Final thesis tegegn- 2nd proof ppt.pptx

TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL
TRAINING INSTITUTE (TVTI)
FINAL THESIS PRESENTATION
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
PREPARATION OF KEVLAR-29 FABRIC COMPOSITE
USING SHEAR THICKENING FLUID AND EPOXY
MATRIX BY HAND LAY-UP TECHNIQUE FOR ANTI-
BALLISTIC APPLICATION
ADVISOR: DR. GURUMURTHY.BR (PHD )
AUGUST, 2022
ADDIS ABEBA ,ETHIOPIA
PREPARED BY: TEGEGN TEMESGEN
11/29/2022
Tegegn - FDRE Technical and Vocational
Training Institute
1

 Introduction
 Statement of problem
 Objectives
 Significance and scope
 Research questions of the study
 Hypothesis
 Literature review
 Methodology
 Experimental design
 Result and discussion
 Conclusion
 Reference
 Acknowledgement
11/29/2022
Training Institute
2

INTRODUCTION
• Shear thickening fluids (STFs) are a subclass of non-
Newtonian fluids that display sudden changes in viscosity
at a given shear strength.
• Shear thickening occurs in colloids and suspensions that are
densely packed.
• All materials' different behaviors are determined by their
underlying micro- and chemical structures.
• The research will develop composite material composed of
shear thickening fluid and matrix material (i.e. epoxy resin
and hardener).
• The research will provide the mechanical properties of the
composite material while testing their tensile, impact and
flexural strength.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
3

Statement of problem
• In recent the demand for protective equipment and security awareness has
increased with the advancement of science, technology, and the military.
• People are not only interested in the performance of individual protective
materials, but also in the material's softness and the wearer's comfort.
• Previous surveys show the gap of Kevlar fabric composites using shear
thickening fluid and epoxy resin and the combination of shear thickening fluid
and epoxy matrix by using taguchi design of experimental plan .
• So this research attempted to fill the gap observed in the course of literature
review
11/29/2022
Training Institute
4

Objectives
General objective
The overall aim of this thesis is Preparation of Kevlar- 29 Fabric composite
using Shear thickening fluid and Epoxy Matrix by Hand Lay-up
Technique for Anti-ballistic Application
Specific objectives
 Preparation of shear thickening fluid by using fumed silica and polyethylene glycol to use
as filler material
 Preparation of matrix material by using epoxy resin and hardener
 To develop composite material by coating the fabric with STF and matrix material
 To analyze the mechanical properties of the composite material
 Optimization of mechanical properties using Taguchi method
11/29/2022
Training Institute
5

Significance of the research
 It is helpful to implement for fabricating the body armor plates that can
withstand different levels of impacts by gun, revolver and knife stab, etc.
 This will provide a lightweight and safe armor plate for people in the military,
security forces, police force, and bodyguards.
 It can be used for researchers as initials for finding and investigating further
study.
 it can be used as import substitute products and makes contribution of the job
creating as a business idea.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
6

Scope of the Research
 This study focuses on the preparation of Kevlar-29 fabric composite using
STF and epoxy matrix by hand lay-up technique for anti-ballistic
application.
 Different constituents were used to fabricate the composite specimen.
 Kevlar-29 fabric  Fumed silica  PEG 400
 epoxy resin
 the methods used to manufacture the composite material was hand lay-up
method.
 The experiment works was conducted by using Taguchi design of
experimental plan.
 The tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength were measured
using universal testing machine.
 Finally the regression analysis, S/N ratio, and ANOVA were performed
11/29/2022
Training Institute
7

Research Questions of the Study
The research intentions to investigate preparation of composite material from
Kevlar 29 fabric using Shear thickening fluid and Epoxy Matrix by Hand Lay-up
Technique So, this research forwards to assess the following basic research
questions:
 How can we prepare the solution of shear thickening fluid?
 How can we prepare the solution of epoxy matrix?
 What effect does the shear thickening fluid concentration have on mechanical
properties of composite material?
 What effect does the fabric thickness have on mechanical properties of
composite material?
 What effect does the Epoxy matrix concentration have on mechanical properties
of composite material?
11/29/2022
Training Institute
8

Hypothesis
• The research will predict and confirm the convenience of the composite material by
considering independent variables (which are fabric thickness, epoxy matrix
concentration and STF concentration) for the finding of relationship with dependent
variables with the fulfillment for all the required ASTM standards when testing
methods are carried out.
Hypothesis: 1
Hypothesis Statement: If the amount of the Epoxy matrix concentration increases,
then tensile, impact and flexural strength of the composite material also increases.
H1:Epoxy matrix concentration has a positive relationship and has a significant effect
on the Mechanical properties of the composite material.
Ho: Epoxy matrix concentration have no a positive relationship and have no any
significant effect on the mechanical properties of the composite material.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
9

Hypothesis: 2
Hypothesis Statement: If the amount of STF concentration increases, then tensile,
impact and flexural strength of the composite material also increases.
H1: STF concentration have a positive relationship and have a significant effect on
the mechanical properties of composite material.
Ho: STF concentration have no positive relationship and have a no any significant
effect on the mechanical properties of composite material.
Hypothesis: 3
Hypothesis Statement: If the amount of the fabric thickness of a composite material
increases, then tensile, impact and flexural strength of the material also increases.
H1: Fabric thickness has a positive relationship and has a significant effect on the
Mechanical properties of the composite material.
Ho: Fabric thickness have no a positive relationship and have no any significant
effect on the mechanical properties of the composite material.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
10

Literature review
Composites work on the premise of combining a matrix and reinforcement to create a
new material. There are thousands of different composite materials available today, and
their uses are what drive technological progress.
Matrix
• The part's shape is determined by the composite's matrix. It begins as a viscous fluid
before curing. This fluid, known as resin, is made up of polymers, which are lengthy
chains of molecules.
• The matrix serves a number of functions: it shapes the part, distributes load into the
reinforcement fibers, and protects the reinforcement from wear.
Reinforcement
• The fiber material that is contained by the matrix is the reinforcement. It imparts
stiffness and strength to the loads that are applied to the matrix.
• The amount of strain experienced by any given load in the matrix and the
reinforcement will be identical in an ideal matrix-to-reinforcement bond.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
11

Composite manufacturing techniques
• Open contact moulding
• Resin infusion processes
• Compression moulding
• Injection moulding
• Filament winding
• Pultrusion process
11/29/2022
Training Institute
12

Why are composite materials important?
• Composites have high strength to weight ratio, which is
critical in weight-limited applications, such as spacecraft,
aircraft, and sports equipment.
• Composites have high stiffness to weight ratio, which is
critical in natural frequency limited applications, such as
spacecraft, aircraft, and sports equipment.
• Some composites are impact energy absorbing, so can be used
in armor.
• Some composites have consistent frictional characteristics
across a very wide temperature range, so are useful for high
performance brake discs (race cars, F-16, Space Shuttle).
• Some have high temperature resistance, so can be used for
spacecraft heat shields and jet engine parts.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
13

Fig 1 : Flow chart of experimental procedures
Preparation of shear thickening fluid by using fumed
silica and PEG
Preparation of matrix material by using epoxy resin
and hardener
Combining the two prepared solution
Application of prepared solution on textile sample
material
Testing different parameter on developed samples
Analyzing the developed sample results
METHODOLOGY
11/29/2022
Training Institute
14

Materials and Methods
 Kevlar-29 fabric
 Fumed silica
 Poly ethylene glycol
 Epoxy resin
 Hardener
 Pvc sheet and Wax
 Auxiliary chemicals
• Beakers
• Glass (60cm x 60cm)
• Roller
• Brush
• Universal testing machine
• Weighing balance
• scissor
Materials Equipment's and Tools
Kevlar-29 fabric Fumed silica Epoxy resin
Hardener
Polyethylene glycol
11/29/2022
Training Institute
15

Preparation of shear thickening fluid
• PEG and silica nanoparticles are used to
make STF colloidal dispersions
(Polyethylene Glycol).
• Mechanical mixing was used to make the
STF. According to their weight %, silica
was gradually added to the PEG.
• To properly disperse the particles
throughout the PEG solution, several
hours of mixing were needed.
• To remove the bubble and improve the
fluid's stability, the STF was dried in a
vacuum oven at 25°C for around 24 hours.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
16

Preparation of the resin hardener system
The resin and hardener were to be blended in
a proportion of 100:10 by weight, as follows:
 We weighed an empty beaker and a
brush.
 Resin was added to the beaker and brush
arrangement, which were then put on the
electronic balance until the weight
remained consistent.
 After adding the hardener to the beaker, it
was taken from the balance.
 The resin and hardener were well mixed
with a stirrer and are now being used.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
17

Preparation of composite materials
• To begin, three layers of fabric
measuring (250x120) mm2 were cut.
The fabric layers were then infused with
the required amount of epoxy material
and STF.
• Each impregnated layer was rolled
using a locally produced anti-bubble
roller to remove air bubbles.
• Finally, each composite material sheet
was cut into different test specimens
using a jigsaw (MAKITA, Japan) or a
strong scissor.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
18

Fabrication methods of composite material
Hand lay-up techniques
• Hand lay-up is a composite material
fabrication technique that uses open
contact molding.
• After treating the mold with mold release,
dried fibers or fabrics are placed on it, and
prepared solution is poured and
disseminated onto the fiber or fabric beds.
• Using a roller or brush, wet the fibers or
fabrics and remove any trapped air in the
lay-ups.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
19

Fabrication process of composite materials
Cutting the kevlar-29 fabric Weighing the chemicals on electronic balance
Applying STF and epoxy resin on fabric Developed samples
11/29/2022
Training Institute
20

Design of Experimental plan
Factor Factors Name Min Max
A Fabric thickness (mm) 1.25 1.65
B Epoxy matrix concentration (%) 90 100
C STF concentration (%) 5 8
Exp no A B C Tensile
strength
Impact
strength
Flexural
strength
1 1.25 90 5
2 1.25 90 5
3 1.25 100 8
4 1.25 100 8
5 1.65 90 8
6 1.65 90 8
7 1.65 100 5
8 1.65 100 5
11/29/2022
Training Institute
21

The following tests are carried out to test the
mechanical and structural characteristics of the
developed samples
 Tensile strength test (ASTM D3039)
 Impact strength test (ASTM D256)
 Flexural strength test (ASTM D790)
 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)
 Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)
 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Testing Conditions
Tensile testing m/c
Impact strength m/c
DSC m/c
FTIR m/c
11/29/2022
Training Institute
22

Samples Trials Length(mm) Width(mm) Thickness(mm) Tensile
strength (Mpa)
Average
1 A 250 25 1.5 294 293
B 250 25 1.5 292
2 A 250 25 1.5 333 297
B 250 25 1.5 261
3 A 250 25 1.5 334 323
B 250 25 1.5 312
4 A 250 25 1.5 338 325
B 250 25 1.5 314
5 A 250 25 1.5 364 358
B 250 25 1.5 352
6 A 250 25 1.5 356 360
B 250 25 1.5 364
7 A 250 25 1.5 379 376
B 250 25 1.5 373
8 A 250 25 1.5 374 379
B 250 25 1.5 384
In comparison to all other laminates, the sample 8 kevlar-29 fabric composite has an
extremely high tensile strength (379Mpa), while the sample 1 kevlar-29 fabric
composite has a 293Mpa tensile strength, which is extremely low.
Tensile test results
11/29/2022
Training Institute
23

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
sample 1
sample 2
sample 3
sample 4
sample 5
sample 6
sample 7
sample 8
stress
strain
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 sample 6 sample 7 sample 8
Tensile strength
tensile strength
The eight composites are all shown in figure have a linear rise in tensile stress.
When compared to sample 7 and sample 8 composites, the sample 1
composites, however, had a sluggish decline in the curve.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
24

Statistical analysis of Tensile strength
Tensile strength = -111.1 + 146.88 fabric thickness (mm) + 2.375 matrix concentration (%)
+ 1.750 STF concentrations (%)
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value Inference
Regression 3 8086.38 2695.46 653.44 0.000 Significant
Fabric thickness(mm) 1 6903.13 6903.13 1673.48 0.000 Significant
Matrix concentration (%) 1 1128.13 1128.13 273.48 0.000 Significant
STF concentration (%) 1 55.13 55.13 13.36 0.022 Significant
Error 4 16.50 4.12
Total 7 8102.88
Based on the results of the regression analysis, the fabric thickness has the most impact on
tensile strength, followed by epoxy matrix concentration and STF concentration at the very
end.
Analysis of variance
11/29/2022
Training Institute
25

Level
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration (%)
STF
concentration (%)
1 49.80 50.25 50.47
2 51.32 50.87 50.66
Delta 1.52 0.63 0.19
Rank 1 2 3
Noted from the S / N responses is that fabric thickness, which is ranked first among other
parameters in above table. based on signal to noise ratio analysis, it has the greatest
impact on tensile strength.
Signal to Noise Ratios analysis of Tensile strength
11/29/2022
Training Institute
26

Statistical analysis of Impact strength
Impact strength = -4.384 + 2.794 fabric thickness (mm) + 0.03775 matrix concentration
(%) + 0.0558 STF concentrations (%)
Based on the results of the regression analysis, the fabric thickness has the most impact
on impact strength, followed by epoxy matrix concentration and STF concentration at the
very end.
fabric thickness(mm) 1 2.49761 2.49761 415.40 0.000 Significant
Error 4 0.02405 0.00601
Total 7 2.86279
11/29/2022
Training Institute
27

Noted from the S / N responses is that fabric thickness, which is ranked first among
other parameters in above table. based on signal to noise ratio analysis, it has the
greatest impact on impact strength.
Signal to Noise Ratios analysis of Impact strength
Level
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration (%)
STF
concentration (%)
1 9.669 10.540 10.757
2 12.408 11.537 11.319
Delta 2.739 0.997 0.562
Rank 1 2 3
11/29/2022
Training Institute
28

Samples Trials Length(mm) Width(mm) Thickness(mm) Flexural
strength (Mpa)
Average
1 A 250 20 1.5 192 186
B 250 20 1.5 180
2 A 250 20 1.5 187 188
B 250 20 1.5 189
3 A 250 20 1.5 196 199
B 250 20 1.5 202
4 A 250 20 1.5 204 202
B 250 20 1.5 202
5 A 250 20 1.5 238 236
B 250 20 1.5 234
6 A 250 20 1.5 240 239
B 250 20 1.5 238
7 A 250 20 1.5 260 258
B 250 20 1.5 258
8 A 250 20 1.5 253 260
B 250 20 1.5 267
In comparison to all other laminates, the sample 8 kevlar-29 fabric composite has an
extremely high flexural strength (260Mpa), while the sample 1 kevlar-29 fabric
composite has a 186Mpa flexural strength, which is extremely low.
Flexural test results
11/29/2022
Training Institute
29

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
sample 1
sample 2
sample 3
sample 4
sample 5
sample 6
sample 7
sample 8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 sample 6 sample 7 sample 8
Flexural strength
flexural strength
The eight composites are all shown in figure to have a linear rise in flexural
stress. When compared to sample 7 and sample 8 composites, the sample 1
composites, however, had a sluggish decline in the curve.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
30

Statistical analysis of Flexural strength
Flexural strength = -134.1 + 136.25 fabric thickness (mm) + 1.750 matrix concentration (%)
- 1.333 STF concentration (%)
Based on the results of the regression analysis, the fabric thickness has the most impact
on flexural strength, followed by epoxy matrix concentration and STF concentration at
the very end.
Fabric thickness(mm) 1 5940.50 5940.50 1827.85 0.000 Significant
Error 4 13.00 3.25
Total 7 6598.00
11/29/2022
Training Institute
31

Noted from the S / N responses is that fabric thickness, which is ranked first among
other parameters in above table. based on signal to noise ratio analysis, it has the
greatest impact on flexural strength.
Signal to Noise Ratios analysis of Flexural strength
Level
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration (%)
STF
concentration (%)
1 45.74 46.47 46.85
2 47.89 47.15 46.78
Delta 2.15 0.68 0.07
Rank 1 2 3
11/29/2022
Training Institute
32

Taguchi parameter optimization for Tensile strength
Parameters
Response Goal Lower Target Upper Weight Importance
Tensile Maximum 293 379 1 1
The main goal is maximizing tensile strength and the target value is 379 Mpa
Solution
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration
(%)
STF
concentration (%)
Tensile
Fit
Composite
Desirability
1 1.65 100 8 382.75 1
Solution
The optimum values to maximize the tensile strength are 1.65mm, 100%, and 8% of
fabric thickness, matrix concentration, and STF concentration respectively.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
33

Taguchi parameter optimization for Impact strength
Parameters
Impact Maximum 2.72 4.35 1 1
The main goal is maximizing impact strength and the target value is 4.35 J
Solution
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration
(%)
STF
concentration (%)
Impact
Fit
Composite
Desirability
1 1.65 100 8 4.49 1
Solution
The optimum values to maximize the impact strength are 1.65mm, 100%, and 8% of
fabric thickness, matrix concentration, and STF concentration respectively.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
34

Taguchi parameter optimization for Flexural strength
Parameters
Flexural Maximum 186 260 1 1
The main goal is maximizing flexural strength and the target value is 260 Mpa
Solution
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration
(%)
STF
concentration
(%)
Flexural
Fit
Composite
Desirability
1 1.65 100 5 1
Solution
The optimum values to maximize the flexural strength are 1.65mm, 100%, and 5%
of fabric thickness, matrix concentration, and STF concentration respectively.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
35

Conclusions
 In this work, the tensile, impact and flexural strength of Kevlar-29 fabric composite and
Optimization of parameters namely, fabric thickness, epoxy matrix concentration, and STF
concentration in Kevlar-29 fabric composite using taguchi’s method of regression, signal-
to-noise ratio, and ANOVA analysis were studied.
 The following are the conclusions based on the results of the experimental study.
 According to analysis 1.65mm, 100%, 8% of fabric thickness, matrix
concentration, and STF concentration, respectively are the optimum values to
maximize the tensile strength.
maximize the impact strength.
maximize the flexural strength.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
36

Acknowledgements
 I would like to thanks ONE God our Jesus Christ, for what he has done
to me.
• My greatest and heartfelt thanks to my advisor DR.GURUMURTY.B.R
(PH.D) for his unreserved scholarly comment, constructive suggestions
and encouragement to complete this thesis work.
• I would like to thank all TVTI textile department staffs who have
helped me in one way or another, in writing this research work.
• Finally, I thank my family for their encouragement, continual and
support during my thesis work.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
37

Reference
1. Advanced Space Transportation Program: Paving the Highway to
Space
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/astp.html.
2. A. Brent Srong. Fundamentals of Composites Manufacturing. Society
of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan,2008.
3. Terry Richardson. Composites: A Design Guide. Industrial Press Inc,
1987.
4. ACMA: Resins http://compositeslab.com/composite-materials/resins/.
5. Stu Luce Introduction to Composite Technology. Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan,1988.
6. John Wanberg. Composite Materials, Handbook #1, Composite
Garage Series. Wolfgang Publications Inc. Stillwater, MN, 2013.
11/29/2022
Training Institute
38

11/29/2022
Training Institute
39

Final thesis tegegn- 2nd proof ppt.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Final thesis tegegn- 2nd proof ppt.pptx

Similar to Final thesis tegegn- 2nd proof ppt.pptx (20)

More from Gurumurthy B R

More from Gurumurthy B R (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Final thesis tegegn- 2nd proof ppt.pptx