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Creating an Inclusive School - Unit I - Understanding the disability - Part 2
- 1. Creating an Inclusive School Unit 1 Understanding the Disability - 2 Dr.S.Govindaraj, AssistantProfessor AdhiparasakthiCollegeofEducation, Kalavai @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 3. Types of Disabilities Hearing Impairment @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 4. Hearing Impairment Hearing impairment occurs when there's a problem with or damage to one or more parts of the ear. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 5. Hearing Impairment Hearing impairment refers to the total or partial inability to hear sounds. @GovindarajSPh.D
- 6. Genetic disorders Infections or illnesses Medications Loud noise Injuries to the ear or head Complications during pregnancy or birth Causes of Hearing Impairment @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 7. Types of Hearing Impairment 1. Conductive hearing loss 2. Sensori Neural hearing loss 3. Mixed hearing loss @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 8. 1. Conductive hearing loss Conductive hearing loss is due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes). @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 9. Causes of Conductive hearing loss • Malformation of outer ear, ear canal, or middle ear structure • Fluid in the middle ear from colds • Ear infection (otitis media – an infection of the middle ear in which an accumulation of fluid may interfere with the movement of the eardrum and ossicles) • Allergies @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 10. Causes of Conductive hearing loss • Poor Eustachian tube function • Perforated eardrum • Impacted earwax • Infection in the ear canal • Otosclerosis (a hereditary disorder in which a bony growth forms around a small bone in the middle ear, preventing it from vibrating when stimulated by sound) @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 11. Treatments for Conductive hearing loss • Surgery • Amplification (Hearing Aid, surgically Implanted) • Antibiotic medications • Antifugal medications @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 12. 2. Sensori Neural hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is due to problems of the inner ear, also known as nerve- related hearing loss. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 13. Causes of Sensori Neural hearing loss • Exposure to loud noise • Aging (presbycusis) • Head trauma • Virus or disease • Autoimmune inner ear disease • Heredity • Malformation of the inner ear • Meniere’s disease • Otosclerosis • Tumors @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 14. Treatment of Sensori Neural hearing loss Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL), is an otologic emergency that is medically treated with corticosteroids. Corticosteroids may also be used to reduce cochlea hair cell swelling and inflammation after exposure to loud noise. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 15. Treatment of Sensori Neural hearing loss @GovindarajS Ph.D Head trauma or abrupt changes in air pressure (e.g., airplane descent), which can cause inner ear fluid compartment rupture or leakage, which can be toxic to the inner ear.
- 16. Treatment of Sensori Neural hearing loss @GovindarajS Ph.D Bilateral progressive hearing loss - autoimmune inner ear disease, is managed medically with long- term corticosteroids and sometimes with drug therapy. Autoimmune inner ear disease is when the body’s immune system misdirects its defenses against the inner ear structures to cause damage in this part of the body.
- 17. Sensori Neural hearing loss Fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease. Symptoms of Meniere’s disease are hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and vertigo. Meniere’s disease may be treated medically with a low-sodium diet, diuretics, and corticosteroids. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 18. Sensori Neural hearing loss Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss may be managed with hearing aids. When hearing aids are not enough, this type of hearing loss can be surgically treated with cochlear implants. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 19. 3. Mixed hearing loss Mixed hearing loss is caused by a combination of conductive damage in the outer or middle ear and sensorineural damage in the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 21. Speech Impairment Definition impaired ability to produce speech sounds range from mild to severe articulation disorder, characterized by omissions or distortions of speech sounds a fluency disorder, characterized by atypical flow, rhythm, and/or repetitions of sounds; voice disorder, characterized by abnormal pitch, volume, resonance, vocal quality, or duration. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 22. Speech Impairment Types articulation disorders fluency disorders and voice disorders. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 23. Speech Impairment Types – Articulation disorder Errors in the production of speech sounds that may be related to anatomical or physiological limitations in the skeletal, muscular, or neuromuscular support for speech production. These disorders include: Omissions: (bo for boat) Substitutions: (wabbit for rabbit) Distortions: (shlip for sip) @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 24. Speech Impairment Types – Fluency disorder Difficulties with the rhythm and timing of speech characterized by hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases. @GovindarajS Ph.D @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 25. Speech Impairment Types – Fluency disorder Common fluency disorders include: • Stuttering: rapid-fire repetitions of consonant or vowel sounds especially at the beginning of words, prolongations, hesitations, interjections, and complete verbal blocks • Cluttering: excessively fast and jerky speech @GovindarajS Ph.D @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 26. Speech Impairment Types – Voice disorder Problems with the quality or use of one's voice resulting from disorders in the larynx. Characterized by abnormal production and/or absences of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration. @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 27. Speech Impairment - Causes brain damage respiratory weakness polyps or nodules on the vocal cords vocal cord damage muscle weakness Strokes vocal cord paralysis@GovindarajS Ph.D
- 28. Speech Impairment - Symptoms repeating sounds, which is most often seen in people who stutter adding extra sounds and words elongating words making jerky movements while talking, usually involving the head blinking several times while talking @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 29. Speech Impairment - Symptoms visible frustration when trying to communicate taking frequent pauses when talking distorting sounds when talking hoarseness, or speaking with a raspy or gravelly sounding voice @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 31. @GovindarajS Ph.D Helping children with articulation disorders to learn proper production of speech sounds Helping children who stutter to speak more fluently Assisting children with voice disorders to improve their voice quality Helping individuals with aphasia to relearn speech and language skills
- 32. @GovindarajS Ph.D Assisting individuals who have difficulty swallowing as a result of illness, surgery, stroke, or injury Evaluating, selecting, and developing augmentative and alternative communication systems Enhancing communication effectiveness
- 34. @GovindarajS Ph.D A decrease in the ability to see to a certain degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means, such as glasses
- 35. @GovindarajS Ph.D Blindness is “the state of being unable to see due to injury, disease or genetic condition”
- 36. VisualImpairment-Type Loss of Central Vision Loss of Peripheral (Side) Vision Blurred Vision Generalized Haze Extreme Light Sensitivity Night Blindness @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 37. @GovindarajS Ph.D Mobility is usually unaffected because side vision remains intact. Visual Impairment – Loss of Central Vision creates a blur or blindspot, but side (peripheral) vision remains intact difficult to read, recognize faces and distinguish most details in the distance @GovindarajSPh.D
- 38. @GovindarajS Ph.D Visual Impairment – Loss of Peripheral (Side) Vision • an inability to distinguish anything to one side or both sides or anything directly above and/or below eye level. • loss of peripheral vision may affect mobility and if severe, can slow reading speed as a result of seeing only a few words at a time. • This is sometimes referred to as "tunnel vision" @GovindarajSPh.D
- 39. @GovindarajS Ph.D Visual Impairment – Blurred Vision causes both near and far to appear to be out of focus best conventional spectacle correction possible. @GovindarajSPh.D
- 40. @GovindarajS Ph.D Visual Impairment – Generalized Haze causes the sensation of a film or glare that may extend over the entire viewing field. @GovindarajSPh.D
- 41. @GovindarajS Ph.D Visual Impairment – Extreme Light Sensitivity @GovindarajSPh.D • exists when standard levels of illumination overwhelm the visual system, • producing a washed out image and/or glare disability. • People suffer pain or discomfort from relatively normal levels of illumination.
- 42. @GovindarajS Ph.D Visual Impairment – Night Blindness @GovindarajSPh.D inability to see outside at night under starlight or moonlight or in dimly lighted interior areas such as movie theaters or restaurants.
- 43. uncorrected refractive errors Formation of cataract age-related macular degeneration diabetic retinopathy corneal opacity Trachoma Raised pressure within the eyes leading to glaucoma Visual Impairment – Causes @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 44. Break information into small steps while instructing on new tasks. Providing review or study sheets for exams is helpful. Allow time for clarification of directions and essential information. Make instructional materials available in text form Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D
- 45. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D Keep instructions brief When repeating instructions, repeat exactly without paraphrasing. Clearly define a) course requirements, b) the dates of exams, and c) when assignments are due Provide advance notice of any changes Present lecture information in a visual format (e.g., chalkboard, overheads, PowerPoint slides, handouts, etc.)
- 46. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D Use more than one way to demonstrate or explain information When teaching, state objectives, review previous lessons and summarize periodically. sighted volunteer to team up during in-class assignments.
- 47. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D Provide materials in alternative formats such as enlarged font Make instructional on-line course materials available in text form Allow students to tape lectures Keep a front row seat open for a student with a vision impairment. A corner seat is especially convenient for a student with Visual Impairment
- 48. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D Assist the student with finding an effective notetaker from the class Be flexible with deadlines of submitting assignments, projects etc. Provide hand-outs (preferably electronically) in advance of lectures and seminars Some students may need handouts and tests on colored paper to reduce glare.
- 49. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D Give verbal description of visual aids or writing on whiteboard or slides spell aloud difficult words or names Talk through calculations or procedures as they are carried out Give advance warning and guidance about reading lists and other course resources, to allow students to transcribe essential material into accessible forms.
- 50. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D Diagrams and charts can be presented in tactile form enlargement from A4 to A3 Be aware of the effect of lighting and reflections on white-boards Ensure key notices (e.g., regarding cancellations or re- scheduled classes)
- 51. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D Keep teaching environment consistent and uncluttered take care over seating arrangements and encourage people to take turns to speak Make field trip arrangements and provide plenty of warning
- 52. Visual Impairment – Teaching Strategies @GovindarajS Ph.D A health and safety assessment for the student 'Reasonable adjustments' must be considered in the light of any perceived risk Individual induction to laboratory or computer equipment may be helpful Supplement laboratory practical experiments or field trips with audio commentaries.