Applications of Nanotechnology - Water treatment - Construction - Electronics - Biosensors -

1. Nanoscience&
Nanotechnology
Steps To the future
Usama Abd Elhafeez
1/6/2018

2. Nanoscience&
Nanotechnology
Steps To the future
Usama Abd Elhafeez
31/8/2018

3. Last Session
Types of nanomaterial characterization
• Spectroscopic methods
i.e. UV-VIS, DLS
• Imaging methods
i.e. TEM, SEM, AFM

4. Applications Of Nanotechnology
Enviromental
Construction
Electronics
Energy
Biotechnology - Biosensors

5. Nanomaterials for
Water treatment

6. water everywhere
 Over 75% of the earth surface is covered in water
 97.5% of this water is salt water, leaving 2.5% as fresh water.
 Nearly 70% of the fresh water is frozen in the icecaps of
Antartica and Greenland; most of the remainder is present as soil
moisture or as groundwater not accessible to human use.
 Less than 1% of the world’s freshwater is accessible for direct human
uses.

7. Why wastewater treatment???
 Increasing population
 Depleting water resources
 Climate change resulting in prolonged
droughts and floods.

8. Why research is still going on?????
 Day to day Change in wastewater composition
 Requirement of stable methods
 Requirement of economical methods
 Requirement of effective methods
 Search for reliable methods

9. Current Purification Methods Chemical
Activated Carbon
Chlorination
UV light
Biological
Bacteria to decompose waste
Oxidation of chemicals
Mechanical
Settling
Sand or similar screening material

10. Advanced types of Mechanical
Filtration
Some methods of mechanical
filtering are actually capable of
doing so on the nano-metre
scale:
i.e. Diatom filtration
Reverse Osmosis

11. Diatom Filtration
Diatoms are small single-celled
marine algae that use silica to
form hard shells.
They have small pores that
allow the flow of nutrients.
SEM micrographs of diatoms

12. Diatom Filtration
a-d Examples of
diatom morphologies
(scale 10μm)
e Valve openings
(scale 1μm)

13. Diatom Filtration
Due to their small size and hard shells they can be packed together to form compact
filters capable of filtering objects on the micron scale
Unfortunately due to the relatively large size of their pores they are incapable of
removing chemical impurities

14. Reverse Osmosis
Drawbacks:
• Most of the water wasted ~87%
• High pressures are needed to
maintain flow
• Membrane rapidly loses efficacy
• Pressure is applied across a membrane, driving pure water across
while leaving concentrate behind

15. Nanotech Solutions
Use of Nano-tubes as filtering devices
Use of Nano-particles as treatment agents

16. Nanofiltration

17. Nanotube filters
The Use of Carbon Nano-tubes as filtering devices
The nano-tubes act as a kind of
molecular filter, allowing smaller
molecules (such as water) to pass
through the tubes, while contaminants
are too large to pass through.

18. Removal of bacteria using nanotube filter
a, The unfiltered water containing E. coli bacteria
b, The E. coli bacteria (marked by arrows) grown by the culture of the polluted water
c, The filtration experiment
d, The water filtered through nanotube filter
e, The filtrate after culture showing the absence of the bacterial

19. Advantages
Much less pressure required to move water across filter
Much more efficient
Filter easily cleaned by back flushing
Selective adsorption properties of nanotube surfaces
Incredibly large surface area
Manmade nanotube membranes allow fluid flow 10,000 to
100,000 times faster than conventional fluid flow theory
would predict

20. Conclusion
Nano-technology could potentially lead to
more effective means of filtration that not only
remove more impurities than current methods
but do so faster, more economically and more
selectively

21. BIOSENSORS

22. What is a Biosensor?
“Biosensor” – Any device that uses specific biochemical
reactions to detect chemical compounds in biological
samples.

24. A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical
transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte
which is then conveyed to a detector.

25. Components of a Biosensor

26. Analyte
Sample
handling/
preparation
Detection
Signal
Analysis
Response

27. 1. The Analyte (What do you want to detect)
Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar,
metal ion
2. Sample handling (How to deliver the analyte to the sensitive
region?)
(Micro) fluidics - Concentration increase/decrease),
Filtration/selection

28. 4. Signal
(How do you know there was a detection)
3. Detection/Recognition
(How do you specifically recognize the analyte?)

29. Example of biosensors
Pregnancy test
Detects the hCG protein in urine.
Glucose monitoring device (for
diabetes patients)
Monitors the glucose level in the
blood.

30. Types of Biosensors
1. Calorimetric Biosensor
2. Potentiometric Biosensor
3. Amperometric Biosensor
4. Optical Biosensor
5. Piezo-electric Biosensor

31. Piezo-Electric Biosensors
The change in frequency is proportional to the mass of absorbed material.
Piezo-electric devices use gold to detect the specific
angle at which electron waves are emitted when the
substance is exposed to laser light or crystals, such
as quartz, which vibrate under the influence of an
electric field.

32. Piezo-Electric Biosensors
The change in frequency is proportional to the mass of absorbed material.

33. Electrochemical Biosensors
• For applied current:
Movement of e- in redox
reactions detected when a
potential is applied between
two electrodes.

34. Potentiometric Biosensor
For voltage: Change in
distribution of charge is
detected using ion-
selective electrodes,
such as pH-meters.

35. Optical Biosensors
•Colorimetric for color
Measure change in light adsorption
•Photometric for light intensity
Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent
process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes
or photodiode systems.

36. Motivated by the application to clinical
diagnosis and genome mutation detection
Types DNA Biosensors
Electrodes
Chips
Crystals
DNA biosensor

38. 1. LINEARITY Linearity of the sensor should be high
forth detection of high substrate
concentration.
2. SENSITIVITY Value of the electrode response per
substrate concentration.
3. SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be
minimized for obtaining the correct
result.
4.RESPONSE TIME Time necessary for having 95%
of the response.
Basic Characteristics of a
Biosensor

39. Nanomaterials for
construction

41. concrete
Nanotechnology Can Modify the structure of concrete
and Improve :
• Mechanical Performance ( CNT )
• Density
• Stability
• Durability
• Self healing

42. Self Healing
a) Cracks form in the matrix
wherever damage occurs.
(b) The crack ruptures the
microcapsules, releasing the
healing agent into the crack
plane through capillary action.
(c) The healing agent
contacts the catalyst, triggering
polymerization that bonds
Crack
Microcapsule
Healing agent
Polymerized healing
agent

45. Nanotechnologies for Wood
Highly water repellent coatings incorporating silica
and alumina nanoparticles and hydrophobic
polymers are proper to be used for wood.

46. Nanotechnology for Glass
Fire protective glass is another application of
nanotechnology .
This is achieved by using a clear layers sandwiched
between glass panels (an inter layer) formed of
fumed silica(SiO2)nanoparticles which turns into a
rigid and opaque fire shield when heated.

47. Nano Sensors
self-
sensing
self-
actuating
Smart materials and structures
They can monitor and/or control The environment
conditions (e.g . Temperature ,moisture ,smoke , noise ,etc
.)and the materials/structure performance(e.g .stress ,strain
,vibration ,cracking ,corrosion etc.)during the structure’s life.

48. Nanotechnology for Coating
• Self cleaning
• Anti-scratch
• Anti-fungal
• Anti-bacterial
• anti-reflection

49. Coating
A coating is applied to the surface
of an object, referred to
substrate.
improve surface properties of the
substrate, such as appearance, adhesion,
wettability, corrosion resistance, wear
resistance, and scratch resistance

50. Pigment – Pigment are used decoratively as colorant or
functional as anticorrosion or magnetic pigment.
Binder – The binder bonds the pigment particles to each
other and to the substrate.
Additives - Substances added in small proportion to coating
composition to modify or improved properties
Fillers - Mostly used to extend the volume (low price), to
confer or to improve technical properties.
Solvent – Liquid consists of several components and dissolved
binders without chemical reaction.

51. Nanocoating
Nanocoating are coating that produced by usage of some components at
nanoscale to obtain desired properties.
Nanocoatings can be categorized as nanocrystalline, multilayer coatings
with individual layer thickness of nanometers, and nanocomposites.
Nanostructured coatings offer great potential for various applications due
to their superior characteristics that are not typically found
in conventional coatings.

52. Classification of
Coating
Properties
Functional
Coating
Self- Assembled
Nanophase
Coating

53. FUNCTIONAL COATING
The term ‘functional coatings’ describes systems which represent
other than the classical properties of a coating (decoration and
protection). Functional coating come up with additional
functionality. This functionality depend upon the actual
application of a coated substrate.
Self-cleaning
Easy-to clean (anti-
graffiti)
Antifouling
Soft feel
Antibacterial
Durability Reproducibility
Easy application
and cost
effectiveness
Tailored surface
morphology
Environmental
friendliness
Examples of functional coating

54. Bulk film properties
Film/ substrate interface
properties
Air/ Film interfaces
properties

56. Barrier effect
Polymeric coatings are applied to metallic substrates to provide
a barrier against corrosive species.
They are not purely impermeable. Moreover, defects or
damages in the coating layer provide pathways by which the
corrosive species may reach the metal surface, whereupon
localized corrosion can occur.

57. Inhibition
Primers containing metallic phosphate, silicate,
titanate or molybdate compounds are available as
compounds used as corrosion inhibitors to formulate
anticorrosive primers for metallic substrate.

58. High thermal-resistant coatings are required for a wide variety of metallic
substrates,
Fluorine or silicon-based products are used for the products. Fluorinated
coatings are not suitable for high-temperature applications as they degrade
above ~300 ºC and produce toxic by products.
Silicon-containing polymers offer better thermal resistance due to the high
energy required to cleave silicon bonds compared to carbon bonds in
analogous molecules.

59. Expandable graphites also used as fire retardant; these
contain chemical compounds, including an acid,
entrapped between the carbon layers.
Upon exposure to higher temperatures, exfoliation of
the graphite takes place and this provides an insulating
layer to the substrate.

60. Conventional Coating System

67. Electronics and Computers
» Smaller Transistors
» Smaller Memory
» Smaller Circuitry

68. Transistors
Instead of making transistor components and assembling them on a
board, nanoscale transistors are grown together on a silicon wafer.
They look much different from the traditional transistors.
Because of nanotechnology, the speed of computers has increased
while the price of computing has decreased

69. Single electron Transistors ( SET )
Needs Only one electron to change from
insulating to conducting state
Low power consumption
Remarkable speed
Quantum Dots

70. Transistors

71. Memory and Storage
This is a 2 gigabyte hard drive.
It weighs about 70 pounds.
It was first used in the 1980s.
ranged from $80,000 to $140,000

72. 2 GB in 1980s
$80,000
2 GB in 1990s
$200
2 GB in 2010
5$

74. hp & memristor
nanowires coated with titanium dioxide.
single-component memory cell
higher memory density than flash memory chips

75. Displays
Nanotubes are small enough that they cannot be seen, so they can be
great conductors to be used as transparent contacts.
These layers contain transparent
electrodes

76. Mobile
Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia
Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK).
• The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely dirt
repellent.
• It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using
photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it's surface.

77. Energy
Solar PV Cells
• Solar cells are photovoltaic device.
• It converts light energy into electrical energy.
• Majority of solar cells are fabricated by
semiconductors like silicon or GE.
DEMERITS OF SOLAR CELLS
• Less efficient and high manufacturing cost.
• Extra energy is wasted in heat form.

78. Solar PV cell with Nanotechnology
• Nanostructured thin films(silicon films) are used in solar cells of 150nm.
• Thin films offers more Absorption of photons.
• electrons holes travel short path to reach conduction band.
Nano boosts cells performance
• Solar cells coated with thin film of silicon of 1 nanometer are most efficient.
• Thin films boost performance by 60% of UV rays are absorbed.

79.  Advantage of Nanotechnology In PV Cell
• Higher lighter Absorption.
•• Nanotechnology reduces installation cost.
• Power solar sheets helps to reduces cost of solar cells
• reducing production cost from $3 a watt to 30 cents
only.