Sports nutrition

1. SPORTS NUTRITION
ERGOGENICAIDS –
ANABOLIC STEROIDS, DHEA,
ANDROSTENEDIONE,
AMPHETAMINES
BY,
KAMAKSHI

2. ERGOGENIC AID
• Ergo- greek word ergon, refers to work ; genic
-german, which means to generate or
produce.
• Enhances a person’s ability to perform work .
• Goal of using ergogenic aids is to gain a
competitive edge over the opponent.

3. DIFFERENT FORMS
• Physiological ergogenic aids -enhance - functioning of the
body’s various systems .
• Making a muscle bigger and stronger through strength
training improves its ability to generate force and thus
enables the athlete to run faster and jump higher.
• Endurance training -greater blood volume, more blood vessels
and a larger,stronger heart - enhanced cardiovascular system.

4. • Biomechanical ergogenic aids -perform better by providing a
mechanical advantage.
• Psychological ergogenic aids - Visualization is a common
psychological ergogenic aid used by athletes.
• Pharmacological ergogenic aids -medicines or drugs.
• For example, amphetamines,painkillers,anabolic steroids , and
other synthesized hormones.
• Most dangerous and controversial.
• Nutritional ergogenic aids – supplement/food product

5. ANABOLIC STEROIDS
• Anabolic steroids for medical use became prominent in the
early 1950s to treat the patient deficiency in the natural
androgens with the muscle –wasting disease. HIV patients and
individuals undergoing kidney dialysis .
• 90% of male and 80% of female professional body builders -
use anabolics often combined with stimulants hormones to
facilitate the training response.
 Urinary ratio of testosterone to luteinizing hormone(T/LH) or
 Urinary ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E).

6. • Anabolic steroids -function -chief male hormone testosterone.
• AAS- structurally related .
• Increase in bodyweight, lean body mass, gain muscular
strength.
• Difference in muscle mass and strength that develop at the
onset of the puberty .
• Oral pills/injectable forms/transdermal patches.
• Remains controversial – sports- advantage in physical
competitions – DOPING.

7. HOW DO THEY TAKE IT?
• CYCLING- taking doses for a period of time, stopping
for a time and then restarting.
• STACKING- combining 2 or more different types of
steroids.
• PYRAMIDING- slowly increasing the dose or
frequency of abuse ,reaching a peak amount ,and
then gradually tapering off.
• The athlete -reduces the dosage in the months prior
to competition to reduce risk of during drug testing.

8. DO RISKS EXISTS?
• Infertility, reduced sperm concentrations and decreased
testicular volume pose additional problems for the steroid
abusers .
• Gonadal function usually returns to the normal after the
several months of steroid cessation.
• Estradiol concentration the major female hormone .
• Gynecomastia(excessive development of the male mammary
glands,sometimes secreting milk) noted in men who take
anabolic steroids .

9. STEROID USE AND PLASMA
LIPOPROTEINS
 Anabolic steroids use –
 Reduces the high density lipoprotein cholesterol
 Elevates both low density lipoprotein cholesterol , total
cholesterol
 Reduces the HDL-C to LDL-C ratio .
 The HDL-C of weight lifters who uses the anabolic steroids
averages of 26mg-dL compared with the 50mg-dL of weight
lifters of not taking drug.
 Reduced HDL-C -coronary artery disease risk .

10. STEROIDS SIDE EFFECTS IN
FEMALES
 Virilisation
 Disruption of normal growth pattern by premature
closure of the plates for the bone growth(also for
boys),
 Deepened voice,increased facial and body growth.
 Altered menstrual function, dramatic increase in
the sebaceous gland size, acne ,hirsutism, decreased
breast size.

11.  Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) were initially created for therapeutic
purposes, and synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone.
Due its great anabolic effects, these drugs are being used on a large scale,
for the improvement of sports performance.
 The results showed that in presence of a suitable AAS and diet can
contribute to increases in body weight, particularly lean body mass and
muscle strength gains achieved by high intensity exercise, these effects
can be further potentiated, the use of supraphysiological doses, but in the
aspect of aerobic power, there are not scientific evidence to support their
improvement.
 Regarding side effects, the use of AAS, is related to several complications
in the liver, cardiovascular system, reproductive system and
psychological characteristics, always assigned by the non-therapeutic and
abuse of AAS. Thus we conclude that the use of AAS, are directly linked to
gains muscle mass, strength, as well several side effects, always assigned
to abusive and indiscriminate doses.

12. • The use during puberty may lead to a deficit of growth, due to the
ossification of the bone epiphysis. Therefore, the use of steroids in
youngsters must be avoided, except due to medical prescription for some
pathologies .
• There is yet another factor related to the locomotion. The abusive use may
increase the risk of tendinous lesion due to the inhibition to the
synthesis of collagen in ligaments and tendons, as it was demonstrated in
a study with former football players users of steroids, in which a higher
number of articulation, tendinous and ligament lesions were shown .
• Gynecomastia is also one of the side effects most common. In a study
made, it was verified that 34% of users reported this problem, being the
biggest side effect .
• About the cardiovascular effects, some authors point out the left ventricle
hypertrophy due to the abusive use of steroids, an important factor for
the risk of sudden death .
• The hepatic effects are, doubtlessly, the most prevalent and severe on
users, such as hepatotoxicity and hepatomegaly.
• Amongst the side effects of steroids, there is change of mood, increase of
self-esteem, motivation and reduction of insomnia.

13. Anabolic androgenic steroids and doping in sports
Filomena Mazzeo, Antonio Ascione
Department of Institutional and Territorial Systems Studies,
University Parthenope, Naples, Italy,2012
Abstract.
• Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are
synthetic derivatives of testosterone, modified to enhance its anabolic actions
(promotion of protein synthesis and muscle growth). They are used by athletes
(weightlifters, shot, hammer, discus or javelin throwers and American football
players,swimmers and runners) to increase muscular mass and athletic
performance and by bodybuilders to improve size and cosmetic appearance. AAS
were the first identified doping agents that have ergogenic effects and are on the
International Olympic Committee’s list of banned substances.
• The most popular AS used as doping substances are: oximetolone, oxandrolone,
testosterone undecanoate, nandrolone,decanoate, nandrolone undercanoate,
methandrostenolone.
• To reach high dosages and rapid effects, steroid users practice a method known as
“staking” which consist in the intake of two or more steroids in high dosages.
• Another method, called “pyramiding” provides a progressive increase of steroids
dosage. The pyramid protocol is alternated with drug-free, process defined as
“cycle”.

14. • AAS abuse causes significant side effect: infertility,
azoospermia, testicular atrophy, and gynecomastia in men
and in women may develop excessive body hair growth,
menstrual irregularity,hypertrophy of sebaceous glands,
acne. Other side effects are: premature cease of growth
caused by premature,epiphysis closure; Alteration of
cardiovascular function; increase of platelet aggregation
and plasmatic levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL); liver
damage; euphoria, aggressiveness and psychosis.
• Therefore, the use of AAS should be banned from the sport,
making a work of supervision and accountability of the
sports centers and authorities in this field.
• doping is “the assumption of substances or the recourse at
particular methods which are able to artificially increase an
athlete’s performance during a sports competition,
contrary to sports morals and despite physical and
psychological health”

15. DHEA
 Dehydroepiandrosterone(and its sulfated ester,DHEA sulfate
or DHEAS) ,is synthesized from cholesterol, primarily by the
adrenal cortex.
 Structure closely resembles that of the sex hormones
testosterone and oestrogen. Because DHEA occurs
naturally,the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)has no
control over its distribution or claims for its action and
effectiveness.
 The lay press, mail order companies ,and health food industry
describe DHEA as a pill to cure just about any bodily ill.
 Banned - National Football League, Major League Baseball,
National Collegiate Athletic Association,WADA(World Anti-
doping Agency)

16. It extends life
facilitates lean tissue gain and body fat loss
enhances mood and memory;
improves muscular capacity
boosts immunity against a variety of infectious
diseases including AIDS.
DHEA supplements –athletes-claim improve
muscle strength and enhance athletic
performance.
Little evidence- on enhancing muscle strength
.

17. • DHEA dosage for humans has not been determined.
• Concern exists about possible harmful effects on blood lipids
and prostate gland health.
• Long term DHEA supplementation(particularly in doses >50mg
daily)on body function and overall health.
• Converting DHEA into potent androgens like testosterone in
the body promotes facial hair growth in females and alters
normal menstrual function.
• DHEA lowers HDL-cholesterol ,which increases heart disease
risk .
• Body levels of DHEA are high in young adulthood and
gradually decrease to low levels with aging.

18. • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is often promoted as a
slimming and weight/fat loss agent and ingestion of DHEA
may have hypolipidemic and anti-obesity properties. The
main aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute
DHEA intake on body composition and serum steroid
hormones in young athletes. Twenty young (19 to 22 years)
male soccer players were allocated into two randomly
assigned trials in double-blind design by ingesting 100-mg
daily oral DHEA or as placebo (PLA) for 28 days. Body mass
was not affected by 4 weeks of DHEA supplementation (P >
0.05). No significant changes in body mass index (BMI), waist-
to-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat or total muscle mass for the
two groups were detected at the end of the trial .

19. • Treatment with DHEA resulted in a significant increase
of total testosterone, estradiol and DHEA-S levels in
treated subjects versus the placebo group (P < 0.05).
Results of this study suggest that DHEA
supplementation has no beneficial effects on body
composition in young competitive athletes.

20. ANDROSTENEDIONE
• a) directly stimulate endogenous testosterone production or
form androgen like derivatives
• b)enable them to train harder,build muscle mass and repair
injury more rapidly.
• The National Football League NCAA,Men’s Tennis Association
and the IOC ban its use because they believe it provides unfair
competitive advantage and may endanger health.
• Orginally developed by East Germany in the 1970 s to
enhance performance of their elite athletes,androstenedione
was first commercially manufactured and sold in the United
States in 1996.

21. • available - androstenedione containing
chewing gum and a steroid lozenge that
dissolves under the tongue.
• an intermediate or precursor hormone
between DHEA and testosterone ,aids the liver
in synthesizing other biologically active steroid
hormones.
• Produced by the adrenal glands and gonads.

22. • Increased health risks- impaired lipid
metabolism ,such as decreased HDL-
cholesterol and increased LDL – cholesterol-
risk for CVD.
• Several studies have reported -exert
feminizing effects in males, such as
gynecomastia(breast enlargement).
• Other adverse effects on gonadal hormones
may be associated with testicular shrinkage
and infertility.

23. AMPHETAMINES
• Stimulating effect on the central nervous system function.
amphetamine (Benezedrine)and dextroamphetamine sulfate
(Dexedrine).
• Amphetamines are sympathomimetic because their effect
mimic action of the sympathetic hormones and
norepinephirne .
• These hormone increases the blood pressure , pulse
rate,cardiac output, breathing rate , metabolism, blood sugar .
• Taking 5 to 20 mg of amphetamines -30 to 90 minutes after
ingestion.
• Soldiers in the world war 2 commonly used the
amphetamines to increase the alterness and to reduce the
tiredness fatigue.

24. AMPHETAMINES USE AND ATHLETIC
PERFORMANCE
• nervous ,irritable and have difficulty relaxing .
• Under the circumstances they take a barbiturate to
induce sleep. Then they regain the “hyper” condition
by taking up “upper” .
• This cycle of depressant to stimulant becomes
potentially dangerous because the stimulant act
abmormally following barbiturate intake .
• The IOC ,American Medical Association ,and most sport
governing groups have rules that disqualify athletes for
amphetamine use.
• Ironically, most research indicates that amphetamines
do not enhance exercise performance.

25. Central nervous system stimulants and sport
practice
Br J Sports Med,2012., L Avois, N Robinso
• Background
Central nervous system (CNS)
stimulants may be used to reduce tiredness and
increase alertness, competitiveness, and
aggression. They are more likely to be used in
competition but may be used during training to
increase the intensity of the training session.
There are several potential dangers involving
their misuse in contact sports.

26. • Amphetamines-
nasal decongestant,antidepressant,appetite
suppressant- appear to enhance brain activity of
nonadrenaline and dopamine, intensifies
psychological sensations of alertness,
concentration, self confidence.
Aggressiveness- high doses, low doses-
alertness.
Improve reaction time when fatigued
Increase muscular strength, endurance.

27. REFERENCES
• 1) Mc Ardle, Frank I Katch and Victor L Katch ‘’SPORTS AND
EXERCISE NUTRITION’’-2 nd edition ,Pg.no.317 to 331.
• 2) Heather Hedrick Fink and Burgoon “PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS IN SPORTS NUTRITION” Pg.no.270,271.
• 3) Melvin H Williams ‘’ NUTRITION FOR HEALTH ,FITNESS
AND SPORTS’’ Pg.no.499,500.

28. THANKYOU..