Pill camera in medicine . Presentation. Could be done in school or college. Technical topic. Full details Medical field Technical field Biology Electronics Computer Physics Chemistry Technology Biotechnology

1. Pill Camera

2. ➔Contents
❏ What is a pill camera
❏ Traditional method
❏ Description
❏ Components
❏ Procedure
❏ Working
❏ Application
❏ Advantages
❏ Drawbacks
❏ Conclusion

3. ❏ WHAT IS A PILL CAMERA?
It is a vitamin pill sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures,
helping diagnose the problems that could have found only through surgery.The
capsule contains lights to illuminate your digestive system, a camera to take
images and an antenna that sends those images to a recorder you wear on a belt.
The process is called Capsule Endoscopy.

4. ❏ TRADITIONAL METHOD
The conventional method that doctors would
have prefered earlier was endoscopy procedure
by which they’ll be able to see the inside lining
of the digestive tract. This examination is
performed using an Endoscope-a flexible fiber
optic tube with a tiny TV camera at the end. The
camera is connected to either an eyepiece for
direct viewing or video screen that displays the
images on a colour tv. This procedure can be
used for GastroIntestinal (GI) diseases and
treatments as well.

5. ❏ DESCRIPTION
Capsule endoscopy was first conceptualized by
Israeli engineer Gavrial Iddan and Israeli
gastroenterologist Eitan Scapa in Boston, MA in
the early 1980s.The device, called the
Diagnostic Imaging System comes in capsule
form and contains a camera, lights, transmitter
and batteries.The latest pill camera is sized at
11mm*26 mm and is capable of transmitting
50,000 color images during its traversal through
the digestive system of the patient.

6. ❏ COMPONENTS OF A PILL CAMERA
● Optical dome
● Lens holder
● Lens
● Illuminating LEDs
● CMOS image sensor
● Battery
● ASIC transmitter
● Antenna

8. ➔ COMPONENTS
❏ OPTICAL DOME
● This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central
axis of small intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily.
● It contains the light receiving window.
❏ LENS HOLDER
● The lens holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens.The
lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn’t get dislocated anytime.

9. ❏ LENS
● The lens is an integral part of the capsule
● It is arranged behind the light receiving window.
❏ ILLUMINATING LEDs
● Around the lens & CMOS image sensor,four LEDs are present. These plural
lighting devices are arranged in donut shape.
❏ CMOS Image Sensor
● CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Image Sensor is the
most important part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive and produces very
high quality images.
● It has 140° field of view and can detect objects as small as possible

10. ❏ Battery
● Battery used in the capsule is button shaped and are two in number . The
batteries are arranged together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor.
● Silver Oxide primary batteries are used (Zinc/Alkaline Electrolyte/Silver
Oxide). This battery has an even discharge voltage, are disposable and
doesn't cause harm to the body.
❏ ASIC Transmitter
● The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged
behind the Batteries . Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the
outlines of the ASIC Transmitter. These Electrode are electrically isolated
from each other.

11. ❏ Antennae
● The Antennae is arranged at the end of the capsule. It is enclosed in a dome
shaped chamber.

12. ● Adhesive tapes are sticked to the abdomen.
● Recorder is worn as a belt on waist.
● A vest is worn that could transmit power.
● Capsule is swallowed by the patient.
● It takes images as it is propelled forward through
peristalsis.
● A wireless recorder, worn on a belt, receives the
images transmitted by the pill.
● The computer works on the data and produces still and
continuous images.
● After the procedure the capsule is expelled by the
body.
❏ PROCEDURE

13. ❏ WORKING
● When it reaches the intestines, the camera begins
capturing 30 two-megapixel images per second .
Fluorescent and white LEDs in the pill illuminate the
tissue walls.
● As the outer capsule travels through the gut, an
electromagnet inside the pill reverses its polarity. This
causes a permanent magnet to turn the inner capsule
and the image sensor 60 degrees every two seconds.
The camera draws its power through induction
charging. The vest worn by the patient contains a coil
that continuously transmits power.
● It continuously transmits shots wirelessly to the
antenna from where it is sent to the recorder.

14. ❏ IMAGES TAKEN BY PILL CAMERA

15. ❏ APPLICATIONS
● To find the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.
● Diagnose inflammatory bowel diseases.
● Diagnose cancer.
● Diagnose celiac disease.
● Examine esophagus.
● Screen for polyps.
● Follow up testing after imaging tests like X-ray.

16. ❏ ADVANTAGES
● Painless, no side effects or complications.
● Small size, so can easily move through digestive
system.
● Accurate, precise and effective.
● Images taken are of high picture quality.
● Made of bio-compatible material so doesn’t cause
any harm to body.

17. ❏ DRAWBACKS
● Patient with gastrointestinal
structures or narrowing have a risk of
obstruction.
● The pill will get stuck if there is partial
obstruction in the small intestine.
● Impossible to control camera
behaviour.
● Less field of view.

18. ❏ CONCLUSION
● The Capsule Endoscopy is a pioneering concept
for Medical Technology of the 21st century.
● The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be
able to provide non-invasive imaging of the entire
small intestine.
● It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic
imaging to a great extent and has proved to be of
great help to physicians all over the world

19. Thank You