1. Dietary Supplements
Summary:
• A dietary supplement is defined as an ingested
product, intended to supplement the diet, which bears
or contains one or more of the following dietary
ingredients:
– a vitamin; a mineral;
– an herb or other botanical;
– an amino acid;
• a dietary substance for use by human to supplement
the diet by increasing total dietary intake
• a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or
combination of any ingredient described above.
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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2. Vitamins and Minerals as Dietary Supplements
• Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be
synthesized by the body. Vitamins are necessary for our
body for proper functioning.
• Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. Due to this, fat
soluble vitamins can be stored for the body’s future
use.
• Water soluble vitamins, including vitamins B group and
C. Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored by the
body. Therefore, these vitamins need to be replenished
through daily diet in order to avoid deficiencies.
• Vitamin deficiencies can interfere with metabolic
processes and cause severe illness. Scurvy is the result
of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency.
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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3. • Minerals are inorganic elements and salts
extracted from the earth.
• The human body requires a substantial amount of
the major minerals for healthy survival, e.g.
calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus,
potassium, sodium, and sulfur.
• The trace minerals are needed in much smaller
amounts, e.g. chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine,
iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and
zinc.
• Like vitamins, minerals need to be acquired in the
diet to avoid deficiencies such as anemia, which
can result from insufficient iron intake.
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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4. • An herbal remedy is a plant or plant part
(root, flower, leaf, fruit) that is used for its
medicinal or therapeutic properties.
• A dietary supplement ingredients also include
amino acids, metabolites, and extracts.
• Amino acids can be categorized into three
groups: indispensable (essential), condition-
ally indispensable, and dispensable (non-
essential).
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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5. • Indispensable amino acids must be consumed
in the diet.
• Conditionally indispensable amino acids can
be synthesized by the human body under
most conditions, but may require dietary
supplementation under certain
pathophysiological conditions, such as
catabolic stress or neonatal prematurity.
• Five amino acids are dispensable, meaning
that they can be synthesized from other
amino acids or complex metabolites.
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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6. • Metabolites are substances that are produced
by metabolic action or are necessary for a
metabolic process.
• An extract is a substance, usually a biologically
active ingredient of plant or animal tissue,
prepared by the use of solvents or
evaporation to separate the substance from
the original material.
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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7. • A generous intake of calcium plus vitamin D
demonstrably helps
– build optimum bone mass during Child-hood and
adolescence and
– also slows the rate of bone loss that naturally
occurs with aging.
– The Dietary Supplements of calcium and vitamin D
proved to be effective in maintaining or increasing
bone density, and potentially in protecting health.
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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8. Garlic
Used orally
•as an antioxidant
•to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides
•to reduce hardening of the arteries and blood
clotting
•to reduce blood pressure; to prevent cancer
•to protect the liver
•as an antibiotic, antiviral, and antifungal
•to increase the effects of the immune system
•to reduce blood sugar levels
•to reduce menstrual pain
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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10. Benefits and Risks of Supplements: Vitamins
Supplement Benefits from Supplement Warnings
Vitamin A
Retinol
Persons with skin
problems like acne and
psoriasis
Inflammation of the
membrane lining the
abdominal cavity
Person with
osteoarthritis
Those with poor night
vision
High dose can cause
itching skin, blurred
vision, and headache
Avoid taking for
skin problems, if you
are pregnant or
taking oral
contraceptive
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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11. Vitamin B1
Thiamine
Person with
weakened immune
system
Regular alcohol
drinkers or
smokers
No known problems
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Vegetarian
Athletes
Those who suffer
from regular
migraine headache
Skin problems –
acne, eczema,
ulcers
High doses may
upset stomach
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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12. Niacin
Vitamin B3
Person with high
blood cholesterol
Niacin is prescribed at
high doses
Best to take niacin with
meals to reduce stomach
upset
Avoid if you have a lever
problems
Check with your doctor
before taking Niacin
supplements
Vitamin B6
Peridoxine
Person who take poor
diet, older persons,
heavy alcohol drinkers
Women taking oral
contraceptives
Persons using asthma
or tuberculosis
medications
Taken with Vita. B12
and folate
Higher doses can cause
numbness and tingling in
fingers and toes
Very high dose for longer
can cause liver damage and
nerve damage
Supplements with this
vitamin may lead to kidney
stones
Check with your doctor
before taking Vita. B6
supplements
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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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13. Vitamin B12
Cobalamins
Vegetarians
Persons with
anemia,
Persons with
difficulty
absorbing from
food
Taken with Vita.
B6 and folate
No known problems
Folate Folic
acid, Vitamin
B9
Pregnant women
Persons with difficulty
absorbing from food
Persons with liver
disease or on kidney
dialysis
Taken with Vita. B6 and
B12
High doses may cause
bright yellow urine, fever,
shortness of breath, rash,
diarrhea, nausea, loss of
appetite
Check with your doctor
before taking folate
supplements if you have1/31/2014
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AIILSG Ahmedabad
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14. Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Regular drinkers or
smokers
Persons with
severe burns,
pneumonia,
tuberculosis,
rheumatic fever
High doses can cause
nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea and headache
High doses may interfere
with absorption of copper
and selenium
Vitamin D
Calciferol
Those who do not get
enough sunlight
Persons who cannot
absorb fats from
intestine
Persons over the age of
65, who makes less Vita.
D in their bodies when
skin is exposed to
sunlight
High doses can cause
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
constipation, headache,
lack frequent urination of
appetite, weight loss,
High doses taken over
longer time can lead to
kidney trouble
Check with your doctor
for the supplements1/31/2014
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AIILSG Ahmedabad
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15. Vitamin E
Tocopherol
Persons at risk of
Alzheimer’s disease
High doses may cause
dizziness, fatigue,
headache, diarrhea,
nausea, blurred vision
Aviod two weeks before
and after surgery
Consult with your doctor
for guidelines
Vitamin K
Phylloquinone
Babies, given as an
injection at birth to
prevent bleeding
Women during and after
the menopause, to
decrease bone loss
Persons with liver
disease, jaundice
Vita. K reverses the
effect of blood
thinning
High doses may cause
allergic reactions and
brain damages to
babies
1/31/2014
H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,
AIILSG Ahmedabad
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