General pathology

1. Prof.Dr.
Khalil Hassan Zenad
Aljeboori
Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
INTRODUCTION
Lecture 1

2. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
1- Nucleus.
2- Cytoplasm.
3- Cell membrane.
The normal cell: composed mainly

3. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
The nucleus: contain chromosomes a carriers for genes and nucleolus.
It’s is the heart of cell maintaining the genetic constitution of cell, namely
chromosome network responsible for hereditary characters cell production and
proliferation .
The cytoplasm: contain organelles mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus.
The dominant constituents of nucleus and cytoplasm the ribose nucleic acid (RNA) in
the mitochondria and in nucleolus and deoxyribose nucleic acid in nucleus particular
in chromosomes.
The cell membrane: regulate internal environment of cells determine what is
goes in and what is come out it is surface structure consisted of lipid, polysaccharides
and small amount of protein.
The normal cell: composed mainly

4. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
Mitochondria: main power plant of cell have different enzymes utilize
molecular oxygen and distribute energy yielding component to other
organelles and responsible for cell respiration.
Endoplasmic reticulum: series of vesicles, canals responsible for
protein synthesis.
Golgi apparatus: remove cell products to outside.
Pathology: is the science which deal with disease causes, nature of disease
together with anatomical and functional changes induced by disease.
Disease: is any departure of a state of health.

5. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
bacteria and parasite, fungi, viruses, chemical, toxins, heat, cold, light,
electricity, irradiation, foreign body, trauma, immunological, disorders.
Nature of disease:
1. Congenital.
2. Inflammation.
3. Degeneration.
4. Physical disturbances circulatory, trauma, obstruction of hollow organs
foreign body, hernia, thermal disturbances, light electricity, irradiation,
chemical.
5. Tumors.
Etiology of disease:

6. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
Pathogenesis: the development of disease.
Prognosis: result of an attack of disease.
Complication of disease: new disorders occurred after usual
course of disease.
Symptoms: functional evidence of the disease, Example; pain.
Signs: objective evidence of the disease.
Syndrome: a set of symptoms occur together.

7. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
1. Histopathology: concerned with investigation and diagnosis of disease by tissue examination.
2. Gross pathology: refers to changes in organs or tissue in disease by naked eye (morbid anatomy) or
(post mortem pathology)
3. Clinical pathology: is concerned with analysis of disease itself using laboratory methods or techniques.
4. Cytopathology: concerned with examination of cells to reach diagnosis of disease.
5. Hematology study: the blood and blood forming tissue.
6. Comparative pathology: is the study disease of lower animal comparable to human disease.
7. Physiological pathology: study changes in physiology in disease.
8. Experimental pathology: study the disease experimentally in animal model.
9. Immunopathology: study the disturbances affecting defenses mechanism of body related of disease
process.
10. Chemical pathology: study the disease and diagnosis from chemical changes.
11. Toxicology: study the effects of poisons in the body.
12. Genetics: study abnormal chromosomal alteration and genes related to disease process.
13. Forensic pathology: application of pathology to legal purposes i.e. investigation of death in suspected
circumstances.
Field of pathology:

8. Presentation Ends
Copyrights © 2017 l Aliraqia University l Dentistry l Pathology l Prof.Dr. Khalil Hassan Zenad Aljeboori.
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