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Learning Disabilities - Dysgraphia and Dyspraxia
- 1. Dr.S.Govindaraj, Assistant Professor, Adhiparasakthi College of Education, Kalavai GovindarajS PhD DYSGRAPHIA AND DYSPRAXIA
- 3. Dysgraphia – Meaning and Definition * Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing abilities • Difficulties with a) spelling b) poor handwriting c) trouble putting thoughts on paper GovindarajS PhD
- 4. Dysgraphia – Meaning and Definition • Neurological disorder of written expression • Impairs writing ability and fine motor skills • Affects writing process – i) Spelling ii) Legibility iii) Word spacing iv) Sizing v) Expression GovindarajS PhD
- 5. Dysgraphia – Symptoms 1. Trouble forming letter shapes 2. Tight, awkward, or painful grip on a pencil 3. Difficulty following a line or staying within margins 4. Trouble with sentence structure or following rules of grammar when writing, but not when speaking 5. Difficulty organizing or articulating thoughts on paper 6. Pronounced difference between spoken and written understanding of a topic GovindarajS PhD
- 6. Dysgraphia – Symptoms 1. Illegible handwriting 2. Avoid writing or drawing tasks 3. Trying quickly while writing 4. Saying words out loud while writing 5. Unfinished or omitted words in sentences 6. Difficulty with syntax structure and grammar 7. Large gap between written ideas GovindarajS PhD
- 7. Dysgraphia – Causes ∂ Brain Injury ∂ Disease ∂ Degenerative conditions ∂ Lack of fine motor coordination ∂ Visual Perception ∂ Spatial Perception ∂ Working Memory ∂ Physical Illness ∂ Multiple mental images ∂ Inadequate natural orientation GovindarajS PhD
- 8. Dysgraphia – Teaching Strategies ∏ Holding a pen or pencil in a new way ∏ Working with modelling clay ∏ Tracing letters in the paper ∏ Drawing lines within mazes ∏ Connect the dots with puzzles ∏ Designated note taker in the classroom ∏ Use of computer for notes and other assignments ∏ Oral exams and assignments ∏ Extra time on tests and assignments GovindarajS PhD
- 9. Dysgraphia – Teaching Strategies ∆ Special grips with pen or pencil ∆ Use of wide – ruled or graph paper ∆ Use of Multi – Sensory techniques for learning letters, shapes and numbers ∆ Be patient, encourage practice and praise effort ∆ Allow use of print or cursive ∆ Teach different types of writing – expository and personal essays, short stories, poems etc. ∆ Help students to edit their writing GovindarajS PhD
- 10. Dysgraphia – Teaching Strategies ∞ Help students in spelling, neatness, grammar, syntax and clear progression of ideas ∞ Encourage to check the written words by spelling ∞ Focus on original answers and ideas ∞ Reduce the amount of copying ∞ Split the writing materials into small steps ∞ Provide tape recorders for supplement note taking ∞ Create a list of keywords that will be useful GovindarajS PhD
- 11. Meaning and Definition µ Dyspraxia is a brain based motor disorder µ According to National Center for Learning Disabilities, individuals with Dyspraxia have difficulties in planning and completing fine and gross motor tasks µ Dyspraxia is sometimes used interchangeably with developmental coordination disorder µ Children with Dyspraxia is having trouble with balance and coordination GovindarajS PhD
- 12. Symptoms α Poor Balance α Poor posture α Fatigue α Clumsiness α Differences in speech α Problems in Perception α Poor hand eye coordination α Unusual Body position α General Irritability α Sensitivity to loud noises GovindarajS PhD
- 13. Symptoms α Feeding and sleeping problems α a high level of movement of the arms and legs α Crawling α Walking α Potty training α Self-feeding α Self-dressing α Difficulty with fine motor skills α Problems in coordination α Hand flapping GovindarajS PhD
- 14. Symptoms α Messy eating and drinking α Temper Tantrums α Less physically fit α Short attention span α Trouble following instruction α Lack of organisational skills α Difficulty in learning new skills α Low self-esteem α Immature behavior α Trouble making friends GovindarajS PhD
- 15. Dyspraxia - Causes GovindarajS PhD Motor Neurons are not developing correctly Immaturity of Neuron development in the brain Hereditary Premature birth Low birth weight Drug or alcohol during pregnancy Electric signal from the brain does not reach the muscle
- 16. Dyspraxia – Teaching Strategies GovindarajS PhD Help them to communicate with peer members Practise to produce a certain sound Training may give to enhance a) language skills b) visual and auditory skills c) movement skills Teach with Play way method Provide Special services and accommodation Provide breaks Give extra time for completion of tasks and assignments Emphasize directions in step – by – step form
- 17. Dyspraxia – Teaching Strategies GovindarajS PhD Provide written, visual and recorded support Help with tasks that require fine motor skills Encourage and praise Focus on giving one instruction at a time Boost self-esteem Practice multi-sensory letter formation Use pencil grips, writing lines and stencils
- 18. Dyspraxia – Teaching Strategies GovindarajS PhD Allow child to choose activities which meets own interests Provide instructions for activities in the sequenced picture cards Use activities and demonstrations for teaching concepts Use simple language with visual prompts Provide visual supports to help recollection of personal experiences Role play to understand the concepts Provide a distraction free environment