This document discusses various topics related to doping in sports, including:
- Definitions of doping and performance-enhancing substances
- Types of doping methods like use of therapeutic drugs, blood doping, and stimulants
- Health risks of doping practices like steroids and blood doping
- Establishment of organizations like WADA to regulate anti-doping efforts
- Prevalence of doping among athletes and reasons some feel they need performance enhancers
2. Gad El-Mawla Abd El-Aziz
Professor of Physiology
Mansoura University
M.B., B.Ch. 1974 Mansoura University, Egypt.
M.Sc. (Physiology) 1980.
PhD. (Physiology) 1984.
Professor of Physiology (1994).
E-mail: elmawla@hotmail.com
4. OOOOrrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee wwwwoooorrrrdddd
It is derived from the Dutch word "dop", a
beverage that Zulu soldiers used before
battles.
The term is used at 20th century in
reference to illegal drugging of racehorses
It is derived from "dop" an alcoholic drink
used as a stimulant in ceremonial dances
in Southern Africa.
5. HHHHiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy
Egyptian slaves fed elixirs (likely from khat
leaves) to relieve stress
Greek athletes ate energy boosting
substances prior to activity
A century ago, marathoners used
strychnine, and cyclists used caffeine,
cocaine, and even alcohol for an advantage.
The first reported death occurred in 1896
when an English cyclist died of an overdose
6. HHHHiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy
1928 – IAAF (International Association of
Athletics Federations ) bans doping.
1935 - Isolation of testerone with
subsequent use of anabolic steroids
1966 – FIFA (football) UCI (cycling)
introduce drug testing.
1968 – drug testing first used in Olympic
Games
1974 – reliable test for anabolic steroids
introduced
7. HHHHiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy
1976 – IOC bans anabolic steroids
1979 – testing for illegal drugs by IOC
begins
1986 – IOC bans blood doping
1999 – World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) founded
2000 - first Olympics testing for EPO
9. DDDDeeeeffffiiiinnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn
Doping means use of substances which
enhance performance. These substances
may be natural, synthetic, drugs or blood.
The definition of doping established by
the International Olympic Committee
IOC is based on the prohibition of certain
types of pharmaceuticals.
10. What is a Performance-Enhancing
Substance (PES) ?
“...any substance taken in non-pharmacologic
doses specifically for the
purposes of improving sports performance,
- by increasing strength, power, speed, or
endurance
- or by altering body weight or body
composition.”
11. Why some aatthhlleetteess nneeeedd ddooppiinngg ??
Some athletes do anything to win
Belief that competitors take drugs
Financial rewards
Belief of enhanced performance
An increase in strength and endurance
Delay in the onset of fatigue
12. WWhhyy ssoommee aatthhlleetteess nneeeedd ddooppiinngg ??
To enable the body to reach its utmost limits
Weight control
To avoid stress anxiety
Pressure from coaches
Increased ability to concentrate
Decreased sensitivity to pain
14. DDooppiinngg aanndd hheeaalltthh pprroobblleemmss
Direct relationship between certain drugs
and certain health problems
Several doping substances lead to drug
abuse and dependence.
Some drugs have psychological effects
and lead to changes in the behavior.
15. DDooppiinngg aanndd hheeaalltthh pprroobblleemmss
Caffeine intoxication can lead to
nervousness, overexcitement, insomnia, or
attacks of anxiety in certain persons.
Cocaine or amphetamine intoxication can
cause hyperactivity, anxiety, anger, altered
judgment and violent behavior.
Their chronic use can cause dulled
emotions, fatigue, sadness, social
withdrawal, mania and aggressiveness.
16. DDooppiinngg aanndd hheeaalltthh pprroobblleemmss
Dangerous drug cocktails can be
made up of different drugs, or of similar
drugs with different names.
Drug cocktails bring the dosage to
toxic levels e.g. amphetamines
combined with corticoids, cocaine,
caffeine or ephedrin; EPO combined
with aspirin; a combination of
androgens and GH.
23. Anabolic Androgenic
Steroids (AAS)
AAS are a class of steroid hormones
related to the hormone testosterone.
Testosterone affects nearly every
system and tissue in the human body.
24. EEffffeeccttss ooff AAAASS
•The Androgenic effect
produces:
- Growth of the vocal cords and
deepens the voice
- hair growth all over the body
- Development of sexual organs.
•The Anabolic effect produces:
protein synthesis
development of muscle mass
physical strength
growth of long bone.
25. AAddvvaannttaaggee ooff ((AAAASS))
Aerobic capacity: in red blood cell
production, which enhance endurance by
increasing 02 delivery.
user’s ability to perform high-intensity
work.
AAS results in a positive effect on lean
body mass with exercise
Inhibition of the catabolic effect of
glucocorticoids
26. Systemic Effects of
AAS
Secretion of GTH; FSH and LH
Spermato-genesis; and decreased
testicular tissue.
Irregular menstruation in females
Hepatitis, Cholestasis and jaundice.
Steroid-induced tumors in the livers.
Hypertension,
Cardiac hypertrophy cardio-myopathy.
27. Systemic Effects of
AAS
Excessive acne, alopecia, and
temporal hair recession.
Psychiatric changes with
aggressive behavior, depression,
dependency, irritability, frequent
mood swings, and libido changes.
immunoglobulin (Ig A, Ig M) .
Changes in lipid profiles: in
HDL and total cholesterol
28. Systemic Effects of
AAS
hematocrits and hypercoagula-bility
of blood.
Premature closure of epiphysis.
Irreversible masculinization in
women (hirsutism, deepening of the
voice, and clitoral enlargement).
30. Why athletes ddoonn''tt ssttoopp AAAASS
Withdrawal symptoms of AAS:
- depression
- low levels of energy
- headache
- Psychological disturbance
When the athlete discontinues these drugs,
he may note a decrease in strength and size of
his muscles.
Some athletes feel they cannot be
competitive in their sport without the help of
steroids.
31. GGrroowwtthh HHoorrmmoonnee
(1) Protein and nucleic acid
synthesis in skeletal muscle.
(2) lipolysis and overall in body
fat.
(3) healing after musculo-skeletal
injuries.
NB : Growth hormone is not detected by
present urine drug testing techniques.
32. Side Effects ooff GGrroowwtthh HH..
Gigantism in pre-pubertal individuals.
Acromegaly in adults
Muscular weakness.
Arthritis, osteoporosis.
Impotence.
Hyper-lipidemia.
Diabetes.
Cardio-myopathy.
34. BBBBlllloooooooodddd DDDDooooppppiiiinnnngggg
Administration of blood or related
blood products, including erythropoietin.
The aim of Blood Doping is to increase
the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
which improves the Aerobic capacity of
the athletes.
in VO2 max and HB concentrations .
35. Types and methods of
blood Doping
Autologous blood doping (own blood)
Withdrawal of 900 ml blood 4 - 5 weeks
prior to competition
RBCs are preserved via glycerol freezing
Athletes train to allow HB to return to
normal
Infusion of the (packed cells) one or two
days prior to competition
36. Types and methods of
blood Doping
Autologous
• Advantages
– No detection method
– Avoidance of transmitted diseases
– Avoidance of transfusion reactions
• Disadvantages
– Recovery from loss of blood
– Decrease in efficacy of training
– Dangers of improperly stored blood
37. Types and methods of
blood Doping
Homologous blood doping (blood
from another person)
• Advantages
– No decrease in performance during
donation period
• Disadvantages
– Reliable doping test
– Transmission of diseases
– Transfusion reactions
38. Use of Erythropoietin (rEPO)
in Blood doping
Recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO)
is a genetically engineered substance
similar to erythropoietin.
(rEPO) is used in treatment of
anemia of chronic end-stage renal
disease and other forms of anemia.
Athletes use (rEPO) instead of blood
transfusion to RBCs formation.
40. Risks associated with
blood doping
o Risk of infection
o Dangers of improperly stored blood
o Transfusion reaction
o Circulatory overload
o Hyperkalemia because of hemolysis
o Arterial hypertension
o Headache
o Thrombosis
41. Risks aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh rrEEPPOO
Arterial hypertension
Venous Thrombosis
Headache and muscle pain
A suspicious in the number of deaths
Polycythemia is aggravated by dehydra-tion
which risk of thrombosis.
ABP and polycythemia risk of
stroke, myocardial infarction.
42. SSttiimmuullaannttss
These are agents which increase
organic activity through their effects
on CNS, PNS, skeletal muscle, and
smooth muscle.
They increase muscle contractility
and speed reaction time.
43. Stimulants are uusseedd bbyy aatthhlleetteess ffoorr::
Their effects in muscle
contractility, delaying fatigue
and speeding reaction time
Their appetite-suppressing
effects to lose weight.
44. AAmmpphheettaammiinnee
Potent sympathomimetic drug.
It causes release of noradrenalin
and has a direct action on a and b
adrenergic receptors.
motor activity, alertness,
delay fatigue, enhance speed,
power, endurance, and
concentration
46. CCaaffffeeiinnee
It contains theophylline and theobromine.
It stimulates CNS, producing decreased
fatigue and possibly improving
psychomotor coordination.
It stimulates voluntary skeletal muscle
thereby increase performance in
endurance events.
47. CCaaffffeeiinnee
◘Caffeine promotes the release of free fatty
acids into the blood stream and thereby
preserves glycogen stores as a ready source
of energy.
◘ Shortened reaction time,
◘ improved concentration,
◘ Diuresis
◘ Glycogen sparing leading to delayed fatigue
48. CCaaffffeeiinnee
◘ Dose: 250—350 mg have been shown to
enhance performance in endurance
athletes.
◘ To achieve banned levels of caffeine in
the body, most athletes would need to
consume 5-6 cups of coffee within 2 hours
of competition.
49. AAddvveerrssee eeffffeeccttss ooff CCaaffffeeiinnee
Agitation, irritability , Tremors
Supra-ventricular tachycardia, cardiac damage,
Arrhythmias
Addiction
Caffeine acts as a moderate diuretic and may
accelerate dehydration.
Dyspepsia,
combination with other stimulants (e.g.
ephedrine) may be fatal
50. NNiiccoottiinnee
• Athletes use nicotine for:
- Its stimulant properties
- Mood- altering effects
- Mild appetite-suppressing effect
- ? Enhances performance.
- Provides calming sensation in somebody
and stimulating effect in others.
52. Use of Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)
(hCG) the hormone of pregnancy, given
intravenously or intramuscularly, has been
shown to increase both endogenous
testosterone and epitestosterone levels in
users,
It is used by athletes alone and in
combination with AAS to elevate
endogenous testosterone levels and to
minimize testicular atrophy.
53. Other stimulants commonly
used by athletes
Theophylline,
Beta-agonists,
Salbutamol,
Ephedrine,
Pseudoephedrine,
Isoproterenol,
Decongestants
54. EEnneerrggyy ddrriinnkkss
Provid more energy than a typical drink.
Contain large amounts of caffeine
Contain stimulants
Contain diuretic which lead to dehydration
55. EEnneerrggyy ddrriinnkkss
Side effects
Seizures
Health concerns
Sudden Death
Alcohol further
contributes to
problems.
56. CCeerrttaaiinn ffoooodd pprroodduuccttss
Certain amino acids have been shown to
increase levels of endogenous growth hormone in
athletes.
Some plant steroids such as yohimbine are
being used as anabolic agents, in the human body
they are converted into AAS.
Ginseng, a Chinese plant, its chemical structure
is similar to pseudo-ephredrine. Ginseng may
enhance performance.
Food supplements: Creatine, colostrum,
antioxidants, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins,
proteins, amino acids
57. TTeessttss ttoo ddeetteecctt ddooppiinngg
HCT and HB can suggest blood doping.
Compare the numbers of mature and
immature RBCs in circulation
Markers on RBCs.
EPO, is detected by gel electrophoresis.
60. BBBBaaaannnnnnnneeeedddd ddddrrrruuuuggggssss
There are over 1000 on a list that is
constantly changing.
They can be injected, swallowed and
inhaled.
Food supplements have become a
popular method of administering
them.