Developing countries are the most affected by the illegal mining.

1. HEALTH AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY
AE2 (CASE STUDY)
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2. HEALTH AND EXERCISE
PSYCHOLOGY
AE2
THEORY BASED BEHAVIOR CHANGE INTERVENTION ON THE
MANAGEMENT OF PEPTIC ULCERS

3. INTRODUCTION
• One of the biggest problems in the world’s population is peptic ulcer,
which is a chronic condition. It is an acid induced lesion occurring in
the stomach or the proximal duodenum. It affects up to 10% of the
world’s population (Kuna et al, 2019).
• Although its pathogenesis and cause are pretty much known, the
fundamental causes remain to be obscure.
• The most frequent contributors to peptic ulcer are the underlying
psychological factors, such to include psychological stress (Lee et al,
2017). This psychological and behavioral factor is what is targeted by
this intervention.

4. Smoking behavior and Peptic Ulcers
• Cigarette smoking increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease
• It has been demonstrated that cigarette smoking is positively associated with the
pathogenesis of peptic ulcers and the delay of ulcer healing (Li et al, 2014)
• Mechanistic studies have shown that cigarette smoke and its active ingredients can
cause mucosal cell death, inhibit cell renewal, decrease blood flow in the GI
mucosa and interfere with the mucosal immune system (Zang et al, 2012).
• Smoking is one of the leading risk factors of Peptic ulcers, especially with the
people who are affected by H. Pylori
• Tobacco is dangerous to the health of the human body. There are no safe
substances in any tobacco products; all are harmful, starting from acetone, tar, to
nicotine and carbon monoxide.
• Smoking leads to various chronic complications in the body and also long-term
effects on the body system.
• Cigarette smoking is the most preventable risk factor for human health.

5. INTERVENTION MAPPING APPROACH
• Therefore, the targeted individuals in this submission are smokers
who desire to quit the habit and live a healthy life.
• This intervention proposes a theory-based intervention based on a
combination of theoretical approaches i.e. attitudes (A), subjective
norms (SN) and perceived behavioural control
• Three conditions are to be met to ensure that the behavior change
method identified is effective
• The underlying determinant for certain behaviors has been identified.
• The intervention application will be well justified and effective as far
as applicability is concerned.

6. The theory of planned behavior

7. BEHAVIOR CHANGE TECHNIQUES
• The theory suggests that the behavior is an outcome of an intention
to smoke and the perceived behavioral control of the behavior
• Therefore, the intention could be predicted by the perception of
smoking behavior and the perceived behavior control over smoking
behavior.
• The linkage between intention and actual behavior might not be
accurate, but intention can act as a proxy for the actual behavior.

8. Justification for the intervention approach
• Paradigms from theoretical frameworks are mostly employed to guide health
behaviors and resolutions, including smoking cessation (Ruslan et al., 2018).
• The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is crucial framework in public health.
• TPB assumes that behavioral intention is stimulated by a patient's viewpoint to
conducting the behavior and by the attitudes of others on the behaviour.
• While the theory of reasoned action involves two factors attitude and subjective
norms, on the other hand, the TBP addresses all perceived inadequacies of TRA
by supplementing the perceived behaviour control (Hagger, 2019).
• Approaches to a target behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural
control all contribute towards behavioural intention, and this drives to the target
behaviour eventually
• Therefore, TPB variables are essential tools in predicting the smoking behaviours
of individuals.

9. Description of the model
• Attitudes- Attitudes demonstrate a smoker’s attitude towards smoking
behaviour. A direct attitude towards smoking cessation could be when a smoker
thinks whether quitting is good or bad. An indirect attitude is when a smoker
believes a peripheral consequence, for instance, peptic ulcers or cancer might or
might not occur as a result of smoking.
• Subjective norms encompass what others think of a given behaviour, and if the
patient thinks key persons admire or dislike the specific behaviour. For instance,
a physician or other practitioner might have motivated the patient to quit
smoking, and this might positively encourage the smoker's readiness to quit.
• Perceived behavioural control encompasses if the patient believes they can
exercise control over executing the behaviour.
• These three attributes collectively influence a smoker's behavioural intention,
and that leads to the action itself. Therefore, an individual who might wish to quit
smoking is most likely to succeed if they believe quitting is good, thinks others
believe in a similar way, and is confident in their decision to quit.

10. Implications of behaviour change techniques
• Practice: while selecting a combination of behavior change techniques
(BCTs) to utilize in intervention and evaluation of the possible efficacy
participants should focus on the integration of the conclusions across
various methods
• Policy: While considering attributes to encompass in behaviour change
approaches, policymakers should integrate evidence from wide scopes of
approaches available and arrive at conclusions subject to major caveats
• Research: there should be an urgent need to create formal procedures for
integrating evidence from various types of assessment to reach
conclusions regarding the possible effect sizes of BCT arrangements
tailored to target behaviour and setting

11. BCT’s effectiveness
• In order to increase the efficacy of the interventions, it is necessary to
convene a focus group of participants affected by this underlying
determinant identified and seek preferences in regards to the intervention.
• The BCTs chosen should then be modified based on the views provided so
that they can be acceptable (Free et al, 2016).
• One of the greatest challenges can also be reflected in a number of other
studies; a number of studies reported to be based on certain theory based
approaches actually conceptualize partially applied theories (Prestwich et
al, 2014).
• In future practice, it is foundational to analyze the link between the BCTs
and mechanisms of action in a bid to enhance efficacy.

12. Critical self-reflection
• This knowledge creates a deeper understanding of the experiences of
smokers who seek to undertake a smoking cessation program and
also provides a basis for designing future anti-smoking programs.
• The program is exceptional in that smoking behavior is transformed
through self-reflection and fostering self-efficacy, which forms part of
the positive attributes in the crucial progressive undertaking of self-
identity development.
• I have learned that the goals of the afore-mentioned program are
based on self-reflection throughout the stages of the program in
relation to the participant's goals and ambitions.

13. References
• Li, L.F., Chan, R.L.Y., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W.K.K., Wang, L., Hu, T., Li,
M.X. and Cho, C.H., 2014. Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: the
causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms. International journal
of molecular medicine, 34(2), pp.372-380.
• Zhang, L., W Ren, J., CM Wong, C., KK Wu, W., X Ren, S., Shen, J., LY Chan, R. and
H Cho, C., 2012. Effects of cigarette smoke and its active components on ulcer
formation and healing in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Current medicinal
chemistry, 19(1), pp.63-69.
• Kuna, L., Jakab, J.,Smolic, R., Raguz- Lucic, N., Vcev, A., Smolic, M. (2019) Peptic
Ulcer Disease: A brief Review of Conventional Therapy and Herbal Treatment
options. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
• Norman, P., Webb, T., Millings, A. (2019) Using the theory of planned behavior
and implementation intentions to reduce binge drinking in new university
students. Psychology & Health; 34(4), pp. 478-496

14. References
• Prestwich, A., Sniehotta, F., Whittington, C., Dombrowski, S., Rogers, L.,
Michie, S. (2014) Does theory influence the effectiveness of health
behavior intentions? Meta- analysis. Health Psychol; 33, pp. 465-474
• Sattar, Y., Bseiso, A., Patel, N., Larios, D., Tutu, P., Vargas, S., Kumar, V.,
Khan, S., Latchana, S., Peretz, Z., Pantoja, S., Nadeem, M. (2018) Review of
psychological and behavioral factors in peptic ulcer disease. International
Journal of Advanced Research
• Lee, Y., Yu, J., Choi, H., Jeon, B., Kim, H., Kim, S., Kim, S., Park, Y., Chae, H.
(2017) The association between peptic ulcer disease and mental health
problems. Medicine
• Hagger, M. S. (2019). The Reasoned Action Approach and the Theories of
Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior.

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