The document provides an overview of fundamental web concepts including: - The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that allows billions of devices to share information and communicate. - IP addresses are unique numeric identifiers assigned to devices connected to a network that are used to locate and address specific routers or hosts. - Domain names are human-friendly names like "google.com" that are translated to IP addresses by the Domain Name System (DNS) to locate websites.

1. Web
Programming
Karnataka LMS 1
Programme B.Sc
Subject COMPUTER SCIENCE
Semester VI
Session No. 1
Topic Fundamentals of Web: Internet
Created by Dr Hamela K

2. Karnataka LMS 2
Fundamental of Web
• Web Programming is a broad term for the work involved in
developing a website or web application for the Internet or intranet
• In web programming, it is essential to understand some of the web
concepts like
• Internet
• WWW
• Web Browsers
• Web Servers
• URL
• MIME
• HTTP

3. Karnataka LMS 3
INTERNET
• Internet is network of networks that consists of millions of
computers across the World
• It is a collection of interconnected networks
• The Internet links are computer networks all over the world
so that users can share resources and communicate with
each other.
• The popular term for the Internet is the “information
highway”.

4. Karnataka LMS 4
HISTORY OF INTERNET
*Source: https://zaiiglock.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/history-of-the-internet/
Fig 1: The History of Internet*

5. IP ADDRESS
• IP address stands for Internet Protocol address.
It is 32-bit logical address used in computer
network to send and receive data.
• It is a numeric address
• It’s an identifier for a computer or a device on a
network
• Every device should have a ID address for
communication purpose.
• An IP address consists of four numbers; each
can contain one to three digits. These numbers
are separated with a single dot (.). These four
numbers can range from 0 to 255.
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6. IP Addresses Types
INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 4
INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 6
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7. INTERNET
PROTOCOL
VERSION 4
• IPv4 was the first version of IP.
• It was deployed for production in the ARPANET in
1983.
• Today it is most widely used IP version. It is used to
identify devices on a network using an addressing
system.
• The IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing to
store 2^32 addresses which is more than 4 billion
addresses.
• Till date, it is considered the primary Internet
Protocol and carries 94% of Internet traffic.
• Example: 12.244.233.165
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* Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
Fig 2 IPV4*

8. Features of
IPv4
• Connectionless Protocol
• Allow creating a simple virtual communication
layer over diversified devices
• It requires less memory, and ease of
remembering addresses
• Already supported protocol by millions of devices
• Offers video libraries and conferences
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9. Class Ranges of Internet Addresses
Karnataka LMS 9
*Source:https://docplayer.net/18417455-Chapter-19-network-layer-logical-addressing-19-1.html
Fig 3 Ranges of IP Address

10.  Class A addresses are assigned to networks with a very large
number of hosts
 The high-order bit in a class A address is always set to zero.
 The next seven bits (completing the first octet) complete the
network ID.
 The remaining 24 bits represent the host ID.
Class A
Karnataka LMS 10
*Source: https://www.ittsystems.com/introduction-to-subnetting/
Fig 4 Class A*

11. o Class B addresses are assigned to medium-sized to large-sized
networks.
o The two high-order bits in a class B address are always set to binary 1 0.
o The next 14 bits complete the network ID.
o The remaining 16 bits represent the host ID.
Class B
Karnataka LMS 11
*Source: https://www.ittsystems.com/introduction-to-subnetting/
Fig 5 Class B*

12.  Class C addresses are used for small networks.
 The three high-order bits in a class C address are always set
to binary 1 1 0.
 The next 21 bits complete the network ID.
 The remaining 8 bits represent the host ID.
Class C
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*Source: https://www.ittsystems.com/introduction-to-subnetting/
Fig 5 Class C*

13.  Class D addresses are reserved for IP multicast addresses.
 The four high-order bits in a class D address are always set to binary 1 1 1 0.
 The remaining bits are for the address that interested hosts recognize.
 Class E is an experimental address that is reserved for future use
 The high-order bits in a class E address are set to 1111.
Class D & E
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14. Karnataka LMS 14
IPV6
• The IPv6 is the most recent version of Internet Protocol.
• As the Internet is growing rapidly, there is a global shortage for IPv4.
• IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• IPv6 is intended to replace the IPv4.
• IPv6 uses a 128-bit address and it allows 2128 i.e. approximately
3.4×1038 addresses.
• The actual number is slightly smaller as some ranges are reserved for special use
or not used.
• The IPv6 addresses are represented by 8 groups of four hexadecimal digits with the
groups being supported by colons. An example is given below:
Internet Protocol Version 6
*Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/uxqfmnc47ix81XL59
Fig 6 IPV6

15. The features
of IPv6
The main features of the IPv6 are listed below.
• IPv6 provides better end-to-end
connectivity than IPv4.
• Comparatively faster routing.
• IPv6 offers ease of administration than IPv4.
• More security for applications and networks.
• It provides better Multicast and Anycast
abilities.
• Better mobility features than IPv4.
• IPv6 follows the key design principles of IPv4
and so that the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is
smoother.
Karnataka LMS 15

16. Karnataka LMS 16
DOMAIN NAMES
A domain name is a unique name that identifies a website.
For example, the domain name of the Department of Collegiate
Education, Karnataka is https://dce.karnataka.gov.in
Eg: www.google.com
Each website has a domain name that serves as an address, which is
used to access the website.
All domain names have a domain suffix, such as .com, .net, or .org.

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.com – Commercial
.edu – Education
.org – Organization
.gov – Government
.mil – Military
 au-Australia
 in-India
 cl - Chile
 fr-France
 us -United States
*Source: www.educba.com
Fig 7 Types of Domain

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SUB DOMAIN NAMES
A subdomain is an additional part to your main domain name. Subdomains are
created to organize and navigate to different sections of your website.
We can create multiple subdomains or child domains on our main domain.
Eg: www.google.com
https://calendar.google.com
https://books.google.co.in/
https://prepaidgamercard.com/product/sony-playstation-classic-console/

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.
Domain Name System (DNS)
 In addition to an IP address, most Internet hosts or servers
have a Domain Name System (DNS) address.
 DNS is a service that translates the domain name into IP
addresses.

20. Karnataka LMS 20
www://wikipedia.org/
172.16.254.1
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
DNS is a client/server network communication
protocol.
DNS clients send requests to the server while DNS
servers send responses to the client.
• When we type website address into the browser, it
asks the local DNS Server for its IP address.
• When the local DNS does not find the IP address of
requested domain name, it forwards the request to
the root DNS server and again enquires about IP
address of it.
• Then DNS server replies with IP address of
website.
• Now, the local DNS sends the IP address of
requested website to the computer that sends the
request.
Working of DNS

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Session Overview
• Fundamentals of Web
 Internet
 Internet Protocol Address
 Domain Names

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References
Robert W Sebesta, “Programming the World Wide Web”, 4th Edition, Pearson
Education, 2008.
M.Deitel, P.J.Deitel, A.B.Goldberg, “Internet & World Wide Web How to program”, 3rd
Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2004.
Chris Bates, “Web Programming Building Internet Applications”, 3rd Edition, Wiley
India, 2006.
Web Programming, Chitra Ravi, Subhas Stores, Bangalore
Web Programming in Simple steps, Srikanth S, Skyward Publishers, Bangalore
Web Programming, Dr. K Murugan, Sunstar Publication, Bangalore
https://techterms.com/definition/domain_suffix
https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-network-dns

23. Thank You
Karnataka LMS 23