruiter, R. A., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: an
intervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons.
• Flemming, K., Graham, H., Heirs, M., Fox, D., & Sowden, A. (2013). Smoking in pregnancy: a systematic review of qualitative
research of women who commence pregnancy as smokers. Journal of advanced nursing, 69(5), 1023-1036.
• Forslin, B. M., Möller, H. E. R., Andersson, R. I., Sohlberg, E. M., & Tillgren, P. E. (2013). The health-promotion perspective in
public-health plans in a Swedish region over three decades. Health promotion international, 28(2), 269-280.
• Golechha, M. (2016). Health promotion methods for smoking prevention and cessation: A comprehensive review of
effectiveness and the way forward. International journal of preventive medicine, 7.
• Green, E. C., & Murphy, E. (2014). Health belief model. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and
Society.
• HSCIC (2016). Statistics on Smoking England, 2016. London: Health and Social care Information centre.
• Jha, P., & Peto, R. (2014). Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. New England Journal of
Medicine, 370(1), 60-68.
• Li, W. H., Chan, S. S., Wan, Z
• S., Wang, M. P., Ho, K. Y., & Lam, T. H. (2017). Development of a community-based network to promote smoking cessation
among female smokers in Hong Kong. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 311.

22. CONT.
• Martin, C. A., Rivera, D. E., Riley, W. T., Hekler, E. B., Buman, M. P., Adams, M. A., & King, A. C. (2014, June). A dynamical systems model of
social cognitive theory. In American Control Conference (ACC), 2014 (pp. 2407-2412).
• Miyazaki, Y., Hayashi, K., & Imazeki, S. (2015). Smoking cessation in pregnancy: psychosocial interventions and patient-focused
perspectives. International journal of women's health, 7, 415.
• Montano, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. Health
behavior: Theory, research and practice
• Naidoo, J., & Wills, J. (2016). Foundations for health promotion. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Peadon, E., Payne, J., Henley, N., D'antoine, H., Bartu, A., O'Leary, C., ... & Elliott, E. J. (2011). Attitudes and behaviour predict women's intention
to drink alcohol during pregnancy: the challenge for health professionals. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 584.
• Raingruber, B. (2014). Health promotion theories. Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, 53, 53-94.
• Rice, V. H., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., & Stead, L. F. (2013). Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Library.
• Rigotti, N. A., Clair, C., Munafò, M. R., & Stead, L. F. (2012). Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. The Cochrane Library.
• Steele, M., Williams, B., & Cheyne, H. (2016). A logic model outlining the processes involved in an intervention for smoking cessation during
pregnancy. European Health Psychologist, 18(S), 1054.
• Tong, V. T., Dietz, P. M., Rolle, I. V., Kennedy, S. M., Thomas, W., & England, L. J. (2014). Clinical interventions to reduce secondhand smoke
exposure among pregnant women: a systematic review. Tobacco control, tobaccocontrol-2013.
• Williams, G. C., Niemiec, C. P., Patrick, H., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2016). Outcomes of the Smoker’s Health Project: a pragmatic comparative
effectiveness trial of tobacco-dependence interventions based on self-determination theory. Health Education Research, pp.046
• World Health Organization. (2015). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. World Health Organization.

23. Contact us now:
Website: https://www.dissertationhomework.com
Contact Number:+44 7842798340
Connect Now