NANOPHYSICS . A PPT SLIDE ON NANO PHYSICS ITS APPLICATIONS .

1. Nano physics
Made by
Anant vyas
Utsav Gandhi
Rahul gohel
Milind parekh
Ninama viral ( KOMAL SHAH

2. Nanophysics-an introduction
What is nanomaterials??
•Nanomaterials are the materials containing
nanocrystals, i.e., with morphological features on the
nanoscale, ranging from 1 to 100 nm.
•The nanomaterials may be metals ,alloys
intermetallics,and ceramics .
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3. Surface to volume ratio
 It is amount of surface area per unit volume of an
object.
 Surface to volume ratio has significant effect on the
properties of Nanomaterials
 It has larger surface area compared to the same
volume of bulk.
 Assume nano particle of spherical shape having
radius r
 Surface area: 4πr2
 Volume of sphere : 4/3(πr3 )
 So SA:V = 3/r
 It shows that SA:V increase with decrease in r
 When same volume is divided into smaller pieces
the surface area is increases.
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4. Effect of surface to volume ratio
on nanomaterials
 Increase in surface to volume ratio
provides stability to particle size.
 Binding energy of particle is also
increases
 Melting point , structural properties,
optical properties, electrical properties
and magnetic properties will change.
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5. Quantum size effects and
Electron confinement
 It describes how the electronic and optical
properties changes when the material size
is at nanoscale.
 Material size is decreased towards
nanoscale the confinement dimension also
decreases.
 Energy spectrum becomes discrete called
quantum confinement .
 It can be 0D, 1D or 2D
 0 D confinement is found in quantum dots
 1 D confinement is found in quantum wire
 2 D confinement is found in quantum well
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6. Unusual properties of
Nanomaterials
 Optical properties
 Electrical properties
 Mechanical properties
 Magnetic properties
 Chemical properties
 Sensors properties
 Cosmetics properties
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7. Disadvantages of Nanomaterials
 Impurity
 Difficulty in synthesis, isolation and
application
 Instability of the particles
 Involves use of harsh toxic solvents in
the preparation process
 May trigger immune response and
allergic reactions
 Extensive use of poly(vinyl alcohol) as
stabilizer may have toxicity issues
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8. Synthesis of Nanomaterials
 Classification of
synthesis methods
1. Top down process
2. Bottom up process
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9. Top down synthesis process
 Milling
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10. Bottom up synthesis process
 PVD( Physical vapour deposition)
 CVD(Chemical vapour deposition)
 PECVD(Plasma enhanced vapour
deposition)
 Sol gel
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11. Solgel method
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12. ABOUT SOL GEL PROCESS
 The method is used for the fabrication
of metal oxides, especially the oxides
of silicon and titanium.
 The process involves conversion of
monomers into a colloidal solution
(sol) that acts as the precursor for an
integrated network (or gel) of either
discrete particles or network polymers.
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13. SOL GEL PROCESS (WHY IT IS
USED )
 In this technique ,materials ,both
ceramic and metals can be produced at
alow temperature .
 Any type of matrial can be synthesized
in large quantities very cheaply .
 Extremely homogenous alloys and
composites can be produced .
 High purity of materials can be obtained
.
 Co synthesize of two or more materials
is possible . KOMAL SHAH

14. ELECTRO DEPOSITION
 Electrodeposition may refer to:
 Electroplating, a process that uses electric
current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that
they form a coherent metal coating on an
electrode
 Electrophoretic deposition, a term for a broad
range of industrial processes which includes
electrocoating, e-coating, cathodic
electrodeposition, anodic electrodeposition and
electrophoretic coating, or electrophoretic
painting
 Underpotential deposition, a phenomenon of
electrodeposition of a species (typically reduction
of a metal cation to a solid metal) at a potential
less negative than the equilibrium (Nernst)
potential for the reduction of this metal
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15. ELECTRO –DEPOSITION
 Electroplating is a process that uses
electric current to reduce dissolved
metal cations so that they form a thin
coherent metal coating on an electrode. The
term is also used for
electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid
substrate, as in the formation silver chloride
on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride
electrodes.
 Electroplating is primarily used to change the
surface properties of an object
(e.g. abrasion and wear
resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity,
aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be
used to build up thickness on undersized
parts or to form objects by electroforming.KOMAL SHAH

16. Electro
plating
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17. Carbon Nanotubes:
 A Carbon Nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of
carbon, having a diameter measuring on the nanometer
scale.
 The graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up
chicken wire with a continuous unbroken hexagonal
mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes of the
hexagons.
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18. Classification of carbon
nanotube
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Single walled CNT
Multi walled CNT

19. Synthesis of carbon nanotube
Arc discharge
Laser ablation
CVDKOMAL SHAH

20. Application of carbon
nanotube
 Conductive plastics
 Structural composite materials
 Flat-panel displays
 Gas storage
 Antifouling paint
 Micro- and nano-electronics
 Radar-absorbing coating
 Technical textiles
 Ultra-capacitors
 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) tips
 Batteries with improved lifetime
 Biosensors for harmful gases
 Extra strong fibers
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21. PVD( Physical vapour
deposition)
Evaporation
sputtring
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22. Ball mining (mechanical crushing
)
 In case of continuously operated ball
mill, the material to be ground is fed from
the left through a 60° cone and the
product is discharged through a 30° cone
to the right.
 As the shell rotates, the balls are lifted
up on the rising side of the shell and then
they cascade down (or drop down on to
the feed), from near the top of the shell.
In doing so, the solid particles in
between the balls and ground areKOMAL SHAH

23. BALL MINING (APPLICATIONS )
 The ball mill is used for grinding materials
such as coal, pigments, and feldspar for
pottery.
 Grinding can be carried out either wet or dry
but the former is performed at low speed.
Blending of explosives is an example of an
application for rubber balls
 For systems with multiple components, ball
milling has been shown to be effective in
increasing solid-state chemical reactivity]
 Additionally, ball milling has been shown
effective for production of amorphous
materials.
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24. Ball mining
modern day ball milling process
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25. Ball mining
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26. CVD(Chemical vapour
deposition)
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27. Chemical vapour deposition
 principle: chemical vapour deposition is a
process which in volves the flow of a gas
with the diffused reactants over a hot
substrate surface .
 The process is often used in
the semiconductor industry to produce thin
films. In typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is
exposed to one or more volatile precursors,
which react and/or decompose on the
substrate surface to produce the desired
deposit. Frequently, volatile by-products are
also produced, which are removed by gas
flow through the reaction chamber.
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28. Uses of CVD .
 CVD is commonly used to deposit conformal
films and augment substrate surfaces in ways
that more traditional surface modification
techniques are not capable of.
 CVD is extremely useful in the process
of atomic layer deposition at depositing
extremely thin layers of material. A variety of
applications for such films exist.
 Gallium arsenide is used in some integrated
circuits (ICs) and photovoltaic devices.
Amorphous polysilicon is used in photovoltaic
devices.
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29. USES –(CONTINUED)
 Certain carbides and nitrides confer
wear-resistance.[7] Polymerization by
CVD, perhaps the most versatile of all
applications, allows for super-thin
coatings which possess some very
desirable qualities, such as lubricity,
hydrophobicity and weather-resistance to
name a few.[8]
 CVD of metal-organic frameworks, a
class of crystalline nanoporous
materials, has recently been
demonstrated.[9] Applications for these
films are anticipated in gas sensing
and low-k dielectrics. KOMAL SHAH

30. THANK YOU
KOMAL SHAH