About Landsat Satellite Series. Basic Introduction!

1. LANDSAT

2. Introduction
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• Landsat was designed in 1960s by the combined effort of
NASA and US.
• Launched in 1972 as the 1st tailored Satellite, specifically for
broad scale observation of the Earth’s Land areas.
• Seven satellite have been launched successfully, namely
Landsat -1 to 5 and Landsat -7 & 8.
• Landsat-6 suffered a launch failure.
• Five different types of sensor used namely RBV,MSS,TM,ETM
and ETM+.

3. 1.
LANDSAT SERIES
Let’s start with the first set of slides

4. Landsat ( USA)
Landsat: Earth Observation Satellite.
Produce: NASA (USGS)USA.
Purpose: acquired space-based images of
the Earth's landsurface, providing data that
serve as valuable resources forland use/land
change research.
The data are useful to a number of
applications including forestry, agriculture,
geology, regional planning, and education.
Objective: Thematic mapping
4

5. 5
Purpose
obtaining information on agricultural and
forestry resources, geology and mineral
resources, hydrology and water
resources, geography, cartography,
environmental pollution, oceanography
and marine resources, and meteorological
phenomena.
• PLANNING AND THEMATIC MAPPING

6. Landsat Mission
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 Landsat 1 (1972)
 Landsat 2 (1975)
 Landsat 3(1978)
 Landsat 4 (1982
 Landsat 5(1984)
 Landsat6 (failed mission)(1993)
 Landsat 7(1992)
 Landsat 8 (2013)
 Landsat 9 (Tentative Sept 2021)

7. Landsat
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 Earth Resources Technology
Satellite (ERTS-1) was launched in
1972.
 Earth Resources Technology
Satellite (ERTS-1) rename as
Landsat.
 ERTS==LANDSAT (1972) Renamed

8. Sun-synchronous orbit Return
Beam Vidicon (RBV) Multi-Spectral
Scanner (MSS)
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• Landsat 1: Despite having a design life of one
year
• Operated for over seven years, finally ceasing
operations on February 25, 1982

9. Landsat-1
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 Launch Date: July 23, 1972.
 Status: expired, January 6, 1978
 Sensors: RBV, Multi Spectral..
 Altitude: nominally 900 km.
 Inclination: 99.2°
 Orbit: polar, sun-synchronous
 Equatorial Crossing Time: nominally 9:42 AM mean local
time (descending node)
 Period of Revolution : 103 minutes; ~14 orbits/day
 Temporal Resolution: 18 days

10. 10
Landsat-2
 Launch Date: January 22, 1975
 Status: removed from operational status:
February 5, 1982; decommissioned: July 27,
1983
 Sensors: RBV, MSS.
 Altitude: nominally 900 km
 Inclination: 99.2°
 Orbit: polar, sun-synchronous
 Equatorial Crossing Time: nominally 9:42 AM
mean local time (descending node)
 Period of Revolution : 103 minutes; ~14
orbits/day
 Repeat Coverage : 18 days

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Landsat-3
 Launch Date: March 5, 1978
 Status: put into standby mode: March 31, 1983;
decommissioned: Sept. 7, 1983
 Sensors: RBV, MSS.
 Altitude: nominally 900 km
 Inclination: 99.2°
 Orbit: polar, sun-synchronous
 Equatorial Crossing Time: nominally 9:42 AM
mean local time (descending node)
 Period of Revolution : 103 minutes; ~14
orbits/day
 Repeat Coverage : 18 days

12. 12
Landsat-4
 Launch Date: July 16, 1982.
 Status: decommissioned, June 15, 2001
 Sensors: TM, MSS..
 Altitude: 705 km.
 Inclination: 98.2°
 Orbit: polar, sun-synchronous
 Equatorial Crossing Time: nominally 9:45 AM (+ 15
min.) local time (descending node)
 Period of Revolution : 99 minutes; ~14.5
orbits/day
 Repeat Coverage : 16 days .

13. 13
Landsat-5
 Launch Date: March 1, 1984
 Status: Decommissioned January2013
 Sensors: TM, MSS
 Altitude: 705 km
 Inclination: 98.2°
 Orbit: polar, sun-synchronous
 Equatorial Crossing Time: nominally 9:45 AM (+
15 min.) local time (descending node)
 Period of Revolution : 99 minutes; 14.5
orbits/day
 Repeat Coverage : 16 days

14. 14
Landsat-6
 The satellite did not achieve orbit because of a
ruptured hydrazine manifold
 The Thematic Mapper (TM): Multispectral
scanning
 Earth resources sensor designed to achieve
higher image resolution, sharper spectral
separation, improved geometric fidelity and
greater radiometric accuracy and resolution
than the MSS sensor. TM data are sensed in
seven spectral bands simultaneously

15. 15
Landsat-7
 Landsat 7 was launched from California on April
15, 1999
 1.The satellite carries the Enhanced Thematic
Mapper (ETM+) sensor
 2. Whisk Broom Scanner
 3. The Worldwide Reference System 2

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Landsat-7
 A sun-synchronous , near polar orbit,
 Altitude: 705 km
 Inclination: 98.2°
 Equatorial Crossing Time: nominally 10:00 AM
(+ 15 min.) local time (descending node)
 Period of Revolution : 99 minutes; 14.5
orbits/day
 Repeat Coverage : 16 days
Status: operational despite Scan Line
Corrector (SLC) failure May 31, 2003
Sensors ETM + Whisk Broom Scanner

17. Enhanced Thematic Mapper
Plus (ETM+)
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Eight spectral bands, including a pan and thermal band: -
Band 1 Visible (0.45 -0.52 um) 30 m(BLUE)
Band 2 Visible (0.52 -0.60 um) 30 m (GREEN)
Band 3 Visible (0.63 - 0.69 pm) 30 m (RED)
Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.77 -0.90 um) 30 m /
Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 - 1.75 um) 30 m
Band 6 Thermal (10.40 - 12.50 um) 60 m Low Gain High Gain
Band 7 Mid-Infrared (2.08 - 2.35 um) 30 m
Band 8 Panchromatic (PAN) (0.52 - 0.90 um) 15 m

18. Radiometric Resolution
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•Radiometric precision over a 12-bit
dynamic range, (4096 level)
• swath width of 185-kilometer
•Temporal Resolution (a repeating cycle)
16 days.
• OLI uses nine channels, which range
from wavelengths of 443 nm to 2,200
nm.

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Radiometric Resolution:
Landsat7
•Landsat 7 products are delivered as 8-bit
images
with 256 grey levels.

20. 20
The Worldwide Reference System
(WRS) is a global system that
catalogs Landsat data by Path and
Row numbers
•Global notation system for Landsat data.
• satellite imagery over any portion of the world
Designated by PATH and ROW numbers.
•The Landsat 1-3 WRS-1
•Landsat 4, 5, 7and 8 Worldwide Reference System-2
(WRS-2)

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WRS
• The 16-day ground coverage cycle for
Landsat 4 and 5 was accomplished in 233
orbits.
• WRS 2- 233 paths numbered 001 to 233,
east to west, with Path 001 crossing the
equator at 64.60 degrees west longitude.
• Landsat 4, 5 and 7 scenes are chosen at
23.92 second increments of spacecraft time
in both directions calculated from the
equator in order to create 248 Row intervals
per complete orbit.

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Landsat- 8
Landsat 8 (Landsat Data Continuity
Mission, LDCM) was launched on 2013,
California.
• Landsat satellite carries the Operational
Land Imager (OLI).
• Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)
instruments.

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BAND of Landsat 8
•Nine spectral bands, including a pan band:
-Band 1 Visible (0.43 -0.45 um) 30 m
-Band 2 Visible (0.450 - 0.51 um) 30 m
-Band 3 Visible (0.53 -0.59 um) 30 m 30 m
-Band 4 Red (0.64 -0.67 um) 30 m
-Band 5 Near-Infrared (0.85 - 0.88 um)
-Band 6 SWIR 1(1.57 - 1.65 um) 30 m
-Band 7 SWIR 2 (2.11 - 2.29 um) 30 m
-Band 8 Panchromatic (PAN) (0.50 - 0.68 um) 15 m
-Band 9 Cirrus (1.36 - 1.38 um) 30 m

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•Band 1 is helpful in imaging shallow water resources
and tracking aerosols.
•Bands 2, 3, and 4 are in the visible spectrum and are
helpful in creating true color composite images.
•Band 5 is helpful for ecology purposes and can help
determine vegetation index or NDVI.
•Bands 6 and 7 are useful in geology and can help in
distinguishing different saturated and unsaturated
rocks and soils.
•Band 8 is helpful in creating images with very high
resolution and precision.
•Band 9 is used for detecting different types of clouds.

25. 25
Cirrus Band
•Band 9 1.360-1.390 um
• high-altitude clouds composed of ice
crystals
•In Band 9, cirrus clouds appear bright
while most land surfaces appear dark
•cloud-free atmosphere containing water
vapor.

26. Operational Land Imager
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•OLI images will cover wide areas of the
Earth's landscape while providing
sufficient resolution to distinguish
features like urban centers, farms, forests
and other land uses.

27. Operational Land Imager (OLI)
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•USGS(UNITED STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY)
• It's remote sensing instrument aboard
•Landsat 7 & 8 built by Ball Aerospace &
Technologies.
•OLI is a Push broom scanner that uses a four
mirror telescope with fixed mirrors.

28. 28
Landsat 9
Landsat 9, slated for a Mid-2021 launch, will
join Landsat 8 in orbit; the satellite orbits will
be 8 days out of phase.