This report shows the experiment is done on the drilling of the FRP composite (laminate sheet) and its optimization , the delamination assessment is done for different drill tool diameters, feed and speeds the results are shown in the report and for perticular thickness of the sheet the speed, feed and the diameter of the drill tool is optimized.

1. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
Seminar report on
DRILLING OF NET TYPE FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC
(FRP) AND DELAMINATION ASSESEMENT
By
JOSHI HARSH (180305208004)
Supervised by
Prashantsingh Tomar
Parul Institute of Technology
A seminar report submitted to
Parul University
Semester: 2
M.Tech- production engineering,
Parul institute of technology,
Parul University,
P.O.Limda, Ta.Waghodia - 391760
Dist. Vadodara, Gujarat(India)
Phone: +91-2668-260312/202/300/307
Email: admissions@paruluniversity.ac.in,parultrust@paruluniversity.ac.in

2. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
Parul institute of technology,
M.Tech Production Engineering,
Parul University,
Limda, Waghodia, Vadodara.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled “DRILLING OF NET
TYPE FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP) AND
DELAMINATION ASSESEMENT” is prepared and presented by
Harsh B Joshi bearing Enrollment No.: 180305208004 in 2nd Semester of
M.Tech (Production Engineering) and his work is satisfactory.
Date:
Prashantsingh Tomar Snehal Trivedi
Seminar Supervisor, Head Of Department,
M.Tech production engineering, M.Tech production engineering,
Parul institute of technology Parul institute of technology

3. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
ABSTRACT
Composite materials are used in many application areas such as aerospace, automobile and
aircrafts due to its low weight and high strength. One of the most commonly used composites are
FRP laminates in form of GFRP or CFRP. Among various machining operations, drilling is the
most commonly employed machining operation for polymer composite laminates owing to the
need for joining structures. Work with commercial composites has identified numerous
parameters during the drilling operation that can influence the drilling factors and the material
damage. The problem while drilling with the composite laminates is delamination and the fiber
fraying, for that the new tools are developed to drill the composite laminates with less
delamination but these tools are costly so here with the availability of the tools and the process
the delamination assessment is done on Net type FRP for different speeds and feed for different
diameters of the drill tools so that can get the optimized values for speed, feed and tool diameter
size for given FRP sheet.

4. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The working on this project was not an easy task for me. In accomplishing this
goal many personals gave the helping hand for me. I would like to appreciate their
guidance and encouragement since without their support the project would not have been
a success.
First of all I would like to thank my coordinator Prashantsingh Tomar of
Mechanical Engineering Department, Parul Institute of Technology, who was the
supervisor of the project, gave me a fabulous help and guidance in the whole period of
the project. It is a pleasure to mention Snehal A Trivedi Head of the Mechanical
Engineering Department, Parul Institute of Technology who gave me necessary
permissions for using the instruments and machines required for my project. I would like
to thank all other colleagues that were not mentioned here for their great support
provided.
JOSHI HARSH (180305208004)

5. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page…………………………………………………………………………………… (i)
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………………… (ii)
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………. (iii)
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………… (iv)
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………… (v)
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………............ (vi)
1. Introduction……………………………………….. ……………………………. 3
2. Material………………………………………………………………………… 3
2.1 Workpiece…………………………………………………………………… 3
2.2 Tool………………………………………………………………………….. 4
3. Resources.……………………………………........................................................... 4
3.1Drill machine tool………………………………………………………….. 4
3.2 FRP sheets………………………………………………………………... 5
3.3 Marker and cutter……………………………………………………… 5
4. Drilling…………………………………………………………………………. 6
5. Delamination assessment……………………………………………………. 6
6. Results……………………………………………………………………….. 7
7. Conclusion………………………….............................................................. 11
8. References……………………………………………………………………… 12

6. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Sr.
No.
Figure
no.
Description Page no
1 3.1 Drill machine tool 2
2 3.2 FRP sheet 3
3 3.3(I) Cutter 3
4 3.3(II) Marker 3
5 6.1 Dmax at different speeds for 6 mm dia. of tool 6
6 6.2 Dmax at different speeds for 8 mm dia. of tool 6
7 6.3 Dmax at different speeds for 10 mm dia. of tool 7
8 6.4 Dmax at different feeds for 6 mm dia. of tool at 1100 rpm 7
9 (a) Change in Fd with speed 8
10 (b) Change in Fd with feed for 6 mm dia. of tool at 1100 rpm 9

7. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
1. Introduction
Fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are increasingly applied in aerospace and automotive
structural components, mainly due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness. FRPs are
made of a thermoset or thermoplastic polymer matrix that binds carbon (CFRP) or glass (GFRP)
fibers. The machinability of such composite materials is related to the Anisotropy/heterogeneity
of their structure, together with the high abrasiveness caused by the fiber reinforcements.
Drilling is a common machining process for components made of composite laminates. The hole
quality is affected negatively by matrix cratering, thermal damage, spalling, Delamination, and
material degradation (e.g., fiber pullout). Delamination, in particular, is defined as the
interlaminar crack propagation in laminated fiber reinforced plies. This phenomenon is due to the
combined action of thrust force, feed and speed. The presence of Delamination significantly
reduces the fatigue resistance as well as the hole quality in terms of dimensional and geometrical
tolerances. The design of drilling processes through the choice of suitable tools, process
parameters, and cutting conditions appears to be a key task for reducing the hole Delamination.
In this context, focusing on Net type FRP drilling, the availability of drill tool geometry and
material of the tool the outcomes achieved with different cutting speed and feeds with different
tool diameters.
2. Material
2.1 Workpiece
FRP Sheet: Net of glass fiber reinforced polystyrene resin laminate type composite
Processing: Hand made
Staking: Resin - Fiber – Resin
Thickness: 2mm
Tensile strength: 480-1600 N/mm2
Elongation at yield: 1.8 %

8. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
2.2 Tool
HSS drill tool (Fe, C, Mo, Mn, Cr, W, V, Co, Si)
Tool Geometry: Twist drill
Diameter: 6mm, 8mm and 10mm
Drill angle: 118 degree
Flute type: Standard
Shank type: Straight cylindrical
Coating: No
3. RESOURCES
3.1 Drill machine tool
Fig. 3.1
 Speed Range: 617 rpm
1100rpm
1880rpm
 Tool diameters: 6, 8 and 10 mm
 Feed can be change manually.

9. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
3.2 FRP Sheets
Fig 3.2
3.3 Marker and Cutter
 The marker pen is used to mark the lines to cut the FRP Sheets and to mark at the place
where drilling is to be done. Fig (II).
 Cutter is used to cut the marked lines on FRP Sheet. Fig (I).
Fig 3.3 (I) Fig 3.3(II)
 FRP sheets which are glass type FRP composite in
which Net type glass fiber is reinforced in
polystyrene resin made by hand.
 Thickness: 2mm

10. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
4. DRILLING
 Drilling of composite material is already a big problem because of its structure and the
processing techniques. Here drilling of Net type FRP is done on the conventional drilling
machine tool.
 The process parameters are:
 Drilling speed (RPM)
 Feed and
 Diameter (mm) of the drill tool (HSS)
 The standard twist drill geometry is selected for all diameter of tool.
 For 6, 8 and 10mm diameter of the tool, the constant feed (medium feed: manually) and
the Different speed i.e., 617, 1100 and 1880 rpm is taken and drilling is done.
 For the constant speed of 1100rpm and 6 mm of drill tool diameter, the feed variation
Low, Medium and Fast feed is taken.
5. DELAMINATION ASSESSMENT
 Delamination a mode of failure for composite materials.
 The delamination factor (Fd) is the most commonly applied index for evaluating the
delamination of a drilled hole. Fd is typically defined as the ratio between the maximum
diameter of the delaminated zone (Dmax) and the hole nominal diameter (d).
 The delamination factor can be assessed either at the hole entrance (where fibers are
peeled up), or at the hole exit (where fibers are pushed down). At the hole entrance,
adjacent plies could be separated by a peeling force due to the slope of the drill bit flutes.

11. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
At the hole exit, the uncut plies below the drill could be affected by deformation owing to
their reduced thickness. Push-out delamination is observed here.
 Delamination of composite drilled zone is given by,
Fd = Dmax/ d
Where,
Fd = Delamination factor
Dmax = Diameter of the delaminated zone
d = Nominal diameter of hole
6. RESULTS
 The following figure shows the delaminated zones for the different drill
diameters at different speeds. The feed is constant for all drilling process.
 The following images show the drilling holes at different speeds and for
different drill diameters, the red lines shows the delaminated zone
(maximum diameter) of the drilled holes.

12. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
(1) For 6 mm diameter tool:
617 rpm 1100 rpm 1880 rpm
Fig 6.1 Dmax at different speed for 6 mm dia. of tool
(2)For 8 mm diameter tool:
617 rpm 1100 rpm 1880 rpm
Fig 6.2 Dmax at different speed for 8 mm dia. of tool

13. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
(3)For 10 mm diameter tool:2
617 rpm 1100 rpm 1880 rpm
Fig 6.3 Dmax at different speed for 10 mm dia. of tool
 Now for the constant speed of 1100 rpm and 6 mm diameter of tool, feed is changed as
high, medium and low.
Low feed Medium feed High feed
Fig 6.4 Dmax at different feed for 6 mm dia. of tool

14. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
 The values of the delamination factor (Fd) are shown in table (1) for different diameters
and different speeds at constant feed. And the graph (a) below shows that how the value
of Fd changes with change in the speed and diameters of the tool.
DIAMETER
SPEED
617 rpm 1100 rpm 1880 rpm
6mm 1.833 1.5 1.25
8mm 1.375 1.125 1.0625
10mm 1.3 1 1
(Table.1:Fd Values for different speed and diameter)
Fig (a) Change in Fd with speed
1.83
1.5
1.25
1.375
1.125
1.0625
1.3
1 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
617 rpm 1100 rpm 1880 rpm
Speed Vs Fd
Fd for 6 mm dia.
Fd for 8 mm dia.
Fd for 10 mm dia.

15. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
 The values of the delamination factor (Fd) are shown in table (2) for different Feeds and
constant speed at 1100 rpm and for 6 mm of diameters. And graph (b) shows how Fd
changes with feed.
DIAMETER
FEED
LOW MEDIUM HIGH
6mm 1 1.92 2
(Table.2: Fd Values for different feed and 6mm tool dia. For 1100rpm)
Fig (b) Change in Fd with feed for 6mm tool dia. and 1100 rpm
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Low Medium High
Feed vs Fd
6 mm dia. of tool

16. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
7. CONCLUSION
From the above experiment on the drilling of FRP sheet, we can make following
conclusions:
 Delamination of FRP is more influenced by diameter of the drill tool and the
speed of drilling.
 From graph, Fig (a) we can conclude that for FRP sheets,
a. Diameter of the tool increase, decrease in the delamination factor.
b. Drilling Speed increases, decrease in the delamination factor.
c. For smaller diameter of the drill tools (≤ 8mm), the delamination factor
decreases drastically. And for drill diameters (> 8 mm) delamination
factor (Fd) decreases normally.
 From graph, fig (b) as feed increases the Fd increases up to medium feed
reached and from medium to high feed it increases with less slope.
 High feed, low speed and smaller diameter of the tool can damage the FRP
sheet and causes fiber fraying and cracking.

17. M.Tech project report, Parul university Page
8. REFERENCES
[1] Gay D, Hoa SV, Tsai SW. Composite materials design and applications. New
York: CRC Press; 2003.
[2] Rawat S, Attia H. Characterization of the dry high speed drilling process of
woven composites using machinability maps approach. CIRP Annals –
Manufacturing Technology: 2009
[3] Kishore Kumar Panchagnula, Kuppan Palaniyandi Drilling on fiber reinforced
polymer/nanopolymer composite laminates: a review, JMR7&T: 2017
[4] Liu DF, Tang YJ, Cong WL. A review of mechanical drilling for composite
laminates. Compos Struct 2012;94:1265–79.
[5] Abrao AM, Faria PE, Campos Rubio JC, Reis P, Davim JP.Drilling of fiber
reinforced plastics: a review. J Mater ProcessTechnol 2007