SDG Indicators 14.4.1, 14.6.1, 14.b.1, and 14.1.7. Seeking for the environmental, economic, and social sustainability in fisheries

SDG Indicators 14.4.1, 14.6.1, 14.b.1, and 14.1.7.
Seeking for the environmental, economic, and
social sustainability in fisheries
Cristina Ribeiro
FAO Consultant
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy,
cristina.ribeiro@fao.org
AFRICAN COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
Twenty-Fifth Session
Entebbe, Uganda, 13 – 17 November 2017

14.1. By 2025, reduce pollution
14.2. By 2020, protect ecosystems
14.3. “ , impact of ocean acidification
14.4. By 2020, rebuild fisheries / restore fish stocks
14.5. By 2020, conservation through MPAs
14.6. By 2020, prohibit … fisheries subsidies
14.7. By 2030, economic benefits
14.a “ , research and technology transfer
14.b “ , access rights for Small Scale Fisheries
14.c “ , international laws implementation (UNCLOS)
An holistic set of indicators for Life under water
Interagency concertation at the recent UN Oceans Conference (NY – June 2017)
Worked on Partnerships and Commitments

Sustainable Development Goal
Indicator 14.4.1
“By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal,
unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and
implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks
in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum
sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics”
Indicator 14.4.1 - Proportion of fish stocks
within biologically sustainable levels
Contacts: Yimin.ye@fao.org
marc.taconet@fao.org
SDG 14.4.1 - Goal, target & indicator

FAO SOFIA - Global Trends in World Marine Fish Stock since 1974
4
• ~30% overfished in 2013
• 70% sustainable in 2013
FAO regularly
reports as part
of its biennial
SOFIA
publication the
state of fish
stocks at global
level
Global fisheries are declining
31.3%
58.1%
10.5%
This indicator measures the sustainability of
the world's marine capture fisheries by their
abundance
SDG14.4.1 - Policy Use and Interpretation
“the decreasing trend is worrying”

5
“the decline is particularly in the developing
world – sustainability is achievable”
31.3%
10.5%
FAO SOFIA - Global Trends in World Marine Fish Stock since 1974
SDG14.4.1 - Policy Use and Interpretation
FAO regularly
reports as part
of its biennial
SOFIA
publication the
state of fish
stocks at global
level
Global fisheries are declining
31.3%
58.1%
10.5%
This indicator measures the sustainability of
the world's marine capture fisheries by their
abundance

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
reference point against which stocks are to be classified as ‘biologically
sustainable’ or not
A well established indicator - MSY has been constantly referred to in the
international agreements for decades:
 UN Convention on Low of the Sea – (UNCLOS 1982)
 … measures should also be designed to maintain or restore populations of harvest species at
level which can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), … (Article 61.3)
 UN Fish Stock Agreement - (UNFSA 1995)
 maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce MSY (Par 30a)
 the fishing mortality rate which generates MSY should be regarded as a minimum standard for
limited reference points (Annex II, par 7)
Maximum Sustainable Yield as main reference point
SDG14.4.1 - Methodology

 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF, 1995)
 long-term sustainable use of fisheries resources is the overriding objective of conservation and
management, States and sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements
should, inter alia, adopt appropriate measures, based on the best scientific evidence available, which are
designed to maintain or restore stocks at levels capable of producing MSY,…
 Millennium Summit (2000)
 Goal 7- Environmental Sustainability
 Indicator 7.4 – Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
 WSSD (2002)
 Maintain/restore stocks to levels that can produce the MSY with the aim of achieving these goals for
depleted stocks on an urgent basis and where possible no later than 2015
 SDG (2030 Agenda)
 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
 Indicator 14.4.1 – by 2020, restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can
produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics
A well established indicator - MSY Constantly referred to in the
international agreements for decades
Maximum Sustainable Yield as main reference point

To know stock abundance, one needs to carry out stock
assessment that utilizes:
 fish catch statistics,
 fishing effort data
 biological information
and fit the data to a population dynamics model.
Assessing individual stock status
Knowing stock abundance cannot be directly computed from statistical data
Classic production model
Fish stocks that have
 abundance at or above the level associated with the maximum sustainable yield
are counted as  biologically sustainable,
 otherwise are considered as  overfished.
Assigning ‘status’ to fish stocks

 Status of shared or straddling stocks assessed under
RFMO/RFBs mandates
 Status of national stocks assessed under national
mandates
and in absence of stock assessment
 Analysis of Species catch trends by FAO area
(FAO catch statistics)
Stock units are defined at a granularity of [FAO
Major Fishing Areas X Species]
The “proportion” is calculated based on stock
numbers (without weighting either by its production volume
or stock abundance, that is every fish stock is considered of the
same importance)
From individual stock status to regional/global indicator
SOFIA’s indicator is the result of a methodology based on:

SDG14.4.1 – Methodology / Data sources
FIRMS is an information sharing partnership to facilitate the monitoring of stocks
status among:
• 14 International organizations
• 19 Regional Fishery Bodies (RFBs)
FIRMS – the Fisheries and Resources Monitoring System

Monitoring is based on inventories of stocks and fisheries
Each stock
inventoried
include
information on
the identification
of single stock
plus the indicators
of Stock Status
and total catch (or
landings)
FIRMS – the Fisheries and Resources Monitoring System
SDG14.4.1 – Methodology /Data sources
FIRMS has set Information Standards:
 To facilitate transparency and comparability among single stock status reports

With SDG14.4.1, countries will report on the status of stocks within their EEZs
 Shared / straddling stocks under RFMO/RFB mandates are excluded from SDG14.4.1
 For shared / straddling stocks outside of RFMO/RFB mandates, FAO should come-up
with attribution rules
RFMO: Regional Fishery Management Organization
RFB: Regional Fishery Body
Scope : national stocks

SOFIA’s indicator is not owned / reported by countries
Moving towards countries’ ownership implies …
Status regarding SDG14.4.1 - Limitations
a tier I indicator … which needs to be adapted for compliance with UNSD
 enabling countries to assess stocks
 a selection of species and identification of national stock units  national inventories
of relevant fish stocks
 stocks are individually assessed
 implementing a globally consistent monitoring framework
 assessment results of individual stocks are published in monitoring systems
 the proportion of sustainable fish stocks is compiled in time/space consistent ways

Low capacities in developing countries for assessing individual stocks
 Complex processing:
- traditional assessment methods are based on mathematical Models
- which methods to apply / who will do the assessment
 Catch / effort data not of sufficient quality:
- Catch often not available by species ; Effort often not available by fleet segment
- geographic distribution often not enough precise
- if available, time series are often short or difficult to reconstitute consistently in long term
Framework required for consistent monitoring across stocks and
time – challenges :
 How to select species, and stock units – not overlapping with those monitored
under RFB mandates
 Accept transparency rules
 Availability of monitoring system
Complex issue in low capacity context
SDG14.4.1 – Implementation challenges

A possible scenario is:
For assessment of individual Stock
 countries assess themselves the status of stocks under their responsibility
 countries delegate the assessment e.g. as part of RFB process
 countries require technical assistance for the assessment
SDG monitoring / reporting – relies on inventory of fish stocks
 According to FAO guidelines and standards
 FAO offers facility for unique global stock identifiers (through FIRMS);
 Publishing of such Unique Identifier constitutes a validation mechanism by FAO
 These unique global identifiers are then used as references for countries:
• To publish the Status of individual stocks on national web-sites,
and/or in case of low capacity
• To publish the Status of individual stocks through FIRMS
 To facilitate reporting of the indicator, a tool will assist in computing the percentage and
provide an indicator report for final validation by the country
how will countries fulfil their SDG14.4.1 ownership

On the overall reporting methodology
On the methods …, what species … , how data collected … , who
should do the assessment … , … reporting framework
On the role of Regional Fishery Bodies:
 in facilitating the capacity building process,
 in ensuring consistency in an inventory based approach (should this option be
selected).
COFI33 key milestone for countries to reach agreement
As Option for COFI33: a standards’ based inventory mechanism
 traceability and transparency
 comparability across national … regional … global level
 expected to strengthen SOFIA’s indicator on the state of stocks

FAO is developing a capacity building plan for its member countries
Identification of a suitable set of stock assessment methods in Data Poor
situations
Guidelines on the monitoring / reporting framework
Expansion of the FIRMS model / partnership to support national stock status
monitoring
Development of an e-training curriculum
Convening of a global expert workshop (Nov. 2017) involving regional experts:
 methods will be peer reviewed for endorsement
 experts will be trained as trainers
 reporting framework and options will be reviewed
SDG 14.4.1 – Capacity Development/Technical Assistance

Support to fisheries management, stock assessment
 Direct assessment from Scientific cruises, e.g. with FAO’s
Fritdjoff Nansen research vessel
 Training courses on stock assessment based on Data
Limited methods
 Development of fishery management plans based on
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF)
 Support to regional capacity building workshops in
collaboration with RFBs

Support to national data collection systems
Guidelines, Training courses, Tools
 >80 African
experts already
trained in this
course
in English @
LegonUniv.,
Accra, Ghana
and in French @
ISSEA, Yaoundé,
Cameroon
 OpenArtFish software (since 1990s). The new
version allows tailoring to the existing national
data collection system. It is paired with a tablet-
based mobile data collection capacity. It will be
published very soon.
ARTFISH

IT partnerships for innovative technologies
Catch statistics with
• Higher species breakdown
• Known geographic distribution
• Consistent time series
Stock assessment and SDG reporting
• Training more accessible and efficient
• Data services for monitoring of stock status
Objectives
Effort statistics
• More available with geographic breakdown
• For better estimation of CPUEs
Fishery statistics
• Integrated and harmonized
• Ease of reporting

IT partnerships for innovative technologies
Catch statistics with
• Higher species breakdown
• Known geographic distribution
• Consistent time series
Stock assessment and SDG reporting
• Training more accessible and efficient
• Data services for monitoring of stock status
Objectives
Effort statistics
• More available with geographic breakdown
• For better estimation of Catch per Unit Effort
Fishery statistics
• Integrated and harmonized
• Ease of reporting
FAO - Google Earth Engine
FI - Global Fishing Watch

Questions for the panel
What actions in your country to assess the state of stocks?
• Are you able to develop a list of stocks within your EEZ
• What proportion of these can you assess
What challenges can you foresee ?
Training or technical assistance needs to successfully
produce the indicator?
Action – FAO support to countries to achieve SDG 14.4.1
Feedback from participants welcomed

Indicator 14.b.1
Provide access for small-scale artisanal
fishers to marine resources and markets
Indicator 14.6.1 – progress by countries in the
degree of application of a
legal/regulatory/policy/institutional framework
which recognizes and protects access rights for small-
scale fisheries
 progress in achieving
enablers of access rights
for SSF
Contact: Nicole.franz@fao.org
Jennifer.gee@fao.org
SDG 14.b - Goal, target & indicator
Policy Use and Interpretation

In order to guarantee secure access from small-scale artisanal
fishers to marine resources and markets,
 an enabling environment is necessary which recognizes and
protects small-scale fisheries rights.
Such an enabling environment has three key features:
 Appropriate legal, regulatory and policy frameworks,
 Specific initiatives to support small-scale fisheries and
 Related institutional mechanisms which allow for the
participation of small-scale fisheries organizations in relevant
processes
Target - Rational and purpose
SDG14.b - Policy Use and Interpretation

The only SDG that directly addresses small-scale fisheries (SSF)
SSF subsector accounts for 90% of the full-time / part-time workers who
directly depend on commercial capture fisheries value chains for their
livelihoods.
 Near 50% are women
 90-95% of the catch are for local human consumption.
 Small-scale fisheries actors have to be key actors in sustainable use of marine
resources
SSF are keys in livelihood  linkages with:
 SDG 1 (No poverty), SGDs 2 (End hunger), SDG 5 (Women empowerment),
SDG 12 (Ensure sustainable consumption and production) and SDG 13 (Take
urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts).
Target - Rational and purpose
SDG14.b - Policy Use and Interpretation

Composite indicator based on FAO member country responses
to the CCRF survey
 Since 2016, survey is administered in electronic form and includes a
new section in relation to small-scale fisheries and the
implementation of the SSF Guidelines
 Circulated every two years to FAO members (194 + EU) and
observers (regional organizations, IGOs and INGOs)
 CCRF survey usually compiled by national fisheries administrations
 Survey responses are reviewed and presented by FAO to the
Committee on Fisheries (COFI) with aggregation of results at
regional and global level
Is a tier III indicator – builds on FAO VGSSF
SDG 14.b.1 – Methodology

Process for Indicator Reporting
Data source
 Data will be collected through FAO
Members’ responses to relevant sections of
the biennial web-based questionnaire on
the implementation of the CCRF
Computing method
 The unit of measurement of the indicator is
a score on a scale of 0 to 1, computed
through scores and weights assigned to
three main variables
 To facilitate reporting of the indicator, a
tool will automatically process the
responses and provide an indicator report
for final validation by the country
http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166326/en

The questions specifically focus on actual efforts to promote and
facilitate access rights for small scale fisheries
Based on the responses to those questions, states will score an
indicator value between 0 and 1
Indicator
Scoring
Existence of Instruments that
specifically target or address
the small-scale fisheries sector
On-going Specific Initiatives
to implement the SSF
Guidelines30% -
Mechanisms for small-scale
fishers and fish workers to
contribute to decision-making
processes
30% -
40% -
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
The indicator value is
computed through scores and
weights assigned to the three
questions.
Variables proposed to be covered by Indicator and scoring

Yes No
Law
Regulation
Policy
Plan/strategy
Other (please specify)
Proportion of number elements with ‘Yes’ multiplied with weighting
factor of 0.4
No – 0
Full score: 0.4
Variable 1
Question: Are there any
laws, regulations, policies,
plans or strategies that
specifically target or
address the small-scale
fisheries sector?

Improving tenure security for small-scale fishers and fish workers in accordance with SSF Guidelines paras 5.2-
5.12 [add note: please see chapter 5a of the SSF Guidelines]
Supporting small-scale fisheries actors to take an active part in sustainable resource management in
accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 5.13-5.20 [add note: please see chapter 5b of the SSF Guidelines]
Promoting social development, employment and decent work in small-scale fisheries in accordance
with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 6.2-6.18 [add note: please see chapter 6 of the SSF Guidelines]
Enhancing small-scale fisheries value chains, post-harvest operations and trade in accordance with SSF
Guidelines paragraphs 7.1-7.10 [add note: please see chapter 7 of the SSF Guidelines]
Ensuring gender equality in small-scale fisheries in accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 8.1-8.4 [add note:
please see chapter 8 of the SSF Guidelines]
Addressing disaster risks and climate change in small-scale fisheries in accordance with SSF Guidelines
paragraphs 9.1-9.9 [add note: please see chapter 9 of the SSF Guidelines]
Strengthening institutions in support of SSF and to promote policy coherence, coordination and collaboration
in accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 10.1-10.8 [add note: please see chapter 10 of the SSF Guidelines]
Improving information, research and communication on the contribution of SSF to food security
and poverty eradication in accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 11.1-11.11 [add note: please see chapter 11 of
the SSF Guidelines]
Implementing capacity development of fisheries organizations and other stakeholders in accordance
with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 12.1-12.4 [add note: please see chapter 12 of the SSF Guidelines]
Establishing or improving monitoring mechanisms and promoting SSF Guidelines implementation in
accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 13.1-13.6 [add note: please see chapter 13 of the SSF Guidelines]
Other( please specify)
__Yes
__No
If yes, please indicate what type of
activities are included in the initiative:
Proportion of elements with ‘Yes’
multiplied with weighting factor of 0.3
No – 0
Full score: 0.3
Question: Does your
country have a specific
initiative to implement
the SSF Guidelines?
Variable 2

__ Yes
__ No
__ n.a.
Yes - 0.3
No – 0
Full score 0.3
Variable 3
Question: Does your country
have mechanisms through
which small-scale fishers
and fish workers contribute
to decision-making
processes ?

FAO supports countries in relation to the implementation of the SSF Guidelines
1. Raising
awareness:
knowledge
products and
outreach
2. Strengthening
the science-
policy interface:
sharing of
knowledge and
supporting
policy reform
3. Empowering
stakeholders:
capacity
development
and institutional
strengthening
4. Supporting
implementation:
collaboration
and monitoring
Under the FAO SSF Umbrella Programme
SDG 14.b – FAO Capacity Development/Technical Assistance

 FAO Traceable, High Quality, Predictable Supply
 Reducing harmful subsidies
 Working with UNCTAD, WTO
 Catch Documentation Scheme approved in
June at the FAO Technical consultation
Exports
Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
(US$148b in 2014 – 55%
to Developing Countries)
FAO supports SIDS and LDC countries get market access
On Trade and Subsidies

Statistical data collection methods and guidelines
 Gender disaggregated data collection
 Fisheries & aquaculture in Agriculture census
 Target socio-economic surveys/assessments
 Use of Household surveys
 Development of statistical standards on definition of SSFs
Indicators for contribution of fish to FSN
Evidence base and monitoring
Objectives

What actions in your country to improve access of Small
scale fisheries to resources and markets?
Action – FAO support to countries to achieve SDG b

Indicator 14.6.1
Indicator 14.6.1 - Progress by countries in
the degree of implementation of international
instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing
By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate
and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should
be an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation
 progress in achieving
enablers for
fight against IUU
Contacts: matthew.camillieri@fao.org
blaise.kuemlangan@fao.org

Process followed:
in preparation for the submission to the Inter Agency Group on
SDG indicators for upgrading the indicator from tier III, several
steps are being followed:
 The 32nd Session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI, 2016)
approved the use of the CCRF questionnaire by Members for reporting on
SDG indicators
 The methodology for the indicator was reviewed and later approved by
the COFI Bureau
 A pilot study is to being carried out by participants from FAO Member
States
 Through dedicated hands-on session at relevant workshops (e.g. PSMA
workshop)
a tier III indicator – will require an upgrading

Data source
 Data will be collected through FAO
Members’ responses to relevant
sections in the biennial web-based
questionnaire on the implementation
of the CCRF
Computing method
 The unit of measurement of the
indicator is a score on a scale of 0 to
1, computed through scores and
weights assigned to three main
variables
 To facilitate reporting of the indicator,
a tool will automatically process the
responses and provide an indicator
report for final validation by the
country
http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166326/en
Process for Indicator Reporting
SDG 14.6.1 – Methodology

Focus and calculation method
The questions specifically focus on the
adherence and implementation of different
instruments used to combat IUU fishing
Based on the responses to those questions,
States will score an indicator value between 0
and 1
Indicator
14.6.1

Instruments covered by Indicator and Weighting
Indicator
14.6.1
Adherence (binding instruments) and implementation of the
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Development and implementation of a
national plan of action (NPOA) to combat IUU fishing in line with
the IPOA-IUU
2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures
Implementation of Flag State Responsibilities in the context of the
1993 FAO Compliance Agreement, and
FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance
1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
(10%)
(10%)
(30%)
(30%)
(20%)

Instrument applicability (scenarios)
Purpose: determine if any of the instruments are not applicable
to their State
 initial set of questions define certain fishery related characteristics of the
State
 Instruments that are not applicable will not be considered in the indicator
score and the weighting redistributed to applicable instruments

Questions covering adherence (binding instruments) and
implementation of instruments
 The indicator score will develop as the user fills out the questionnaire
 Upon completion, the user will receive a report of the indicator for validation
Example instrument question set:
Methodology – Scoring

 48 members (incl. EU) Party to the PSMA
agreement
 1st meeting of the Parties held in May 2017
 Capacity building programme in place, with
financial support from FAO, USA, Norway, Korea
and Sweden
 Global Record of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated
Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels launched in
May 2017
 Catch Documentation Scheme has been
approved in June 2017 by technical consultation
FAO program on Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated Fishing
SDG 14.4.1 – FAO Capacity Development/Technical Assistance

Action – FAO support to countries to achieve SDG 14.6.1
What actions in your country to combat IUU?

Indicator 14.7.1
By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island
developing States and least developed countries from the
sustainable use of marine resources, including through
sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
Indicator 14.7.1 – Sustainable fisheries as a
percentage of GDP in small island developing
States, least developed countries and all
countries
Contacts: joseph.catanzano@fao.org
william.emerson@fao.org
 Sustainable
fisheries as % of
GDP

Status and challenges
Difficulties faced
Formulation of the indicator is unclear
Definition of income from ‘sustainable’ and ‘non sustainable
is likely to be problematic
In consultation with SIDS, FAO started a reflection on a
surrogate indicator that would
 better reflect the target
 be feasible in terms of data collection
:
Is a pipeline indicator – custodianship being confirmed by FAO

Some thoughts
GDP (a production indicator) doesn’t reflect well the complexity of
modern society and its social and cultural changes
Could we move to an indicator reflecting better well-being
indicators, including measures of income, consumption and wealth
FAO is working on this indicator
Status and challenges

What actions have your country initiated towards SDG 14 indicators ?
• to list stocks within your EEZ / to assess their status
• to improve access of Small scale fisheries to resources and markets
• to combat IUU
Any suggestion that would help FAO designing Indicator 14.7.1
How is your country organized for monitoring and reporting on SDG14 ?
What are main challenges which you perceive for their implementation ?
What kind of support do you expect from FAO ?
Contacts for SDG14 at FAO
SDG14.4.7 - joseph.catanzano@fao.org
william.emerson@fao.org
14.4.1 - Yimin.ye@fao.org
marc.taconet@fao.org
SDG14.4.6 - matthew.camillieri@fao.org
blaise.kuemlangan@fao.org
14.b.1 - Nicole.franz@fao.org
Jennifer.gee@fao.org
Thanks for your attention
Panel themes for discussion

SDG Indicators 14.4.1, 14.6.1, 14.b.1, and 14.1.7. Seeking for the environmental, economic, and social sustainability in fisheries

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