A.I.O.U M.Ed. Semester 1 by Dr. Zaheer Ahmad who is the coordinator of this course.... I does not own this course..... for educational purpose only...

1. Foundations of Education (831)
Unit 8: Modes of Education
Dr. Zaheer Ahmad
Course Coordinator

2. Objectives of the Course
• explain the important features of foundations of
education;
• specify the role of educational thinker in education;
• appreciate the philosophical, psychological, foundations
of education;
• discuss the modes of education;
• discuss historical development of education in Pakistan;
• evaluate the issues and problems of education.

3. Objectives of the Unit
• Discuss the following modes of education
▫ Formal education
▫ Informal education
▫ Non-formal education
▫ Distance education
• Analyse the situation of education in the country
• Identify the processes and problems involved in three
modes of education
• Explain the different roles played by the above
mentioned modes of education

4. Education
• The word “Educate” comes from a Latin word “
Educere”, which means to Lead out or Bring out.
• Education is the process of bringing desirable changes
into the behavior of the human being.
• It can also be defines as the process of imparting or
acquiring knowledge or habits through instructions or
study.
• Webster defines education as the process of teaching to
develop the knowledge, skill and character of the
student.

5. Types of
Education
Formal
Education
Informal
Education
Non-
Formal
Education
Distance
Education

6. Formal Education
• Formal Education is intentional, organized and
structured form of learning, imparted in educational
institutions like School, College or University in order to
modify the behavior of an individual.
• MEANING – Formal education is the education that
occurs within an organized and structured context. It is
usually located in institutions dedicated to education or
training, structured via learning objectives or learning
strategies, facilitated by a teacher or trainer, intentional
on the part of the learner and leads to certification.

7. Characteristics of Formal Education
• Deliberate
• Fixed place
• Curriculum and syllabus
• Objectives
• Assessment
• Certification

8. Merits and Demerits
Merits Demerits
Imbibes self discipline Different kinds of learners, learn
together.
Continuous learning Rigid program
Generates habit of reading and
writing
Does not consider students’
attitude, value and customs
Focuses on growth and
development of different faculty of
learners
Unnatural way of teaching and
learning

9. Informal Education
• Learning that goes on in daily life and can be
received through daily experiences, such as from
family, peer group, the media and other
influences in a person’s environment (Onate,
2006).

10. Meaning
• Informal education covers a vast array of learning that all
people take part in, in their lives every day.
• It covers activities like individual and personal research on a
subject or interests for themselves by using books, libraries,
informal trainers, the internet or other resources.
• Informal education also includes aspects whereby the
individuals seek or want to learn a specific skill. But informal
education means also learning things without the learner
realizing that he learned it.
• This can be any kind of information that the learner picked up
from the television, radio, conversations with friends and/or
family.

11. Characteristics
• Never organized
• Learner is highly motivated
• Often spontaneous
• No formal curriculum
• Unintentional but essential
• Can be negative

12. Merits and Demerits
Merits Demerits
Anywhere and anytime Trends to be unpredictable
Takes place every location Can be negative
Uses a variety of methods Can absorb wrong information
through media
Lifelong education
Focuses on early stage
development of learner

13. Non-Formal Education
• “Learning resulting from daily activities related
to work, family or leisure. It is not organized or
structured in terms of objectives, time or
learning support’’.
Example –
▫ Swimming sessions,
▫ Certification courses
▫ Distance learning

14. Meaning
• Non-formal education has an adopted strategy where the
student attendance is not fully required.
• The educative progress in non-formal education has a
more flexible curricula and methodology.
• The activities or lessons of the non-formal education
take place outside the institutions or schools.
• Here the needs and interest of the students are taken
into consideration.

15. Meaning
• Because of the importance of the interests and
needs of the students, this form of education
meets the individual needs better.
• Non-formal education is focused on the student
and this will have as result that the student
participates more.
• When the needs of the students change the non-
formal education can react quicker because of its
flexibility.

16. Characteristics
• Student’s needs
• Certification
• Defined purpose
• Flexible
• No time bound

17. Merits and Demerits
Merits Demerits
Flexibility in organization and
method
Inconsistency
Acknowledging the importance of
education
Does not result in degree/ diploma
After school programs Does not provide school level
education
Community based organizations Needs highly self motivated
learners
Can lead to greater confidence in
formal classroom
Teacher are not well trained

19. Distance Education
• It refers to the forms of the study where a
geographic distance between learner and teacher
exists. (Iwasiw)

20. Objectives
• Provide an efficient and less expensive method
• Pursue higher education to all qualified and
willing persons
• Provide opportunities of academic pursuits to
educated citizens through correspondence
instruction without disturbing their present
employment

21. Characteristics
• Student centered
• Indirect education
• Flexible approach
• Independence to adult learner
• The use of technical media
• Student support services
• Distinguishes it from conventional face-to-face
education

22. Forms of Distance Learning
• Internet enabled
• Computer mediated
• Web-based
• Online
• Synchronous
• Asynchronous

23. Benefits of Distance Education
• Providing speedy and efficient training
• Balancing inequalities
• Getting training in conventional education
• Opportunity of the empowerment
• Improving the quality of existing educational
services
• Developing multiple competencies

24. Instructional Delivery Systems in
Distance Education
Self-directed and
independent
study
Correspondence
Satellite
Broadcast
Video
conferencing
Computer based
automated
response system