May be useful to the fellow students

1. Literature Survey
Dental Implants Coating

2. LITERATURE SURVEY:
1.Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Induces Dental Follicle Cells to Differentiate Toward a Cementoblast /Osteoblast Phenotype [1]
Author: Ming Zhao , Guozhi Xiao , ET AL
Purpose:
• These study in both the clinical level and the basic research level, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have emerged as
attractive factors to use for promoting regeneration of periodontal tissues.
• BMPs have been evaluated for their ability to promote fracture healing and periodontal regeneration using in vivo models.
Materials:
• Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP-2)
• Osteocalcin(OSN)
• Bone sialoprotein(BSP)
• Periodontal ligament (PDL)
Test Conducted:
• Northern blot analysis
• In vitro
Methodology Used:
• Cell culture
• Reverse-transcription
polymerase chain reaction
Inference:
• Periodontal diseases are characterized by destruction of
periodontal support, that is, periodontal ligament (PDL),
cementum, and bone, with subsequent tooth loss if left
untreated.
• Results from such studies indicate some success, although
results are not predictable and often the extent of regeneration
is not 100%

3. LITERATURE SURVEY:
2. Application of BMP-2 for bone graft in Dentistry [2]
Author:Lídia Audrey Rocha Valadas Marques , Edvan Alves da Costa Júnior , ET AL
Purpose:
• In Implantology, rhBMPs emerged as the major substitute to autogenous bone graftingespecially for its osteoinductive
characteristics for dispensing the need of a second surgical site to the patient.
• This study was conducted to find the use and clinical viability of human bone morphogenetic protein(rhBMP-2) for grafting
bone in Dentistry.
Materials:
• Bone morpheogenetic protein(BMP-2)
• Biomaterials
Test Conducted:
• In vitro
Methodology Used:
• Grafting
Inference:
• In Dentistry, many studies have aimed to improve bone
regeneration through the use of BMPs for bone replacement.
• Working with rhBMP, caution should be taken, because it
is a very sensitive material regarding to technique, any error in
handling can lead to unsatisfactory results.

4. LITERATURE SURVEY:
3. Current Approaches of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Dentistry [3]
Author:Rosa-Marıa Dıaz-Sanchez , Rosa-Marıa Yanez-Vico , ET AL
Purpose:
• Dental regeneration, from a conservative viewpoint, occurs by the formation of enamel or dentine from the induction of cells
as odontoblasts or ameloblasts.
• Use is also recommended for greater periodontal regeneration in mandibular or maxillary defects with favorable results in
cementum, periodontal ligament formation and bone.
Materials:
• BMP-2
• BMP-7
• b-tricalcium phosphate(b-TCP)
Test Conducted:
• In vitro
Methodology Used:
• Guided bone
regeneration(GBR)
Inference:
• Bone regeneration is one area where more research has
been done in recent years regarding BMPs because of their
inductive and stimulatory osteogenic capacity.
• The use of BMP-7 increases protection of the pulp from
the toxins derived from the composite resin materials.

5. LITERATURE SURVEY:
4. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Periodontal Tissue Regeneration [4]
Author: Suryakanth Malgikar , Uttam Akula
Purpose:
• As BMP is soluble in extracellular solution, it must have a carrier, without which it is phagocytized within 10 days.
• One of the major obstacles to the clinical use of BMPs is the challenge to define the optimal delivery system.
Materials:
• BMP
Test Conducted:
• Mann Whitney Test
Methodology Used:
• Gene theraphy
Inference:
• The regeneration of the tooth-supporting structures which
have been lost as a consequence of periodontal disease
progression has been an elusive goal in the field of
periodontics.
• Several preclinical studies have shown that rhBMP-2
induces normal physiological bone in clinically relevant
defects in the craniofacial skeleton.

6. LITERATURE SURVEY:
5. Bone morphogenetic proteins from structure to clinical use[5]
Author: J.M. Granjeiro , R.C. Oliveira , ET AL
Purpose:
• The highest level of scientific evidence arises from meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials. Systematic reviews
synthesize studies related to the side effects and benefit of treatments.
Materials:
• Osteogenic protein-1
• Bone morphogenetic protein-7
Test Conducted:
• Pulp capping procedures
Methodology Used:
•Anodization
Inference:
• In dentistry, BMPs have been tested in periodontal
(regeneration of lost bone tissue due to periodontal disease),
implant and restorative- endodontic (pulpotomies) procedures.
• Animal assays using rhBMP-2 associated with a carrier
(collagen foam) in 3-sided intrabone defects in dogs have
demonstrated an increase in the rate of bone formation without
side effects such as ankylosis or apical bone
Resorption.

7. LITERATURE SURVEY:
6. Mechanical complications of dental implants [6]
Author:Melvyn S. Schwarz
Purpose:
• Application of the correct torque to an implant screw is translated into a pre-load that holds the components together.
• Adverse occlusal forces can result in mechanical complications of oral implant components. Offaxis forces cause bending
moments which are particularly damaging.
Materials:
• Titanium
• Ti alloys
Test Conducted:
• Hardness test
Methodology Used:
•Deposition
Inference:
• Adverse forces generated by occlusal activity may result in
mechanical complications of the implant components, i.e.
screw loosening, screw fracture or fixture fracture.
• Many retrospective clinical studies have reported a
high incidence of screw loosening and/or fracture associated
with the two-stage external hex implant systems.

8. LITERATURE SURVEY:
7. Impact of Dental Implant Surface Modifications on Osseointegration [7]
Author:Ralf Smeets , Bernd Stadlinger , ET AL
Purpose:
• The central focus of implant development is to minimize bacterial adhesion while promoting recruitment,adhesion, and
proliferation of osteogenic as well as fibroblastic cells in order to gain a high degree of hard and soft tissue integration.
• The goal of future research is to design a single polyvalent implant type with enhanced clinical behavior in regard to osseous
and fibrous integration and prevention of peri-implantitis.
Materials:
•Titanium
•Bone Morphogenetic protein(BMP-2)
Test Conducted:
• In vitro
• Hardness test
Methodology Used:
• Powder metallurgy
Inference:
• HA coatings have been successfully used as local drug
delivery systems. Statins inhibit the HMGCoA reductase and
are prescribed in dyslipidemia.

9. LITERATURE SURVEY:
8. Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials [8]
Author: Virginia Sáenz de Viteri , Elena Fuentes
Purpose:
• The development of new specialized surface modification techniques for titanium and its alloys is therefore an increasingly
critical requirement in order to control or prevent these effects and improve osseointegration,hence extending the lifetime of the
implant.
Materials:
• Titanium
• Titanium alloys
Test Conducted:
• Microchemical analysis
• EDS (Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy)
Methodology Used:
• PVD(Physical Vapour
Deposition)
• PEO(Plasma Electrolytic
Oxidation)
Inference:
• Titanium and its alloys are considered to be among the
most promising engineering materials across a range of
application sectors.
• Ti-alloys are often in tribological contact with different
materials and media, under stationary or dynamic loading and
at various temperatures.
• These contact loads can cause damage of the thin native
oxide film which passivates the titanium surface; and the
metal can undergo intensive interaction with the surrounding
environment.

10. LITERATURE SURVEY:
9. Porous titanium granules in the treatment of peri-implant osseous defects—a 7-year follow-up study [9]
Author: Heidi Andersen , Anne Merete Aass , Johan Caspar Wohlfahrt
Purpose:
• Current general understanding among both clinicians working in the field and within the research community is that surgical
exposure of the implants and removal of the granulation tissue seem to be necessary.
• The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic results from a study on peri implant
osseous defect reconstruction.
Materials:
• PTG (Porous Titanium Granule)
Test Conducted:
• Radiographic evaluation
• Statistical analysis
Methodology Used:
• Clinical examination
Inference:
• This long-term follow-up of surgical treatment of
peri implant osseous defects showed unpredictable results.
• Loss of implants was only recorded in PTG-treated
patients.

11. LITERATURE SURVEY:
10. Advances in Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Composite Materials [10]
Author: Anton Ficai , Ecaterina Andronescu , ET AL
Purpose:
• Due to the increasing of the necessarily bone grafts, autografts and allografts can not cover the overall need of bone grafts
for compensating this gap, artificial (synthetic) grafts are necessary and, consequently used.
Materials:
• Collagen
• Hydroxyapatite composite materials
• Biomaterials
Test Conducted:
• SEM
Methodology Used:
• Layer deposition
Inference:
• Based on the existing data, best orientation can achieve
with self-assembling, the mean orientation degree being of
97%.
• The synthesis of COLL/HA composite materials with
oriented morphology of the mineralized collagen fibrils and
fibres is an essential step to obtain bone grafts of the long
bones.

12. Application
1. Dental implant[7]
2. Dental Implant problems[6]
3. Bio material coatings[7][8][9]
4. Protein based coatings[1][2][3][4][5][10]
5. Clinical use[5]

13. Materials
1. Bone Morphogenetic protein(BMP)[1][2][3][4]
2. Osteocalcin(OSN)[1]
3. Bone sialoprotein(BSP)[1]
4. Periodontal ligament (PDL)[1]
5. Bio Materials[2][10]
6. b-tricalcium phosphate(b-TCP)[3]
7. Osteogenic protein-1[5]
8. Titanium and its alloys[6][7][8]
9. PTG (Porous Titanium Granule)[9]
10. Collagen[10]
11. Hydroxyapatite composite materials[10]

14. Test Conducted 1. Northern blot analysis[1][9]
2. In vitro[1][2][3][7]
3. Mann Whitney Test[4]
4. Pulp capping procedures[5]
5. Hardness Test[6][7]
6. Microchemical analysis[8]
7. EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy)[8]
8. Radiographic evaluation [9]
9. SEM-Analysis[10]

15. 1. Cell culture[1]
2. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction[1]
3. Grafting[2]
4. Guided bone regeneration(GBR)[3]
5. Gene theraphy[4]
6. Anodization[5]
7. Deposition[6][8][10]
8. Powder metallurgy[7]
9. Clinical examination[9]
Methodology

16. References
• [1] Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Induces Dental Follicle Cell to Differentiate Toward a
Cementoblast/Osteoblast Phenotype ; Ming Zhao,Guozhi Xiao, Janice E. Berry,Renny T.
Franceschi ,Anand Reddi and Martha J.Somerman; Journal Of Bone And Mineral Research
Volume 17, Number 8, 2002
• [2] Application of BMP-2 for bone graft in Dentistry; Lídia Audrey Rocha Valadas
Marques,Edvan Alves da Costa Júnior,Mara Assef Leitão Lotif,Edilson Martins Rodrigues
Neto,Francisco Filipe Carvalho da Silva,Carlos Ricardo de Queiroz Martiniano; RSBO. 2015
Jan-Mar,12(1):88-93 ,ISSN:Electronic version: 1984-5685
• [3] Current Approaches of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Dentistry ;Rosa-Marıa Dıaz-
Sanchez , Rosa-Marıa Yanez-Vico , ET AL; Journal of Oral Implantology October 2013, DOI:
10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-13-00012 Source: PubMed
• [4] Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Periodontal Tissue Regeneration; Suryakanth Malgikar
,Uttam Akula; Journal of Dental and Allied Sciences ,Volume 6,Issue 2 ,July-December 2017
• [5] Bone morphogenetic proteins from structure to clinical use; J.M. Granjeiro , R.C. Oliveira,
ET AL; Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (2005) 38:1463-1473 ,ISSN
0100-879X

17. References
• [6] Mechanical complications of dental implants; Melvyn S. Schwarz; Clin Oral Impl Res
2000:11 (Suppl.): 156–158 , ISSN 0905-7161
• [7] Impact of Dental Implant Surface Modifications on Osseointegration ; Ralf Smeets , Bernd
Stadlinger , ET AL; BioMed Research International, Volume 2016, Article ID 6285620
• [8] Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials ;Virginia Sáenz de Viteri , Elena Fuentes ;
Tribology - Fundamentals and Advancements;DOI: 10.5772/55860, ISBN 978-953-51-1135-1,
Published: May 22, 2013
• [9] Porous titanium granules in the treatment of peri-implant osseous defects—a 7-year follow-
up study ; Heidi Andersen , Anne Merete Aass , Johan Caspar Wohlfahrt; International Journal
of Implant Dentistry (2017) 3:50,DOI 10.1186/s40729-017-0106-2
• [10] Advances in Collagen/ Hydroxyapatite Composite Materials ; Anton Ficai , Ecaterina
Andronescu , ET AL; Book edited by Brahim Attaf, ISBN 978-953-307-235-7, Published: April
1, 2011