Voyager 1 was an unmanned space probe launched in 1977 to study the outer planets. Its objectives were to take photos of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune during a rare alignment of those planets. It carried scientific instruments to study each planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, weather, rings and moons. Voyager 1 continues to travel further into space, having left the solar system in 2012. It remains the most distant human-made object.

1. TECHNOLOGY
MISSIONS
SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
SEMINAR ON:
SHIVANAND SURESH VANJIRE 1RV14ME086
SHRUTI MURALIDHARAN 1RV14ME088
VIDYADHARA B V 1RV14ME110

2. KNOWN TO UNKNOWN

3. VOYAGER 1:
MISSION OBJECTIVE:
• The Voyager mission was designed to take advantage of a rare geometric
arrangement of the outer planets occurs at every 175 years
• Four-planet tour for using minimum propellant and trip time.
• Four planets were Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
• The spacecraft were built to last five years
LAUNCH INFORMATION:
• Launch Date: –September 5, 1977
• Launch Vehicle:–Titan III
• Launch Place:–Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral
• On-orbit mass:–721.9 Kg
• Max speed:-62,140 km/h
• Power:-420 W
• Cost:-250 million USD
• Manufacturer:-Jet Propulsion Laboratory

4. INTERESTING INFORMATION:
• It took 13 hours to find its sensor to send images back to the space station
• It took 4 to 7 minutes to travel out of our atmosphere
• It took 4 minutes to reach Boston
• The voyager 1 traveled to Jupiter and Saturn and took a different direction to
the helio-sheath and still is traveling to this day.
• As of August 2017, Voyager 1 was at a distance of 20.8 billion kilometers
(139.3 AU) from the Sun.
• Voyager 1 is escaping the solar system at a speed of about 3.6 AU per year
PAYLOADS:
Scientific instrument boom, high gain antenna, cameras and space meter , cosmic
ray detector, low gain antenna, star trackers, radio generations , and magnetometer
boom.

5. SPACECRAFT:
Voyager spacecraft are three-axis stabilized systems that use celestial or gyro
referenced attitude control to maintain pointing of the high-gain antennas toward
Earth.
The prime mission science payload consisted of 10 instruments
1. Command computer subsystem (CCS):it provides sequencing and control
functions The CCS contains fixed routines such as command decoding and fault
detection and corrective routines, antenna pointing information, and spacecraft
sequencing information.
2. Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS):it controls spacecraft
orientation, maintains the pointing of the high gain antenna towards Earth,
controls attitude maneuvers, and positions the scan platform.
3. Uplink communications is via S-band (16-bits/sec command rate) while an X-
band transmitter provides downlink telemetry at 160 bits/sec normally and 1.4
kbps for playback of high-rate plasma wave data. All data are transmitted from
and received at the spacecraft via the 3.7 meter high-gain antenna (HGA).
4. Electrical power is supplied by three Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators
(RTGs). The current power levels are about 249 watts for each spacecraft. As the
electrical power decreases, power loads on the spacecraft must be turned off in
order to avoid having demand exceed supply. As loads are turned off, some
spacecraft capabilities are eliminated.

6. SUBSYSTEM COMPONENT QUANTITY
1) RADIO FREQUENCY SUBSYSTEM
S-band receiver 2
S-band exciter 2
X-band exciter 2
S band TWTA 1
S band Solid state amplifier 1
X band TWTA 2
Ultra-stable oscillator 1
2) MODULATION DEMODULATION SYSTEM
Command Detector unit 2
Telemetry Detector unit 2
3) S/X BAND ANTENNA SUBSYSTEM
High gain antenna 1
Low gain Antenna 1
SUBSYSTEM LIST

7. NEW HORIZONS MISSION
MISSION:
• The New Horizons mission is helping us understand worlds at the edge of our solar system by making the first
reconnaissance of Pluto and by venturing deeper into the Kuiper Belt.
• The National Academy of Sciences has ranked the exploration of the Kuiper Belt – including Pluto – of the
highest priority for solar system exploration.
OBJECTIVES
• Characterize the global geology and morphology of Pluto and Charon
• Map chemical compositions of Pluto and Charon surfaces
• Characterize the neutral (non-ionized) atmosphere of Pluto and its escape rate
LAUNCH INFORMATION:
• Launch date: January 19, 2006, 2:00:00PM EST
• Launch Vehicle: Lockheed Martin Atlas V 551 with Boeing STAR-48 third stage
• Launch Location: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida
• Launch Pad: Space Launch Complex 41
THE JOURNEY:
• New Horizon swung past Jupiter for a gravity boost and scientific studies in February 2007, and conducted a six-month-long reconnaissance flyby
study of Pluto and its moons in summer 2015, culminating with Pluto closest approach on July 14, 2015.
EXTENSION OF MISSION:
• As part of an extended mission, the spacecraft is expected to head farther into the Kuiper Belt at least a billion miles beyond Neptune’s orbit. On
August 28, 2015, (486958) 2014 MU69 (PT1) was chosen as the flyby target.
• The necessary course adjustment was performed with four engine firings between October 22 and November 4, 2015. The flyby is scheduled for
January 1, 2019.

8. PRESENT:
• On November 2, 2015, New Horizons imaged KBO 15810 Arawn with the LORRI instrument from 280 million km away (170 million mi; 1.9
AU), showing the shape of the object and again on April 7–8, 2016, from a distance of 111 million km (69 million mi; 0.74 AU). The new images
allowed the science team to refine the location of 15810 Arawn to within 1,000 km (620 mi).
• In July 2016, the LORRI camera captured some distant images of Quaoar from 2.1 billion km away (1.3 billion mi; 14 AU)
DID YOU KNOW?
New Horizons has been called "the fastest spacecraft
ever launched" because it left Earth at 16.26
kilometers per second (58,536 km/h; 36,373 mph).
It is also the first spacecraft launched directly into a
solar escape trajectory
SCIENCE PAYLOAD:
● Ralph: Visible and infrared imager/spectrometer; provides color, composition and thermal
maps.
● Alice: Ultraviolet imaging spectrometer; analyzes composition and structure of Pluto's
atmosphere and looks for atmospheres around Charon and Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs).
● REX: (Radio Science Experiment) Measures atmospheric composition and temperature;
passive radiometer.
● LORRI: (Long Range Reconnaissance Imager) telescopic camera; obtains encounter data at
long distances, maps Pluto's far-side and provides high resolution geologic data.
● SWAP: (Solar Wind Around Pluto) Solar wind and plasma spectrometer; measures
atmospheric "escape rate" and observes Pluto's interaction with solar wind.
● PEPSSI: (Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation) Energetic particle
spectrometer; measures the composition and density of plasma (ions) escaping from Pluto's
atmosphere.
● SDC: (Student Dust Counter) Built and operated by students; measures the space dust
peppering New Horizons during its voyage across the solar system.

9. TT&C SYSTEMS:
• Universal Space Networks’ S and X band telemetry system
• Ground station: Dongara, Western Australia , Deep Space Network : 70m dia
antenna
• AOCS: Spin stabilization (cruise) and 3 axis stabilization (science)
• Propulsion: Hydrazine monopropellant
• On Orbit Mass: 470kg
• Thrusters: 16, larger ones for trajectory corrections and small ones for AOCS.
• Altitude: Star cameras on the face
• Orientation: 3 Solid state gyroscopes and 3 accelerometers
• Adcole Sun sensors: 2 (angle to sun and spin rate and clocking)
• Antennas: 2 broad beam, low gain and 30cm dia medium gain and 2.1m high gain
(42dBi), antenna (0.3 degrees wide, Cassegrain reflector)
• X Band : 38k bits/sec at Jupiter and 1k bits/sec and Pluto
• Transmitters: Dual modular redundancy with right/left circular polarization feeds
• Amplification: Downlink signal amplified by dual red 12W Travelling Wave Tube
• Receivers: Low power design (66% lesser power used compared to earlier deep -
space receivers)
• Command and Data Handling processor: 12MHz Mongoose V
• New Horizons is flying the most advanced digital receiver ever used for deep
space communications.. The Radio Science Experiment (REX) to examine
Pluto’s atmosphere is also integrated into the communications subsystem.

10. MOM: MANGALYAAN
MISSION:
Mars Orbiter Mission is India's first interplanetary mission to planet Mars
with an orbiter craft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit. The Mission
is primarily technological mission considering the critical mission operations
and stringent requirements on propulsion and other bus systems of
spacecraft. It has been configured to carry out observation of physical
features of mars and carry out limited study of Martian atmosphere.
The mission is a “technology demonstartion” project to develop the
technologies for designing, planning, management, and operations of an
interplanetary mission

11. OBJECTIVES
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
• Orbit maneuvers: Earth-centered orbit to heliocentric trajectory - finally Martian orbit
• Development of force models and algorithms for AOCS
• Maintain the spacecraft in all phases of the mission
• Meeting power, communications, thermal and payload operation requirements
• Incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
The scientific objectives deal with the following major aspects:
• Mars surface: morphology, topography and mineralogy
• Constituents of Martian atmosphere: methane and CO2 using remote sensing technique
• Dynamics of the upper atmosphere of Mars, solar wind and radiation and escape of volatiles
• Multiple opportunities to observe: Phobos
• Opportunity to identify and re-estimate the orbits of asteroids: Martian Transfer Trajectory

12. PAYLOADS:
● Mars Colour Camera (MCC)
● Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS)
● Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM)
● Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser
(MENCA)
● Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP)
Lift off mass 1373 kg
propellant Bipropellant : MMH + N204
AOCS MAR 31750 sensor; Actuators: reaction wheels & Thrusters
Antennae LGA, MGA, HGA
Launch Vehicle PSLV - C25
Elliptical orbit Perigee 250 km; Apogee - 23,500 km
Launch date Nov 5, 2013
Launch Place Sriharikota
Cost RS. 450 crores

13. TT & C: COMMUNICATION
i) ISTRAC (ISRO TT&C Network) : communication link
ii) Ground stations at: Bengaluru, Mauritius, Brunei and Baik
iii) Supplemented by: INPE - Brazil, SANSA and DSN – NASA
iv) Frequency band: Ka, Ku and S band
v) 230W Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier with transponders