A brief presentation on one of the earth observation satellite IKONOS.

1. IKONOS
Presented By,
Ganesh K. Hebbal

2. INTRO
• IKONOS is a commercial Earth observation satellite, and was the first to
collect publicly available high-resolution imagery at 1- and 4-meter
resolution. It offers multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) imagery.
The IKONOS launch was called “one of the most significant developments
in the history of the space age”

3. Athena II
(vehicle used for SAT launch)
• The Athena II is an American
small expendable launch system
which was used for three launches
between 1998 and 1999
• The Athena II is a four-stage
rocket, consisting of solid first,
second and third stages, and a
monopropellant liquid-fuelled
fourth stage.

4. Athena II
(INTRO)
• During the 1990s, three Athena II launches were conducted, with one failure.
• The Athena II launch took place from SLC-6 at Vandenberg on 27 April
1999, with the Ikonos satellite for Space Imaging.
• The launch ended in failure after the payload fairing failed to separate, and as
a result the rocket had too much mass to achieve orbital velocity.[
• The third launch also took place from SLC-6 at Vandenberg, on 24
September 1999. The payload, Ikonos 2, was also for Space Imaging, and
successfully reached orbit.[

5. IKONOS-1
• Two satellites were originally planned for operation. IKONOS-1 was launched on 27
April 1999 at 18:22 UTC from Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-6,[8][9] but Athena II
rocket's payload fairing did not separate due to an electrical malfunction, resulting in
the satellite failing to reach orbit and falling into the atmosphere over the South
Pacific Ocean.[10]
• IKONOS has a mass of 817 kilograms
• It has five imaging sensors, one panchromatic and four multispectral (blue, green,
red, and near-infrared), and has a nadir image swath width of 11.3 km (7 mi).[

6. IKONOS-2
• The IKONOS satellite sensor was
successfully launched as the first
commercially available high
resolution satellite sensor on
September 24, 1999 at Vandenberg
Air Force Base, California, USA.

7. Launch Information
• Launch Date: 1999-09-
24 at 18:22:00 UTC
Launch Vehicle: Athena 2
Launch Site: Vandenberg
AFB, United States
• Expiry Date: 2015-03-31
• IKONOS was originated under the
Lockheed Corporation as the
Commercial Remote Sensing
System (CRSS) satellite.
• The name comes from the Greek
word for "image".

8. FEATURES
Sub-meter resolution imagery.
• 0.82m panchromatic at Nadir
• 3.2m multispectral at Nadir
High geological Accuracy
• Stable platform for precise location
measurement
First Large Area Collection
• 11.3km imaging swath width
High Collection Capacity
• Captures upto 2,40,000 sq.mts per
day.

9. BENEFITS
Acquire high quality satellite
imagery for map creation, change
detection, imagery analysis & more.
 Geolocate features to create maps
worldwide.
 Collect wide range of Geospatial
Information Products.
 Extend the range of suitable
imaging collection targets
improving decision making.

10. Specifications
• IKONOS is a three-axis stabilized spacecraft
• The design later became known as the LM900
satellite bus system.
• The satellite's altitude is measured by two star
trackers and a sun sensor and controlled by four
reaction wheels; location knowledge is provided by
a GPS receiver.
• The design life is seven years.
• Satellite body size=1.83 m × 1.57 m (hexagonal
configuration); Satellite mass = 817 kg; power =
1.5 kW provided by three solar panels.

11. Specifications
• Orbit Height : 681km
• Orbit Inclination: 98.1°, sun
synchronous.
• Equator Crossing Time: 10:30 AM
solar time.
• Revisit Time: 3 days @60°
• Swath: 11 km × 11 km
• Orbit Period: 98min
• Speed on Orbit: 7.5 km/s
• Speed Over the Ground: 6.8 km/s
• Revolutions Around the Earth:
14.7, every 24 hours

13. Revisit Time

14. OSA (Optical Sensor Assembly) Sensor
Panchromatic Image
Sensor(13500p)
Bands Spectral
Band
Resolution
1 0.49 – 0.90 µm 1 x 1 m
Multispectral Image Sensor(3375p)
Bands Spectral Band Resolution
1) Blue 0.45 – 0.52 µm 4 x 4 m
2) Green 0.52 – 0.60 µm 4 x 4 m
3) Red 0.63 – 0.69 µm 4 x 4 m
4) NIR 0.76 – 0.90 µm 4 x 4 m

16. Resolution
 Spatial resolution:
• 0.8 m panchromatic (1-m PAN)
• 4-meter multispectral (4-m MS)
 Temporal resolution: The revisit rate for IKONOS is three to five days off-nadir and 144
days for true-nadir.
 Radiometric resolution: The sensor collects data with an 11-bit (0–2047) sensitivity and
are delivered in an unsigned 16-bit (0–65535) data format. From time-to-time the data are
rescaled down to 8-bit (0–255) to decrease file size. When this occurs much of the
sensitivity of the data needed by remote sensing scientists is lost.

17. Sensor Imagery
1) Image Collection
2) Image Quality
3) Radiometry
4) Geometric Accuracy

18. Image Collection
• The IKONOS satellite is a
monolithic pointing body. The
camera is rigidly attached to satellite
bus.
• The optical FOV of telescope a
nadir swath of 11 km.
• The sensors collection rate is 5390
km²/min.
• The area collection rates for the
various imaging modes along with
the average historical collection rate
achieved rate and collection rate
achieved for large area mapping is
given by a chart.

20. Image Quality
• The high resolution satellites
actually captures panchromatic and
multispectral imagery.
• Image quality can be described by
SNR(Sound-Noise Ratio),
MTF(Modulation Transfer
Function ), and National Imagery
Interpretability Rating Scale
(NIIRS)ratings.
• The angular relationship between
the collector, the area of interest,
and the sun has a dramatic impact
on overall image quality.
• Periodically, a through focus set of
images is collected with IKONOS
and evaluated to determine if focus
adjustment is required to maintain
image quality.

23. Radiometry
• The IKONOS satellite was
designed to meet radiometric
requirements for calibration to an
absolute standard, uniform relative
response across the scene, linearity,
and stability over time.
• In February 2001, a change was
made to increase the gain of each
multispectral array to eliminate
saturation banding in images
produced by extremely bright
scenes.

24. FINALLY
• After successful completion of satellite launch, calibration,
and test, Space Imaging began meeting the needs of
government and commercial customers by delivering the
products that interface the IKONOS satellite to the user
community. These products meet customer needs for image
analysis, cartography, and photogrammetry.

25. APPLICATIONS & PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
• Standard Original
• Precision Original
• Standard Master
• Precision Master
• Model
APPLICATIONS
• NASA Scientific Data Purchase
• Image Analysis
• Cartography
• Photogrammetry