Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdf
pitutiary gland.pptx
1. Pituitary gland
MADE BY :- RIYA SHARMA
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY
KHARVEL SUBHARTI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
2. INTRODUCTION AND
LOCATION OF
PITUITARY GLAND
• The pituitary or hypophysis is an
endocrine gland about the size of a pea
weighing around o.5 grams in humans.
• It is a protrusion off the bottom of
hypothalamus at the base of brain .
• The hypophysis rests upon the
hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone
and is surrounded by a small bony cavity
called sella turcica. (underneath the
brain and behind the bridge of nose)
• The hypothalamus and the pituitary
gland are connected by infundibulum
3. • The pituitary gland plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and
general wellbeing.
• It is also known as the master gland as the hormones it produces control so
many different processes in the body , it senses body’s needs and send
signals to different organs and glands throughout the body by secreting
various hormones in the blood stream to reach distant cells.
• The general functions of the pituitary gland at a glance are :
4. FUNCTIONS:-
• Controlling growth
• Blood pressure
• Energy management
• All functions of sex organs
• Thyroid glands
• Metabolism
• Some aspects of pregnancy
• Childbirth
• Water/salt concentration at the kidneys
• Temperature regulation
• Pain relief
5. Connection between hypothalamus and
pituitary gland.
• The hypothalamus links the nervous system by way of the pituitary gland
.
• The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a system of
blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system , it allows endocrine
communication between the two.
• The anterior lobe of the pituitary receives the hypothalamic releasing
hormones somatostatin and dopamine .These hormones are secreted
directly into the hypophyseal portal circulation that supplies blood to
the anterior pituitary. Hormones from hypothalamus are regularly
degraded in anterior pituitary so as to prevent their entry in the circulatory
system.
6. • The posterior lobe is a kind of an extension of hypothalamus . As such it is not capable of
producing its own hormones, instead it stores hypothalamic hormones for later release in the
systemic circulation
8. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• The anterior pituitary , also called Adenohypophysis, is by far the largest
part of the pituitary gland and is responsible for production and release of
most hormones .
• It is derived from the ectoderm ,more specifically Rathke`s pouch ,part of
the hard palate of developing foetus .
• Divided into three further parts :- pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars
tuberalis
• Connected to the hypothalamus by hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal
system has the ability to produce its own hormones
9.
10. hGH
Target:- muscles, bones, liver etc
Released under:-growth hormone releasing hormone Inhibited:-somatostatin
Function:-
1.increase in height
2.increases calcium retention
3.strengthens and increases mineralization of bones 4.increase muscle mass
5. plays a role in homeostasis
6.promotes gluconeogenesis in liver.
7. Stimulate immune system.
ACTH
Target :-adrenal cortices
Released under:- corticotropin releasing hormone
Function:- to stimulate the production and release of cortisol from adrenal
11. TSH
Target: Thyroid gland
Released under : thyrotropin releasing hormone
Inhibited by: somatostatin
Function: stimulate the production of hormones of thyroid
and T4]
LH and FSH
Released under: GnRH
PRL
Target: Mammary gland
Released under:- TRH , oxytocin , vasopressin etc.
Inhibited by :- dopamine.
12. INTERMEDIATE PITUITARY LOBE
The intermediate lobe of the pituitary in humans does not exist as a
distinct anatomic structure but rather remains only as cells dispersed
within the anterior lobe
It is composed of a homogenous population of endocrine cells , the
melanotrophs
The hormone it secretes is melanocytes stimulating hormone also known
as intermidins
The function of MSH is for preserving the skin from UV rays, development
of pigmentation and controlling appetite.[MSH characterizes a group of
hormones made by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and skin cells].
13. Posterior Pituitary gland
The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis is the posterior lobe of pituitary
gland and is not glandular in nature. It cannot produce its own hormones.
It is connected to the hypothalamus through infundibular stalk.
The primary function of posterior pituitary is the transformation of
hormones originating from neurons located in hypothalamic brain region
such as the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus for secretion
directly into peripheral circulation.
15. ADH[ vasopressin ]
Secreted by supraoptic nucleus in
hypothalamus and Act as a water
preserving hormone.
Released into the blood circulation to
vasoconstrict.
Reabsorbs water from collecting duct
in the kidney to prevent water loss.
Oxytocin
Secreted by paraventricular nucleus in
hypothalamus.
Oxytocin helps in the contraction of
uterus at the time of delivery.
It is the only hormone to give a positive
feedback loop.
It helps in the lactation by ejecting the
milk into the baby’s oral cavity after the
milk let down reflex process.
Oxytocin helps during the ejaculation by
contracting the vas deferens to push the
sperm and semen forward.
16. Pituitary disorders
Occurs when the pituitary gland makes too much or too little of a particular hormone.
Most often these are caused by pituitary tumor. These tumors are mostly non-
cancerous.
Some of them are:
Acromegaly: caused by excess of growth hormone
Cushing syndrome: caused by too much production of glucocorticoid in the body
Hyperpituitarism: increased secretion of one or more hormones.
Growth hormone deficiency or dwarfism
Diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of vasopressin
Oxytocin insufficiency: causes halt in uterine contraction and milk ejection.
Oxytocin toxicity: caused by high oxytocin secretion, causes hypertrophy and limits
pregnancy due to insufficient space to hold the fetus.
