3. A volcano is an opening on the Earth’s surface where
molten (liquid) rock emerges from underground.
When a volcano erupts, magma (molten rock below
the Earth’s surface) is expelled.
4. Sometimes it is vomited out as lava – in flowing rivers or spectacular
lava fountains, or sometimes high clouds of ash are blasted into the
air. As lava solidifies and ash is compressed, new rock may form.
Volcanoes have shaped much of the Earth’s surface.
5.
6. Volcanoes are places of great drama & beauty, but they can
also be deadly. Volcanoes around the world will continue to
erupt in the future, changing landscapes and affecting the
lives of people living nearby. But could the world cope with a
super volcano eruption.
7.
8. Volcanoes happen because the Earth is hot inside. The surface
is cool, but it gets hotter the deeper you go into the Earth.
Under the crust, magma is under so much pressure that is
almost solid. Sometimes the pressure is released by the
shifting of the crust and the magma melts. Then it can bubble
up through the cracks in the crust as volcanoes.
9. The Earth’s crust is cracked into giant pieces called
tectonic plates. There are about 60 plates, and the seven
largest are thousands of kilometers across. Tectonic plates
move slowly across the Earth’s surface. This movement,
called continental drift, has caused the continents to
move apart over million years ago.
10. Volcanoes are hazardous to wildlife and humans as they
are associated with calamities and destruction. Some of
the effects are that many people are killed and a large
number of people are forced to desert their homes and
land forever.
11.
12. problems caused by climate change are like to worsen.
Scientists predict that temperatures will rise to another 3.2
F to 7.2 f in the next 100 years. Sea levels will keep rising.
Land will disappear even faster. People will have to deal
with many new problems.
13. Heat waves will become a bigger problem in the future. High
temperatures can cause heatstroke. Heatstroke makes people sick
and it can even be deadly. Extreme heat is bad for people with
heart disease or breathing problems. It can also be troublesome
for young children or older people.
14. Hot weather for may weather also makes it much ea
dangerous diseases to spread. Insects carry deadly diseases
such as malaria and yellow fever. Other diseases are spread
by small animals such as mice and rats. These animals
usually live in warm climates. As the planets temperature
increases, they could start moving to new areas and spread
their killer germs.
15. Many of the Earths plant and animal species need clean air to stay
healthy. Global warming could cause an increase in the amount of
pollution in our cities. pollution damages the lungs of people who
breathe it. Hot, air also makes it easier for bits and pieces of harmful
substances to float around. People can get sick when they breathe
these things.
16. Volcanoes can impact climate change. During major explosive
eruptions huge amounts of volcanic gas, aerosol droplets,
and ash are injected into the stratosphere. Injected ash
falls rapidly from the stratosphere -- most of it is removed
within several days to weeks -- and has little impact on
climate change.
But volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, while volcanic
carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, has the potential to promote global
warming.
17. Large-scale volcanic activity may last only a few days, but the massive
outpouring of gases and ash can influence climate patterns for years.
Major eruptions alter the Earth's radiative balance because volcanic aerosol
clouds absorb terrestrial radiation, and scatter a significant amount of
the incoming solar radiation, an effect known as "radiative forcing" that
can last from two to three years following a volcanic eruption.
18. Our planet’s climate results from a complex and always changing mixture
of processes and events. The basic source of energy is radiation from the
Sun. The incoming radiation interacts with the Earth’s atmosphere and
surface, so that changes to either can affect the climate.
For example, a dark lava flow absorbs more of the solar energy than a desert
soil, so a large enough lava flow could warm a local region. But a much
larger influence on climate comes from volcanic gases erupted into the
atmosphere that spread out and encircle the planet.
19.
20. Major eruptions change the Earth's radiative balance because volcanic sprat
clouds absorb terrestrial radiation, and scatter a significant amount of the
incoming solar radiation, an effect known as "radiative forcing" that can last from
two to three years following a volcanic eruption.
"Volcanic eruptions cause short-term climate changes and contribute to natural
climate variability," says Georgiy Stenchikov, a research professor with the
Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University. "Exploring effects of
volcanic eruption allows us to better understand important physical mechanisms
in the climate system that are initiated by volcanic forcing."
21. Scientists have identified around seven super volcanoes around the
world cope with a super volcano is a he volcano, often lying below he
ground so that only the top parts show. In a super volcano eruption,
so much lava, gas and ash are produced so that the landscape is
changed beyond recognition and the climate of the whole world is
affected. This is because the gases and ash in the atmosphere block
outer the suns rays and cause temperature to drop.
