3. Introduction
3
Biopharmaceutics
a branch of pharmaceutical sciences that concerns the
interrelationship b/n
the physicochemical properties of a drug
the dosage form in which the drug is given
the route of administration
on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption
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4. Introduction…
For a drug to be effective,
enough amount needs to reach its site(s) of action
stay at site(s) of action long enough
This depends upon;
the route of administration
the form in which it is administered
the rate at which it is delivered
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6. Introduction…
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In intravenous route,
a drug is introduced directly into the bloodstream
complete (100%) systemic drug availability
All other routes of administration involve the
absorption of the drug into the blood from the ROA
does not guarantee that the whole dose will reach
systemic circulation intact
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Fig.: Drug ADME
Drug at site of
administration
(extravascular)
DISTRIBUTION
A
B
S
O
R
P
T
I
O
N
IV injection E
L
I
M
I
N
A
T
I
O
N
Unchanged
drug
excreted
Drug in tissues (including blood
cells) & other fluid of distribution
Bound drug unbound drug
Clinical effect
Metabolites excreted
DISTRIBUTION
Drug at site (s) of
action
metabolism
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8. Introduction…
The relative amount of drug that reaches the systemic
circulation intact and the rate at which this occurs is
known as bioavailability
Bioavailability is therefore defined as the rate and extent
of drug absorption
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9. Introduction…
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it is often difficult to access the drug at its site(s) of
action
its concentration in the plasma is often taken as a
surrogate for its concentration at its site(s) of action
Unbound drug in the plasma would give a better
estimate of the concentration of the drug at its site(s)
of action
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10. Introduction…
For extravascularly administered drug to be 100%
bioavailable,
completely released from DF
fully dissolved in body fluids
stable in solution in body fluids
pass through physiologic barriers into surrounding
circulation without metabolism
reach into systemic circulation intact
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11. Introduction…
Whenever a drug is administered by any non-vascular
route, rapid and complete absorption into bloodstream is
sought:
there is relationship between drug concentration in body and
magnitude of therapeutic response
the greater concentration achieved, the greater magnitude
of response
it is desired to obtain these concentrations rapidly
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12. Introduction…
The concentration of the drug in blood plasma
depends on numerous factors
These include,
the amount of an administered dose that is absorbed and
reaches the systemic circulation;
the extent of distribution of the drug b/n the systemic
circulation and other tissues and fluids;
the rate of elimination of the drug from the body
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13. Introduction…
The study and characterization of the time course of
drug ADME is termed pharmacokinetics
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14. Introduction…
Physicochemical properties
of drug
Type of Dosage form
Dose and frequency of
administration
Route of administration
Site(s) of absorption
Food
Disease state
Co-administration
Age of patient
Others
Bioavailability of drug may be influenced by many factors
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15. Introduction…
Factors affecting BA can broadly grouped into:
Biological/Physiological factors
Physicochemical factors
Dosage form factors
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16. Introduction…
Emphasis is on factors influencing oral drug absorption
Oral route is most popular route of drug administration
The vast majority of drug dosage forms are designed for
oral ingestion:
Natural and convenient route
Relatively easy to manufacture
need not be sterilized, compact, produced in bulk
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18. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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The cytoplasm is held as an intact unit by a cell
membrane,
which surrounds it and prevents it from mixing with its
surroundings
allow penetration of some substances and not
others
selectively permeable
acts as a permeability barrier
19. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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Organs and tissues are collections of cells
surrounded by specialized cell structures called
epithelia,
which can be thought of as the organ’s ‘outer
membrane’ in an analogous fashion to the membrane
that surrounds the individual cell
Like cell membranes, epithelia are the site for a
wide range of transport, barrier and secretory
processes
20. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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In order for a drug to reach a site of action,
it must pass from an external site to an internal
site
pass through a number of tissues and epithelia
Overcoming these barriers to absorption is one of the
most important considerations in the drug delivery
process
21. Barriers to Drug Transport…
The barrier has the characteristics of a
semipermeable membrane,
allowing the rapid transit of some materials
impeding or preventing the passage of others
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22. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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Epithelia
With a few exceptions, all internal and external body
surfaces are covered with epithelium
This consists of a layer of structural protein, normally
collagen, called the basal lamina, on
which sit one or more layers of epithelial cells
23. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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Epithelia…
There are several morphologically distinct common
epithelial types
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
24. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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Simple squamous epithelium
This forms a thin layer of flattened cells and
consequently is relatively permeable
This type of epithelium lines most of the blood
vessels
25. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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Simple columnar epithelium
A single layer of columnar cells is found in the
epithelium of organs such as the stomach and small
intestine
26. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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Transitional epithelium
This is composed of several layers of cells of
different shapes and it lines epithelia which are
required to stretch
27. Barriers to Drug Transport…
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Stratified squamous epithelium
These membranes are several cells thick and are
found in areas which have to withstand large
amounts of wear and tear, e.g. the inside of the
mouth and oesophagus and the vagina
29. Mechanisms…
There are two main mechanisms of drug transport
across the gastrointestinal epithelium:
Trans-cellular
Para-cellular
Fig. Mechanisms of absorptive
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30. Mechanisms…
The trans-cellular pathway is further divided into
Simple passive diffusion
Carrier-mediated transport
Endocytosis
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31. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways
Passive diffusion:
transport for relatively small lipophilic molecules
many drugs transported via this route
drug molecules pass across cell membrane via a region
of high concentration to a region of lower concentration
i.e. from lumen to blood
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32. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Carrier-mediated transport:
The drug require carrier or transporter to cross
membrane
carrier-mediated transport
Two main types carrier-mediated transport
Active transport and
Facilitated diffusion
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33. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Active transport: materials transported against a
concentration gradient
active transport is an energy consuming process
A carrier or membrane transporter is responsible for
binding a drug and transporting it across the membrane
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35. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Facilitated diffusion:
Drugs are transported down the concentration gradient
does not require an energy
but does require a concentration gradient
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36. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Endocytosis:
Endocytosis is the process by which the plasma membrane
of the cell invaginates and the invaginations become
pinched off, forming small intracellular membrane-bound
vesicles that enclose a volume of material
Thus material can be transported into the cell
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37. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Endocytosis can be further subdivided into four main
processes:
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis
transcytosis
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38. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Pinocytosis:
the engulfment of small droplets of extracellular fluid by
membrane vesicles
The cell will internalize material regardless of its metabolic
importance to that cell
The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are absorbed via
pinocytosis
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39. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Many cells within the body have receptors on their cell
surfaces that are capable of binding with suitable ligands to
form ligand-receptor complexes on the cell surface
These complexes cluster on the cell surface and then
invaginate and break off from the membrane to form
coated vesicles
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40. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Phagocytosis Phagocytosis
can be defined as the engulfment by the cell membrane
of particles larger than 500 nm.
This process is important for the absorption of polio
and other vaccines from the gastrointestinal tract
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41. Mechanisms…
Trans-cellular pathways…
Transcytosis
the process by which the material internalized by the
membrane domain is transported through the cell and
secreted on the opposite side
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42. Mechanisms…
Para-cellular pathway
transport of materials in the aqueous pores b/n the cells
transport ions such as calcium and for the transport of
sugars, amino acids and peptides at concentrations above
the capacity of their carriers
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43. Mechanisms…
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Efflux of drugs from the intestine
there are counter-transport efflux proteins that expel
specific drugs back into the lumen of the GIT after they
have been absorbed
efflux have a detrimental effect on drug BA
One of the key counter-transport proteins is P-
glycoprotein